Ch 1

18th Century
1790s↔The French revolutionary armies moved into countries like Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland, and much of Italy, spreading the idea of nationalism.
1797↔Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic Wars begin.
1798
The German almanac cover designed by Andreas Rebmann depicts the storming
of the French Bastille and a fortress representing despotic rule in the German
province of Kassel.
Wolfe Tone led a failed Irish revolt against British rule.
1801↔Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804↔Introduction of the Napoleonic Code, which established equality before the
law, abolished privileges based on birth, and secured property rights.
1807↔Birth of Guiseppe Mazzini
19th Century
1812↔The Grimm Brothers published their first collection of folktales.
1813↔Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig, marking the loss of territories.
1814–1815↔Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
1815↔Congress of Vienna and Treaty of Vienna; territorial divisions in Europe were
redrawn.
1821↔Greek struggle for independence begins.
1824↔Death of Lord Byron during the Greek war of independence.
1830
July Revolution in France overthrows the Bourbon monarchy; Louis Philippe
becomes constitutional monarch.
Uprising in Brussels leads to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of
the Netherlands.
1831
Armed rebellion against Russian rule in Poland, which was later repressed.
Mazzini exiled for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
1832↔Greek War of Independence Ends, Treaty of Constantinople signed
1833
Formation of the customs union (Zollverein).
Mazzini founded Young Italy and later Young Europe.
1834↔Zollverein established.
1836↔An earlier allegorical rendering by Philip Veit portrayed the Kaiser's crown at
a different location in his painting of Germania.
1845↔Weavers in Silesia revolted against reduced payments by contractors.
Late 18th Century - Partion of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
1848 - Year of Revolutions
1848
Frédéric Sorrieu’s series of prints visualized a world of democratic and social
republics.
Revolutions in Europe by liberals and nationalists for nation-states and
constitutional governance.
 On May 18, Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul to draft a
constitution for Germany, and 831 representatives elected.
Artisans, industrial workers, and peasants revolted against economic hardships;
middle classes demanded constitutions and representative governments.
Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, and others demanded nation-states.
The black, red, and gold tricolour flag was used by liberal-nationalists but
banned by the Dukes of the German states.
Mid-19th Century
1850
The allegorical painting The Fallen Germania was created by Julius Hübner.
Postage stamps with the image of Marianne representing the Republic of France
were issued.
1859–1870↔Unification of Italy.
1859↔Through Cavour's tactful negotiations with France, Italy defeated Austrian
forces.
1860
Garibaldi’s armed volunteers marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies.
The image Germania Guarding the Rhine was painted by Lorenz Clasen.
1861↔Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy.
1866–1871↔Three wars led by Prussia under Otto von Bismarck unified Germany.
Key Dates in German Unification
1866
Austro-Prussian War; Austria defeated and excluded from the German
Confederation.
Venetia joined Italy.
1870↔Papal States joined, completing Italian unification.
1870–1871↔Franco-Prussian War; France defeated.
18 January 1871↔Proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors,
Versailles.
Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century
1867↔The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to Hungary after abolishing
serfdom.
1871↔The area of the Balkans became a major source of tension in Europe.
1905↔Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
1914↔Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to disaster with the start of
the First World War.
Great Powers→Russia, Prussia, Austra.

Ch 2
1915↔Gandhiji returns to India
1917↔Gandhiji went to Champaran Bihar
1917↔Kheda Satyagraha in Gujarat
1918↔Ahmedabad mill Strike
1918 - 1919 and 1920 - 21↔There is a severe food scarcity as a result of many Indian
regions' crops failing.
 1919↔Rowlatt Act
13th April 1919↔Jallianwala Bagh massacre
1919↔Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay
1920↔In summer of 1920 Gandhiji and Shawkat Ali toured extensively throughout
India
1920 (Nagpur Session)↔Non cooperation programme was adopted by the National
Congress
1909↔Gandhiji wrote Hind Swaraj
1920 (June)↔Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh
6th January 1921↔The police in the united provinces fired at the peasants near Rae
Bareli
January 1921↔The non cooperation Khilafat movement began
1921 census↔According to the census, famines and other disasters caused the deaths
of 12 to 13 million people.
1921↔Houses of talukdar and merchants were attacked
1921↔Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag
February 1922↔Gandhi decided to withdraw the non cooperation movement
1924↔Ram Raju was captured and executed
1926 - 1930↔Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930
1927↔The establishment of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
1928↔Simon Commission arrived in India
1928↔All party conference
October 1929↔Lord Irwin offered Dominion status
December 1929↔Purna Swaraj was demanded
26 January 1930↔Independence day was celebrated for the first time
6th April 1930↔Salt Satyagraha was started
April 1930↔Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar
1930↔Muhammad Iqbal stepped down as Muslim League president.
5th March 1931↔Gandhi Irwin pact
December 1931↔The political leaders of Indian freedom struggle were released from
jail
September 1932↔Poona pact
1930 and 1932↔There was a strike by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in
1932.
1934↔By 1934 the civil disobedience movement lost its momentum
14th July 1942↔The Indian National Congress endorsed the historic Quit India
Resolution.

Ch 5
AD 594 onwards↔China started print.
AD 768-779↔Hand printing technology came in Japan.
1295↔Marco Polo returned to Italy with knowledge of printing from China.
1430s↔Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Germany.
1447↔Gutenberg perfected the printing press system.
16th century↔Protestant Reformation took place.
1517↔Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses criticising practices of church.
1558↔Church imposed control over publishers and booksellers in Europe.
1579↔First Tamil book printed in Cochin.
1674↔About 50 books were already printed in Konkani and Kanara.
17-18th century↔Literacy rates went up in Europe.
1713↔First Malayalam book.
1780↔English printing began in India.
19th century↔Debates about religious issues in India.
1810↔First edition of Ramcharitmanas came out.
1812↔Grimm brothers published a collection of stories and folk tales.
1821↔Rammohun Roy published SAMBAD KAUMUDI.
1822↔2 Persian newspapers came to be published, JAM- I- JAHAN NAMA SHAMSUL
AKHBAR.
1832-1835↔Penny magazine was published.
1835↔Governor General Bentinck revised press laws in India.
1857↔Children's press set up in France.
1860s↔Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi began writing.
1867↔Deoband Seminary published 1000s of FATWAS.
1870s↔Hindi printing began in India.
1871↔Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri.
1876↔Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography AMAR JIBAN.
1878↔Vernacular Press Act was passed.
1880s↔Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from Maharashtra wrote about women's
lives.
Late 19th century↔Offset press was developed.
20th century↔Electrically operated presses came into use.
1907↔Balgangadhar Tilak wrote about deported Punjab revolutionaries in his
newspaper Kesari.
1908↔Balgangadhar Tilak arrested.
1920↔Popular works were sold in England in cheap series called SHILLING SERIES.
1938↔Kashibaba wrote Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal.
1955↔Poems of Sudarshan Chakr were published in SACCHI KAVITAYAN.