Power Electronics

By: Dr. Shahram Javadi

Department of Electrical Engineering
[email protected]

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 Syllabus Outline
1. Introduction To Power Electronic
2. Power Diodes
3. Diode Rectifiers
4. Thyristors
5. Control Rectifiers
6. AC Voltage Controllers
7. Thyristor Commutation Techniques
8. Power Transistors
9. DC to DC Choppers
10. DC to AC Inverters

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 •Text books: •Sources!!!

Muhammad H. Rashid
“Power Electronics”,3rd Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2004

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 COURSE EVALUATION

COURSE WORK 10%

(Continuous Assessment)

Assignment & Quiz 20%

FINAL EXAMINATION 70%

TOTAL 100%

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 Lecture 1: Introduction to Power Electronics

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Power
 Electrical Power Generation
 Transmission
 Distribution
Electronics
 Deals with the study of power
semiconductor switching devices and their
V-I characteristics.
 Electronic circuits using these power
devices for power conversion and output
power control for Various applications.

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 History of Power Electronics

 Mercury arc rectifier (year 1900).

 Metal tank rectifier.
 Grid controlled vacuum tube rectifier.
 SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
• The 1st Thyristor developed by Bell labs in
1956.
• 1st Commercial grade SCR developed by
“ General Electric Co. “ in 1958.

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 Power Electronic Applications

Commercial Applications Domestic Applications

 Air conditioners  Cooking
 Central refrigeration. equipments.
 UPS  Lighting & heating
 Elevators  Air conditioners.
 Emergency lamps  Refrigerators.
 Heating systems
 Freezers.
 Personal
Computers.

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 Power Electronic Applications

Telecommunications Transportation
 Battery chargers.  Traction control of
 DC power supply & UPS electric vehicles.
 Mobile cell phone  Battery chargers for
battery chargers. electric vehicles.
 Electric locomotives.
 Street cars & trolley
buses.

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 Power Electronic Applications

Utility Systems

 High voltage DC transmissions (HVDC).

 Static VAR compensation.
 Fuel cells.
 Energy storage systems
 Boiler feed water systems.

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 Function of Power Electronics in Utility Applications

Converter

Source Load
Controller

Enabling technology providing interface between two (ac/dc)

electrical systems
 E.g.
 Interconnection of two asynchronous ac systems
 dc to ac conversion is required to connect fuel cells or
photovoltaics to the utility grid

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 Listing of Power Electronic Applications

Distributed generation (DG)

 Renewable resources (wind and photovoltaic)
 Fuel cells and micro-turbines
 Storage: batteries, super-conducting magnetic energy
storage, flywheels
Power electronics loads: Adjustable speed drives
Power quality solutions
 Dual feeders
 Uninterruptible power supplies
 Dynamic voltage restorers
Transmission and distribution (T&D)
 High voltage dc (HVDC) and medium voltage dc
 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Shunt and
Series compensation, and the unified power flow
controller
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 Power Device Capabilities & Resulting Power Electronic Structures

Power Semiconductor Devices and their Capabilities

 Polarity of voltage blocked and direction of current conduction
 Switching speeds and power ratings

108

Thyristor
Power (VA)
IGCT
106
Thyristor IGCT IGBT
104

102 MOSFET

101 102 103 104

IGBT MOSFET
Switching Frequency (Hz)

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 History

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 Structure of Power Electronic Systems

Voltage-Link Systems
 Transistors and diodes that
can block voltage of only
one polarity AC1 AC2

Current-Link Systems
 higher power bipolar voltage-
blocking capabilities of
thyristors
AC1 AC2
Solid State Switches
 bidirectional voltage blocking
and current conduction

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 Role of Power Electronics in Important Utility Applications

Distributed Generation (DG) Applications Power electronic

interface depends on the source characteristics

Wound rotor
Induction Generator

Isolated
PWM
DC-DC
Converter
Converter
AC DC
Wind Utility
Turbine DC AC 1f
Max. Power-
Generator-side Grid-side point Tracker
Converter Converter

Wind Power Generation with Photo-voltaics Interface

Doubly Fed Induction Motors

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 Role of Power Electronics in Important Utility Applications

Power Electronic Loads: Adjustable Speed Drives

Switch-mode
Utility Converter

Motor

Rectifier
Controller

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 Role of Power Electronics in Important Utility Applications

Power Quality Solutions for

• voltage distortion
• unbalances Power Electronic
Interface
Load

• voltage sags and

swells
• power outage Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR)

Feeder 1 Critical
Rectifier Inverter Filter
Load
Load
Energy
Feeder 2 Storage

Dual Feeders Uninterruptible Power Supplies

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 Role of Power Electronics in Important Utility Applications

Transmission and Distribution: DC Transmission

most flexible solution for connection of two ac systems

AC1 AC2 AC1 AC2

HVDC MVDC

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 Role of Power Electronics in Important Utility Applications

Transmission and Distribution: Flexible AC Transmission Systems

(FACTS)
EE
P  1 2 sin 
X

Series Compensation
E2
E3
E1
E1 I E3 E2
- +
jX
Utility

STATCOM Series
Shunt
converter
converter

Shunt Compensation Shunt and Series Compensation

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 Power Devices

 Power diodes
 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistor (MOSFET)
 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
 Thyristors (SCR, GTO, MCT)

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 Applications of Power Devices

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 Power Diode

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 Diode Characteristics

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 Comparison between different types of Diodes

General Fast Recovery Schottky Diodes

Purpose Diodes Diodes
Upto 6000V & Upto 6000V and Upto 100V and
3500A 1100A 300A
Reverse recovery Reverse recovery Reverse recovery
time – High time – Low time – Extremely
low.

trr  25 s trr  0.1s to 5s trr  a few nano sec

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 Comparison between different types of Diodes

General Fast Recovery Schottky Diodes

Purpose Diodes Diodes
Turn off time – Turn off time – Turn off time –
High Low Extremely low
Switching Switching Switching
frequency – Low frequency – High frequency – Very
(Max 1KHz) (Max 20KHz) high.
(Max 30KHz)
VF  0.7 to 1.2V VF  0.8 to 1.5V VF  0.4 to 0.6V

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 BJT

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 BJT Characteristics

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 BJT Switching Times

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 MOSFET

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 n-channel Enhancement MOSFET Characteristics

Linear Saturation
region region
VGS3

ID VGS2

VGS1

Drain Characteristics

VDS

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 n-channel Depletion MOSFET

D ID

G
VDS
+ +
VGS S
 

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 Drain Characteristics

Linear Saturation
region region
VGS3

ID VGS2

VGS1

VDS

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 Transfer Characteristics of MOSFET

IDSS

ID

VGS(OFF) VGS

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 Switching Times of MOSFET
VG

V1

V1
VGSP
VT
tr
td(on) td(off) tf

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 Semiconductor Cross-section of IGBT

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 IGBT

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 Characteristics of IGBT CM 400HA-24H

800
VGE=15V 12

640 Output collector characteristics

480
IC
AMPS VGE=10V
320
VGE=9V

160 8
VGE=7V

0 2 4 6 8 10
VCE (Volts)

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 Transfer Characteristics of IGBT

800
VCE=10V
640

480
IC Tj=250C
AMPS
320
Tj=1250C
160

VGE
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

VGE(TH) IC Vs VGE Characteristics

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 Advantages of IGBT

 Combines the advantages of BJT & MOSFET

 High input impedance like MOSFET
 Voltage controlled device like MOSFET
 Simple gate drive, Lower switching loss
 Low on state conduction power loss like BJT
 Higher current capability & higher switching
speed than a BJT. ( Switching speed lower
than MOSFET)

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 Applications of IGBT

 ac and dc motor controls.

 General purpose inverters.
 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS).
 Welding Equipments.
 Numerical control, Cutting tools.
 Robotics & Induction heating.

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 DEVICE SYMBOLS & CHARACTERISTICS

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 Control Characteristics of Power Devices

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 Control Characteristics of Power Devices

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 Control Characteristics of Power Devices

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 Control Characteristics of Power Devices

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 Comparison between different commonly used Thyristors

 Line Commutated Thyristors available

up to 6000V, 4500A.
 Ex: Converter grade (line
commutated) SCR.
 V / I rating: 5KV / 5000A
 Max. Frequency: 60Hz.
 Switching time: 100 to 400sec.
 On state resistance: 0.45m.

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 Example of Inverter Grade Thyristor Ratings

 V / I rating: 4500V / 3000A.

 Max. Frequency: 20KHz.
 Switching time: 20 to 100sec.
 On state resistance: 0.5m.

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 Example of Triac Ratings

 Used in heat / light control, ac motor

control circuit
 V / I rating: 1200V / 300A.
 Max. Frequency: 400Hz.
 Switching time: 200 to 400sec.
 On state resistance: 3.6m.

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 Example of Power Transistor Ratings

 PT ratings go up to 1200V / 400A.

 PT normally operated as a switch in
CE config.
 Max. Frequency: 400Hz.
 Switching time: 200 to 400sec.
 On state resistance: 3.6m.

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 Example of Power MOSFET Ratings

 Used in high speed power converters

like inverters & choppers.
 Ratings up to 1000V / 100A.
 Example: MOSFET 800V / 7.5A
rating.
 Max. Frequency: 100KHz.
 Switching time: 1.6sec.
 On state resistance: 1.2m.

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 Example of IGBT Ratings

 Used in high voltage / current & high

frequency switching power applications
(Inverters, SMPS).
 Example: IGBT 2500V / 2400A.
 Max. Frequency: 20KHz.
 Switching time: 5 to sec.
 On state resistance: 2.3m.

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 Switch applications

• Single quadrant switches

• Current-bidirectional two-quadrant switches
• Voltage-bidirectional two-quadrant switch
• Four-quadrant switches
• Synchronous rectifiers

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 The types of restricted switches

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 Some basic switch applications

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 A) Single-quadrant switches

The diode

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 A) Single-quadrant switches

• The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and

• The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 61
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 A) Single-quadrant switches

The Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)

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 B) Current-bidirectional two-quadrant switches

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 B) Current-bidirectional two-quadrant switches

MOSFET body diode 64

By: Dr. Shahram Javadi
 C) Voltage-bidirectional two-quadrant switches

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 D) Four-quadrant switches

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 D) Three ways to realize a four-quadrant switch

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 E) Synchronous rectifiers

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 Switches comparison
Year Rated Rated Switching Rated Drive
Device Type Comments
made Voltage Current Frequency Power Circuit

Cannot turn-off using

SCR 1957 6kV 3.5kA 500Hz 100s MW Simple
gate signal

Very King in very high

GTO 1962 4.5kV 3kA 2kHz 10s MW
Difficult power

Phasing out in new

BJT 1960s 1.2kV 400A 5kHz 1 MW Difficult
product

Very Good performance in

MOSFET 1976 500V 200A 1MHz 100 kW
Simple high frequency

Very Best overall

IGBT 1983 3.3kV 1.2kA 100kHz 100s kW
Simple performance

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 Different types of Power Converters

 Diode rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifiers).

 Line commutated converters or AC to DC
converters (controlled rectifiers).
 AC voltage (RMS voltage) controllers (AC to AC
converters).
 Cyclo-converters (AC to AC converters at low
output frequency).
 DC choppers (DC to DC converters).
 Inverters (DC to AC converters).

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 AC to DC Converter

+
AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(QC)
Voltage Converter
-

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage &

frequency)
Type of output: DC voltage (variable)

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 Single Phase Diode Rectifier Circuit

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 Single Phase Ac-Dc Converter

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 Applications

 Speed control of DC motor in DC

drives.
 UPS.
 HVDC transmission.
 Battery Chargers.

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 AC Voltage Regulators

V0(RMS)
AC Vs AC Variable AC
Input Voltage RMSO/P Voltage
Voltage fs Controller
fs fS

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency).

Type of output: Variable AC RMS O/P voltage.

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 Single Phase Ac-Ac Converter

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 Applications

 Speed control of ac motors.

 Speed control of fans (domestic and
industrial fans).
 AC pumps.

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 Cyclo Converters

V0 , f0
AC Vs Variable Frequency
Input Cyclo
Converters AC Output
Voltage fs
f0< fS

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage &

frequency).
Type of output: Variable frequency ac O/P
voltage.

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 Applications

 Traction vehicles
 Gearless rotary kilns.

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 DC Choppers

+ V0(dc)
+
DC Variable DC
Vs Output Voltage
- Chopper

Type of input: Fixed DC supply voltage.

Type of output: Variable DC voltage.

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 Dc-Dc Converter

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 Applications

 Speed control of DC motors from a

DC supply.
 DC drives for sub-urban traction.
 Switching power supplies.

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 Inverters

+ Inverter
DC AC
Supply (Forced Output Voltage
- Commutation)

Type of input: Fixed DC supply voltage.

Type of output: AC O/P voltage.

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 Single Phase Dc-Ac Converter

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 Applications

 Industrial AC drives using induction

and synchronous motors.
 Uninterrupted power supplies (UPS
system) used for computers,
computer labs.

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 Peripheral Effects

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 Peripheral Effects

 Induced current and voltage

harmonic into supply system, and at
the output of the converters.
 Distortion in the output voltage.
 Unwanted electromagnetic radiation.
 Interference with communication
circuits.

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