Snap Recap

. Porhet Muhanmmad was born in Mecca and he founded a religion named Islam.
" All the teachings of Muhammad are compiled in the Quran.
"Islam signiicantlv contributed to the field of medicine, literature and architecture.
. isam travelled to India mainiy through trade, conquests of Muhammad Bin Qasim and the
invasion of the Turks.

Around the World

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah was a religious, social, and political leader and the founder of the
world religion of Islam. Similarlv, Confucianism, also knoWn as Ruism or Ru classicism, is
a belief system originating in ancient China. Stressing the importance of correct behaviour,
loyalty and obedience to hierarchy, Confucianism is a system of ethics devised by the Chinese
scholar K'ung Fu-Tzu. Confucius was aphilosopher and teacher who lived from 551 to 479 BCE.
1. Write in detail what are the priniples of Confucius.
2. Find out if in today's scenario is it still practiced by the people in China.

Review Exercise
1. Picture study
This picture is of a famous mosque.
1. Eame th mosque shown in the picture.
Pephto
2. Where sit located?AA MLdi
3. Why is it signifiçant?t the
B i Plae amhonmas
I1. Answer these questions iN brief
1. Name the founder of 1 s a
2. Who was Mohammed Bin Qasim? 8-16
Who was Abu Bakr? -15
4. Why did Mecca emerge as an important centre? -13
navigation?Atlab
5. What did the Arabs invent that helped in
Talib? g -1
Who was Abu Talib?
IlI. Write short notes.
1. Contribution ofArabs to the world Pa-12. Abbasid CaliphatB,1. The Qurarg-/5
A. Five principles of Islam s. Hijrah P-4
18
 Dive!
Deep '
Think
tank V. IV,
urricular
onnection.
2. 1. 4. 8. Answer
1.
on,Jameh 3How Describe
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powerful The How What Describe
Mosque Explain
unification do did these
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Arab you the Islam you the the
questions
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think divine know Kaaba life
took
Isfahan, Kingdom. of expand of
various trade
revelations and
about Prophet
e.place Iran its its in
Dowould
tribes significance.a
influence the detail,
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you BedouinsPa
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search 7 agree? under -13 outside
e to helped
the Abu
Give
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nd and 20th
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erPoint
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 2
Islam and its Impact
onthe Middle East
of Sind
Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated the ruler
Birth of Pophet Muhammad Hijrah 750 800 CE
650 700
S00 CE 550 600

Prophet Muhammad's death

Milestones Buckle Up
Name afestival which is
In this chapter, you will learn about: popularly celebrated by
" the origin of Islam. Muslims all around the world.
"Prophet Muhammadand his teachings. Which is the most sacred
the contributions made by Islam in various pilgrimage place of the Muslims?
fields. Where do Muslimns offer prayer?
" thespread of Islam to other countries.

The Arabian Peninsula Before Islam

Peninsula witnessed
Itwas at the beginning of the seventh century CE, that the ArabianArabian Peninsula is
the emergence of anew religious order known as Islam. The
surrounded by the Red Sea in the west, the Arabian Sea in the south and the Persian
Gulf in the east. Mecca and Medina, the two most important centres of Islam, are
situated in Hejaz.
Bedouins IZ.3
(The Bedouins wereemainly nomads who practised camel rearing. The people
peninsula as a whole referred to themselves as Arabs. The Bedouins were orgarised
into tribes. By the beginning of the sixth century CE, some of the tribes that were
native to this region took to trade as their main occupation.

12 Theme 2 Rise and Spread of Isam

 Therise of Mecca
Mecca is located in
Mecen I4
Saudi Arabià. t-is
Muhammad, the founder of Islam, wasthe holiest city for Muslims. First; because
bornfive
citythat Muslims all around the globe turn heretimes
and secondly,
daily in prayer) Mecca this
it is towards rose
to prominencein the sixth century CE as it was strategically placed at tBfe junction of
two traade routes-the route running from north to south linking Palestine with Yemen,
nd the route connecting Ethiopia and the Red Sea in the west to the Persian Gulf in
the east. Because of its strategic location, the trading tribes were always engaged in a
constant fight to gain control over Mecca. It also happened to be a place of pilgrimage
for different tribes.
Prophet Muhammad
omnnhet Muhammad was born in 570. CE in Mecca. He belonged to theHashim clan
of the Quraish
tribe. Muhammad's parents died at an early age and he was brought
uncle Abu Talib. He used to travel with his uncle for trading business.
up by his Jews.) V
During his travels, he came in contact with Christiarns and
Divine revelations
It is said
that in 610 CE Prophet
spiritual
Muhammad had an intense revelations,
experience. A series of were
believed to be divinely inspired,
that he was the
made to him.He declared
Being, Allah.
messenger of the Supreme
whom Allah had
He was the messenger
chosen to spread his message.
Muhammad's teachings gradually
His wife, at Medina
drew a number of followers.followers. A The Prophet's Mosque
Khadija, was one of his first religion with a small group of Meccan followe
hisnew
Prophet Muhammad began
who had accepted his religious ideas. be summedup as follows.
Muhammad can
Alhe basic teachings of uncompromising monotheism.)
PMahammad's religion was based on other deities were rejected.)
only one God, Allah. All
etaught that there was
deemed unnecessary.V.5 religious practices ofthe A
ldol worship was the diverse create an ideological b
sought to replace
Prophet Muhammad Through this, he was able to
SWithasingle belief.
of tribal unity.
14 TI.4direction He
% in
principles. Lslam of
Mecca (After TheMecca in
him Opposition
moment,
MeccaEvery
Ramzan. fasting
Ritual is
god. All
structure), (he The Islam.
propounded
Muhammad'
religionthe s Islam holArabian
y Controlyears,Muhammad ah
Muslims to atMuhammad
Muslims
a fhere their Muhammad the Hijrproection. Prophet'
met s
give day,
those Islamic five came
daily His places Muhammad
Mecca Islamic to
the
on
Muslim, Peninsula his with
Hajj, during alms who which is These
principles followers to Medina death
are no life
religious be for and uncle stiff faith
to fixed of is and known teachings the passed once Era This
once if have
the requiredis his principles
other doble opposition
Abu
the an the known or Muslims. had again. had and came his hisof enabled differed
possible, poor times.
the messenger worship. followers
month
in obligatory practices of those as by beenaway to Talib,
his Kaaba god Muslis. became
expanded the be uncle,
required
Means
asare to converted Islamic largely
lifetime. as till Islam who him in knowitas
a but inn him who since
way
shouldRamadan of (cube-shaped namaz, pray date followed came Medina emigrated
Muhammad
act are very his
calendar to he
five Allah guide continue held from
of based to to had
go for serving in .
times popular Islam. following
in Hijrah, considerable the
and the be Paphut denounced
t
orhe the the 632 to
to Muslims on religionknown came ne earlier
Mecca Medina
in was spreading
CE.
considerably.
five and By
Arabig
to religious
as Measpeiolc be forced
and then,
uhamad in inflüence their
Muhamad.Prophet' Al-Masjid
thean-Nabawi,
s The Medina site thKnow
e isNowYou Medina known This 622 his
popularly
known to traditional
Kaaba A burial city in almost CE. message. practices
Islam marked
Heas move over
is
Mosque'
place . famous became This
after the wasHijr/.
second
holiest out Mecca, of
of whole the
journey who beliefs.
Mecca.
tfhoer soon the
Prophet as'Itthe important Within
beginning of
is hinmpetid providedMeccans.
of able Mecca.
held At
the rom this
toten
 Apart from the main principles, Prophet Muhammad also insisted that the
for
followers of lslam should not drink liquor, worship any idol or lend money
interest. They should lead asimple and modest life. Let's Do This
The Quran IL.3 The most essential principle in
(The Quran is the holy book of Muslims. All the Islam is purely monotheistic belief
in one God. God is the creator
teachings of Prophet Muhammad, which are of everything in the universe
believed to be the words of Allah, have been and his creations are unique.
compiled in the Quran. These teachings were the Research more on the concept of
revelations that Prophet Muhammad received monotheistic belief. Compare this
from god over a period of twenty-three years. The with that of Hindu belief system
and explain your views.
Quran is composed in Arabic.)TT.3
Checkpoint
I. State whether true or false. If false, correct the incorrect statement.
1. Mecca is the most important holy place for Muslims.| e
2. The Quran contains revelations to Prophet Muhamm¡d by Allah.
3. Prophet Muhammad migrated from Bagacad to Meeea
4. AllMuslims are required to pray in the direction of the Kaaba.|4e
poAhersm:auu.
5. Muhammad's religion was based on uncompromising

Khaljf or the Caliphate He took the title of

Abu Ba wo8: follower, Abt Bakr
When Muhammad died, his faithful friend and religious and
He became the
TT.3Caliph.)The office came to be, known as the Caliphate. form
politicál head of the Muslims. Caliph is the anglicised of the word khalifa. The
successorsof Muhammad were known as Khalifa.

Abu Bakr
armies into an exceptional fighting force.
Abu Bakr transformed the Arab
successors conquered many regions and spread the message of Allah far and
His
empire of the Caliphs covered Iran, Syria, Central Asia, North Africa and
wide. The regions and built well-known cities such as
Spain. The Arabs settled in the conquered
industry and trade.
agriculture,
Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus. They practised
Umayyad Caliphs
of the Umayyad Caliphs, the capital was shufted to Damascus in Syria.
During the rule Central Asia, northern Africa and Spain. slam
The Arabs reached up to Afghanistan, C
Indus river delta in 712 CE.
also reached up to Sind and the

15
 Abbasid Caliphs
(The Abbasid Caliphs shifted the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. The Arab Empire
under the Abbasids emerged as one of the most powerful empires. It was greatly due
to their effort that Baghdad became the cultural capitalof the Ancient World. T.)
Under the Abbasids, there was a massive expansion of Islam in Persia and bevond
Its emphasis was on membership in the community of believers beyond Arab
nationality.
Contributions of Islam
The Arab Kingdom was interconnected with the three continents of Asia, Africa and
Europe. Constant touch with differernt types of cultures and their growth resulted in
a numberof important contributions. T
The Arabs took the decimal system and the numerals from the Indian tradition
and contributed significantly tovarious branches of mathematics such as algebra,
geometry and trigonometry.)
The Arabs made some important discoveries in the fields of geography and
astronomy. Instruments such as astrolabe, which helped greatly in navigation,
were invented by the Arab scientists.
"The Arabs made significant contributon to the field of secular literature. Anoted
example of this is the Rubaiyat by the Persian poet, Omar Khayyam. Another very
famous work which can be attributed to the Arabs is the One Thousand and One
Nights or more popularly known as the ArabianNights.) T
Spread of Islam
Apart from the Abbasid policy of expansion, the growing Arab trade also helped the
spread of Islam beyond the Arabic world. It became popular amongst the West and
Central Asian tribes.

Islam in the Indian subcontinent

V-4-ou
It was through the coming of the Arab traders that Islam travelled to India. Many of
the Arab traders who came to India during the seventh and eighth centuries settled
down here. Thís intermingling of the Arab traders with the Indian locals must have
led to the gradual spread of Islam in Indià) But that did not make much impact on the
existing Indian population. .4a
The actual advent of Islam in India began with Arab invasions in the eighth rentury
CE andthen Turkish invasions in the eleyenthand twelfth centuries CEMuham mad
Bilásim was probably the first Islamt ruler to have invaded India in 12 CE He
conquered Sind after defeating King Dahir in the Battle of Rawar. Sind then became
a province of the Umayyad Caliphs. The Arabs occupied Sind, Multan and other
important cíties in the north-west but could not expand further due to the resistance
from the Rajputs.
16
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