MARCET BOILER

GROUP 2
MOHAMAD SYAHRUL IZHAM BIN MOHD ARIF (2023401218)
JOEANNA SHERRYL PERI (2023414902)
NUR AIN MURSYIDA BINTI ABDULLAH (2023239316)
NUR AMIRA SYUHADA BINTI ZAIDI (2023837076)

Abstract— The purposes of the experiment property tables, such as steam tables. It
was to find out the relationship between the also follows Gay-Lussac’s law, which
pressure and temperature of saturated steam says that the pressure of a gas with
with water at equilibrium conditions. This constant volume changes directly with its
principle is a concept of maximum absolute temperature. With the help of a
importance in thermodynamics, especially in precise instrumentation,we could record
the knowledge of the behavior of steam over the pressure against the temperature
a range of pressure-temperature conditions. graph to make sure it aligned with the
As part of this experiment, it heats the water theoretical saturation during the heat
inside steam until it reaches saturation level process.
where readings of any changes in
This is a very important principle
temperature and pressure readings are taken
to understand how phase transitions
while the boiler is heated and then cooled.
come about and how pressure and
The same experiment proves that there is a
linear relation between temperature and temperature are interlinked during these
pressure of water that also has a direct processes. The Marcet Boiler is the ideal
relation as well. Similarly in visual form, the model to study on steam behaviors that
same is shown by the vapour pressure curve. are being applied on many
Some measurements may not be accurate, as thermodynamics applications, for
there are many potential errors that are likely example, in the industrial world. It has
to occur during the course of the experiment. been used to generate power or using
steam that is being heated up by boilers
for heating purposes. These case
I. INTRODUCTION applying the knowledge of the
relationship between pressure and
The Marcet Boiler experiment
temperature that very important to ensure
shows the relationship between pressure
safety and optimize the efficiency.
and temperature of saturated steam. This
Similarly, this principle applied to the
is an important concept for grasping how
operation of household devices like
things change from one form to another.
pressure cookers, where increased
If water in a closed system—for
pressure raises the boiling point of water
example, a Marcet boiler—is heated, the
, enabling faster cooking.
temperature and pressure increase
The Marcet Boiler experiment
together with the volume. This is an
allows both students and engineers to
experiment showing that the saturation
connect theoretical knowledge with
pressure if steam is directly linked with
practical applications. It gives
its temperature. This relationship is
fundamental knowledge that is being
clearly given by the thermodynamics
applied in the design and operation of
 steam-based systems such as power 1. To demonstrate the relationship between the
plants, steam turbines, and industrial pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
boilers. This also gives students a better equilibrium.
appreciation for the knowledge of steam
by applying this theory and practical 2. To demonstrate the vapour pressure curve.
together properties in energy production,
industrial processes, and safety systems
that operate with pressure and
III. THEORY
temperature control. This practical
experience helps to understand better the The Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the
principles of thermodynamics and their relationship between pressure and temperature in
application in the real scenarios. saturated steam in equilibrium state. It shows the
The Marcet Boiler investigation behavior of steam as it transitions between liquid
looks at the thermal dynamic relationship and vapor phases. The real gas is always
between pressure and temperature for described using the Ideal Gas Law, that stated as:
saturated steam, which is the main
principle in the one-phase process. The PV=nRT
audited system in Marcet using water a
thus its temperature and pressure have P = Absolute Pressure
increased out of the closed system being V = volume
allowed. Thus, the information provided n = Amount of substances (moles)
describes that the steam saturation R = Ideal gas constant
pressure is equivalent to the temperature T = Absolute temperature (K)
if the hot air property tables exemplify
such a relation that is confirmed by The measured value of the slope of the graph
manufactures coming from the steam (dT/dP) obtained from the experimental results
tables. Also, this is confirmation of can be compared with the theoretical value
Gay-Lussac’s law, according to which a determined by calculation from the steam table.
glowing gas has a constant volume but
raises in its pressure when its Clausius-Clapeyron equation state:
temperature is increased. The ability to
𝑇𝑣𝑓𝑔
detect various avalanches during heating
is also checked by using high precision
( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑃 ) 𝑠𝑎𝑡
= ℎ𝑓𝑔

instruments verification of the 𝑇(𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑔)

correctness of the literature saturation ( 𝑑𝑇

𝑑𝑃 ) 𝑠𝑎𝑡
= ℎ𝑓−ℎ𝑔

curve is obtain. 𝑇(𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑔)

( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑃 ) 𝑠𝑎𝑡
= ℎ𝑓𝑔

𝑇𝑣𝑔
( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑃 ) 𝑠𝑎𝑡
= ℎ𝑓𝑔

II. OBJECTIVE
Where: 4. Valve 3
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 5. Level water
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 6. Valve 2
7. Valve 1
ℎ𝑔 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 8. Heater
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 9. Pressure relief valve
10. Temperature indicator
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
11. Pressure indicator
12. Main switch
13. Heater switch
IV. MATERIAL & APPARATUS V. PROCEDURES

Material: Water General Start-up Procedures:

Apparatus: SOLTEQ Marcet Boiler (Model:
1. A quick inspection is done to ensure the
HE169)
unit is in proper operating condition.

2. The unit is connected to the nearest power

supply.

3. The boiler has been checked to see if it

was filled with water.

4. The three valves at the feed port and the

level sight tube which are V1, V2, V3 are
opened.

5. The boiler was filled with distilled water

through the feed port and the water level
was at about half the height of the boiler.
Then, the valves V1 and V2 at the level
sight tube are closed.

6. The power supply switch is turned on.

7. The apparatus is now ready to be

experimented.
Figure 1 show the unit construction for
Marcet Boiler

1. Bourdon tube pressure gauge

2. Pressure transducer
3. Temperature sensor
General Shut-down Procedures: switching on the heater as the sight tube is
not designed to withstand high pressure
1. The heater was switched off and the boiler and temperature.
temperature was allowed to drop to room
temperature. 5. An increase in steam temperature is
observed during boiling water.
Note:
Do not open the valve at the water inlet 6. Steam is allowed to come out from the
port as it is highly pressurized at high valve, V3 for about 5 to 10 minutes, and
temperature. then the valve is closed. This step is
important to remove air from the boiler as
2. The main switch and the main power the accuracy of the experimental results
supply are both switched off when the will be significantly affected when air is
temperature has dropped to room present.
temperature.
7. The steam temperature and pressure are
3. The water is retained for later use. recorded when the boiler is heated until
4. The water is drained by opening the upper the steam pressure reaches 10.0 bar (abs).
part of the level sight tube, V3 and then Warning!
V1 and V2 are opened as well to drain off Never open the valve while the boiler is
the water. heating as pressurized steam can cause
severe injury.
General Start-up Procedures: 8. Then, the heater is switched off and the
1. General start-up procedures were steam temperature and pressure will begin
performed as described. to drop. The steam temperature starts to be
recorded when the boiler is cooled until
2. Since the boiler is initially filled with the steam pressure reaches atmospheric
water, the valves at the level side tube, pressure which is 1 bar.
which are V2 and V3, are opened to check
the water level. 9. The boiler is allowed to cool down to
room temperature of 1 bar.
3. The temperature controller is set to a
temperature of 100 ℃ which is slightly 10. The steam temperatures at different
above the expected boiling point of the pressure readings are recorded as the
water at 10.0 bar (abs). boiler is heated and cooled.

4. The vent valve, V3 is opened and the

heater is switched on.

Important:
Always make sure that the valves at the
level sight tube are closed before
 VI. RESULT Absolute Measured Calculated Percentage error (%)
pressure, slope slope
Table 1.0
Pabs (K/kpa) 𝑇𝑣𝑔/ℎ𝑓𝑔
Pressure,P Temperature, T (bar) (K/kpa)
(bar)
1.0 - 0.2660 -
Abs Gau Increase Decreas Average(℃ Average
olut ge (℃) e (℃) ) (K) 2.0 0.766 0.1488 80.57
e
2.2 0.232 0.1377 40.65
1.0 2.0 82.6 80.0 81.30 354.45
2.3 0.113 0.1327 13.27
2.0 3.0 96.5 96.8 96.65 369.8
2.4 0.090 0.1282 0.13
2.2 3.2 98.5 99.43 98.97 372.12
2.5 0.100 0.1236 12.36
2.3 3.3 99.8 100.4 100.10 373.25
2.6 0.110 0.1199 11.99
2.4 3.4 100.4 101.6 101.00 374.15
2.7 0.100 0.1209 12.09
2.5 3.5 101.4 102.6 102.00 375.15
2.8 0.105 0.1128 0.11
2.6 3.6 102.4 103.8 103.10 376.25
2.9 0.085 0.1096 1.11
2.7 3.7 103.5 104.7 104.10 377.25
3.0 0.105 0.1065 0.11
2.8 3.8 104.5 105.8 105.15 378.3
3.5 0.087 0.939 0.94
2.9 3.9 105.4 106.6 106.00 379.15
4.0 0.077 0.0842 0.08
3.0 4.0 106.5 107.6 107.05 380.2
4.5 0.070 0.0765 0.08
3.5 4.5 110.8 112.0 111.4 384.55
5.0 0.063 0.0702 0.07
4.0 5.0 114.7 115.8 115.25 388.4
5.5 0.059 0.0650 0.07
4.5 5.5 118.3 119.2 118.75 391.9
6.0 0.053 0.0606 0.06
5.0 6.0 121.4 122.4 121.9 395.05
6.5 0.053 0.0569 0.06
5.5 6.5 124.4 125.3 124.85 398
7.0 0.048 0.0536 0.05
6.0 7.0 127.1 127.9 127.5 400.65
7.5 0.044 0.0507 0.05
6.5 7.5 129.8 130.5 130.15 403.3
8.0 0.048 0.0482 0.05
7.0 8.0 132.2 132.9 132.55 405.7
8.5 0.043 0.0459 0.05
7.5 8.5 134.4 135.1 134.75 407.9
9.0 0.037 0.0438 0.04
8.0 9.0 136.6 137.3 136.95 410.1
9.5 0.038 0.0420 0.42
8.5 9.5 138.6 139.6 139.1 412.25
10.0 0.025 0.0403 0.03
9.0 10.0 140.5 141.4 140.95 414.1

9.5 10.5 142.4 143.3 142.85 416 Table 3.0

10.0 11.0 144.1 144.1 144.1 417.25 Pabs Tave Specific Enthalpy , 𝑇𝑣𝑔/ℎ𝑓𝑔
(bar) (k) volume 𝑣𝑔 ( ℎ𝑓𝑔 (K/kpa)
3
𝑚 /𝑘𝑔) (kJ/kg)
Table 2.0
1.0 354.45 1.6941 2257.50 0.2660

2.0 369.8 0.8858 2201.60 0.1488

2.2 372.12 0.8118 2193.12 0.1377

2.3 373.25 0.7784 2189.04 0.1327

2.4 374.15 0.7486 2185.12 0.1282

2.5 375.15 0.7187 2181.20 0.1236

2.6 376.25 0.6942 2177.52 0.1199

2.7 377.25 0.6966 2173.84 0.1209

2.8 378.3 0.6470 2170.30 0.1128

2.9 379.15 0.6264 2166.90 0.1096 Graph 2 : Measured and Calculated slope vs absolute
3.0 380.2 0.6058 2163.50 0.1065 pressure

3.5 384.55 0.5242 2147.70 0.0939

4.0 388.4 0.4624 2133.40 0.0842

4.5 391.9 0.4139 2120.30 0.0765

5.0 395.05 0.3748 2108.00 0.0702

5.5 398 0.3426 2096.60 0.0650

6.0 400.65 0.3156 2085.80 0.0606

6.5 403.3 0.2926 2075.50 0.0569

7.0 405.7 0.2728 2065.80 0.0536

7.5 407.9 0.2555 2056.40 0.0507

8.0 410.1 0.2404 2047.50 0.0482

VII. DISCUSSIONS
8.5 412.25 0.2269 2038.80 0.0459

9.0 414.1 0.2149 2030.50 0.0438 Before starting the experiment, it is

9.5 416 0.2041 2022.40 0.0420
necessary to remove all air from the boiler.
This is because air may have an effect on
10.0 417.25 0.1944 2014.60 0.0403
how accurately the experimental results can
be obtained. Besides, if the air is not
Graph 1 : Average temperature vs Absolute pressure
removed, an accurate measurement of the
equilibrium between steam and boiling water
will not be obtained. Because of the partial
pressure of air, a lower water temperature
will be required to increase the pressure. Not
only that, the boiler may have a probability
of failure if air is trapped in the boiler. Based
on the graph obtained from the result, it Therefore, to further strengthen our
shows that the relationship between pressure results, it can be seen based on the graph
and temperature appears to be directly plotted between the measured slope value
proportional. There are several causes of and the calculated slope value. As mentioned
error that can affect the results of the earlier in the first paragraph, we can see that
experiment such as the accuracy of pressure is directly proportional to
measurements or readings, room temperature temperature based on the graph plotted. As
and pressure, stability of materials and the pressure increases, the temperature will
calculations. When a liquid absorbs enough also increase. The calculated data obtained
heat energy, it turns into vapor. Since the from the experiment is slightly different from
steam cannot escape, the pressure increases, the theory. This happened because there were
causing the temperature to rise. some errors that occurred during the
experiment. Based on the error calculated
Based on the results obtained from the from the results obtained, there is about
experiment, it can be seen that when the 0.03% to 80.57% of the percentage error
pressure increases from 1 to 10 bar, the during the experiment.
temperature also increases, while when the
pressure decreases from 10 to 1 bar, the
temperature also decreases. Thus, this VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS
indicates that pressure is directly proportional There are some steps that we have to follow in
to temperature. Furthermore, based on the order to get good readings. First, ensure that the
results obtained also, there is a difference in water filled into the Marcet Boiler is more that
value between the measured slope and the half of the tank; If it is below that, the Marcet
calculated slope. For the measured slope, the Boiler will tend to explode because the water
data shows that when the pressure increases level is below the heater. It requires water to be
from 2.0 to 10 bar, there is an increase as boiled to its boiling point, which is 100°C, and
well as a decrease in the measured slope then rest it for a few minutes before
value. Before that, as shown in the table, no releasing the steam. Be more alert and take
value is shown at a pressure of 1.0 bar better care when handling1 boiler because it
because there is human error when could lead to some serious injury if safet is
conducting the experiment which is we were taken for granted throughout the
unable to fully evaluate all of the required experiment.
reading materials and background
information before conducting the IX. CONCLUSION
experiment due to time constraints. Next, for In this experiment, it is found the relationship
the calculated slope, the data shows that between the pressure and the temperature at
when the pressure increases from 2.0 to 10 saturated steam in equilibrium state is directly
bar, there is also an increase as well as a proportional. The range percentage error between
decrease in the calculated slope value. the experimental slope and theoretical slope is
0.03% (the lowest) to 80.57%.(the highest). The
objective to demonstrate the relationship between
the pressure and temperature of saturated steam APPENDIX
in equilibrium and to demonstrate the vapour
pressure curve is achieved. The experiment data
and graph confirm the direct proportionality
between pressure and temperature, almost the
same as theoretical data in the steam table. This
validates the relationship between the pressure
and the temperature at saturated steam in
equilibrium state.

REFERENCE

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Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics (9th edition.).

2. Davis, J., Metals Handbook, Vol 2, 10th

Ed., ASM International, 1990,
pp.145-165.

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Experiment Marcet Boiler Engineering
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4. Liyana, E.-zaty. (2018, March 15).

Marcet Boiler - Lab Report .
Essays24.com -Term Papers and Free
Essays.
https://www.essays24.com/essay/Marcet-
Boiler/83643.html.
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Report : Marcet Boiler (2015)
.Academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/11843064/CH
E144_Lab_Report_Marcet_Boiler_2015