UNIT-2

HAZARD: Chemical or Physical condition that has potential to cause

damage to people, property or environment is known as “HAZARD”

HAZARD CLASSIFICATION:
As per HSEM standards based on the hazards classified in to five (5) types

1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Ergonomic hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards (or) Psychological hazards

PHYSICAL HAZARD:

Any hazard that comes from environmental factors

Physical hazards @ workplace:

 Poor house keeping

 Slippery or wet floors
 Falling objects
 Machinery malfunction (equipment not working)
 Electrical wiring
 Respiratory hazards
 Vehicle accidents
 Scaffolding
 Ladders
 Hazardous chemicals
 Vibrations
 Constant loud noise
 Frayed cord
 Explosives
 Gases
 Flammable liquids
 Flammable solids
 Toxic materials
  Corrosive materials
 Miscellaneous dangerous goods

Physical hazards @ food:

 Glass, metal and plastic fragments

 Bones and feather fragments
 Hair, jewellery and nail trimming
 Wood splinters, sand, stones and insects
 Strings, jute fibres and buttons

Chemical hazard:
Any hazard that comes from a solid, liquid (or) gas element, compound, (or)

Mixture that could cause health problems (or) pollution.

Here are some examples of chemical hazards:

 Cleaning products
 Pesticides
 Welding fumes
 Paints
 Drugs
 Cosmetics
 Detergents
 Gas cylinders
 Herbicides
 Diesel fuel
 Petrol
 Liquefied petroleum gas
 Flammable liquids
 Gases
 Corrosives
 Radioactive materials
  Highly toxic substances
Biological hazard:
Research facilities and hospitals, among other industries, produce
wastes that may contain disease – causing organisms, known as
“biological hazards”.
Here are some potential biological hazards workers can be
exposed to:
 Fungus
 Blood and other bodily fluids
 Plants
 Viruses and bacteria
 Bird & animal droppings
 Insect bites
Ergonomic hazards:
Hazards that can create physical and psychological stresses because of
forceful (or) repetitive work, improper work techniques or poorly
designed tools and workspaces.
Here are some examples of ergonomic hazards:

 Frequent lifting
 Poor lighting
 Improperly adjusted chairs and workstations
 Bad posture
 Awkward movements
 Vibrations
 Repeated use of force, potentially beyond one’s comfort limits
Psychological hazards:
Psychological hazards can cause harm like burnout or stress, leading
to distracted workers and potential mistakes. To combat the causes of
psychological harm, managers and supervisors can implement a
positive workplace culture that values safety, equality and sustainable
working practices.
Examples of psychological hazards in the workplace include:

 Lack of job training

 Stress
 Bullying
 Unclear policies
 Required overtime hours
 Poor safety culture
 Unrealistic production goals
 Intimation by management or co-workers

Hazard assessment:
A hazard assessment is a process that identifies, evaluates, and
controls hazards and risks in a workplace or environment. It’s a key
component of an organization’s occupational health and safety
program
Hazard assessment process:

 Collect information
 Identify hazards
 Assess risk
 Evaluate risks
 Investigate possible controls & prioritize
 Magnitude and intensity
  Causes of the hazard
 New hazards
 Implement controls
 Measure effectiveness
 Document assessment
 Review & repeat as necessary
Hazard control:

 Elimination – Physically remove the hazard

 Substitution – Replace the hazard
 Engineering controls – Isolate people from the hazard
 Administrative controls – Change the way people work
 Personal protective equipment – Protect the worker with PPE
Hazard evaluation:
The hazard evaluation process will recognize and evaluate chemical,
physical and biological hazards within the workplace to determine if
proper controls are present and control unacceptable exposures

Site investigation

Environmental hazard evaluation

Identify hazards

Identify potential environmental hazards

Evaluate targeted environmental hazards

 Complete site investigation

Prepare environmental hazard maps

Recommend follow-up actions

No further action

Response action determination

Atmospheric pollution:
Atmospheric pollution is the presence of undesirable matters in
the air in large quantities, which have harmful effects. These are
harmful to humans, vegetation, and other living beings. It occurs
in many forms but is generally considered gaseous pollutants
present in the atmosphere.

Here some of the pollutions are majorly impacted nature:

1. AIR POLLUTION
2. WATER POLLUTION
3. SOIL POLLUTION
4. MARINE POLLUTION
5. NOISE POLLUTION
6. THERMAL POLLUTION
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION:
The Burning of Fossil Fuels
Industrial Emission
Indoor Air Pollution
Wildfires
Microbial Decaying Process
Transportation
Open Burning of Garbage Waste
Construction and Demolition
Agricultural Activities
Use of chemical and synthetic products
Power stations
Emissions from automobiles

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION:

Industrial Waste. Industries and industrial sites across the world are a major
contributor to water pollution. .
Marine Dumping. .
Sewage and Wastewater. .
Oil Leaks and Spills.
Agriculture.
Global Warming.
Radioactive Waste.
Deforestation
Fuel spillages
Rubbish and faecal water dumping
Synthetic Waste
Agricultural Waste. ...
Sewage Disposal. ...
Oil-spills. ...
Respiratory Ailments. ...
Skin Problems. ...
Neurological Disorders in New-borns. ...
CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION:

8. Leaks from sanitary sewers

Cemeteries
Lagoon seepage
Septic tank seepage
Sewage discharged in to river instead of being treated properly

Causes of MARINE POLLUTION:

Maritime transportation
Agricultural runoff
Sewage
Solid waste
Industrial waste water and chemicals
Litter
Oil spill
Air pollutants
Plastics
Pesticides
Heavy metals
Radioactive waste
Thermal effluents
Residential waste

CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION

Poor urban planning
Sounds from motor vehicles
Sounds from musical instruments
Car alarms
Organization equipment
Industrial/ factory machinery
Construction work
Barking animals
Appliances
Audio instruments
Loud speakers
Noise created by people
Vehicles
Social events
Air craft noise
Domestic noise
Fire works
Noise from railroads

CAUSES OF THERMAL POLLUTION:

Deforestation
soil erosion
cooling tower
water coolants
Toxicity
industrial waste water
urban runoff
Domestic sewage
dry cooling systems
industrial effluents
Hydro electricity