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Mathematics SL Studies Internal Assesement

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Table of Contents

Introduction: 3

Information/Mesurement: 4

Organized Data: 4-6

Mathematical Processes: 9

Interpretation of Results: 16

Validity: 17

Areas of Improvement: 18

Appendix: 18

bibliography: 20
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Criterion A: Introduction

I’m going to be doing my research on the correlation of hours of sleep and grades

since grades are a very important part of every student's life and it reflects on the

student's academic performance. The purpose of this research is to find out whether or

not a students grades and the of sleep they get are related. In order to achieve the

answer, I will be engaged in primary research. For Primary research, I will be distributing

questionaries amongst the students of DP12 and DP11 with a specific set of questions

(Table 1) through the use of Google questionnaires. Afterward I will be analyzing these

results using multiple mathematical methods such as the calculation of the least squares

regression, Calculation of Pearson’s correlation coefficient and yates’ correction for

continuity (a form of the chi squared test). I decided to pick this as my topic of research

because i have always strived to get my grades better, and I’ve always been told that

sleeping is very important to have good grades, which i had some doubts in that

statement. So this research should answer my doubts and let me know if the grades and
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sleeping hours are actually related. Personally, i believe that the answer will be no, and

they will indeed not be related at all.

Criterion B : Information / Measurement

The Questionnaires were distributed to every single DP student available, as well

as some of my other friends from all around the world, the total number adding up to 54

people. students were asked to fill in their total score 100% being the perfect grade, and

the average hours of sleep they get every night.

Grades Hours Of Sleep

80 7.5

85 8.5

90 8

70 7.5
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70 6.5

90 8

80 5.5

60 6.5

80 8

67 4

80 8

80 8

66 8

95 6

80 8

25 4

99 7

98 7

92 5

80 8

99 8

92 5

100 4

85 6

87 7

80 6

75 8

85 8
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65 2.5

82 7

80 4

90 8.5

90 6.5

97 8

95 5

60 7

65 8

89 10

96 8

70 6.5

94 7

75 9

75 6.5

100 3

31 7.5

68 7

90 9
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The graphs below have been imported from my personal google questionnaire. I created

it because i wanted to have a wide range of data on an international scale. I have

distributed the link among two different communities on the internet, i happened to be an

administrator in one of the communities so the response was very big. A lot of people

were able to use the form, not only my international friends from all around the world

(USA, Canada, France, Spain, Pakistan, Philippines, China, Sweden etc.) but my

classmates and colleagues as well.

Figure 1 - Grades (Imported from Google Questionnaires

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Figure 2 – Amount of sleep (Google Questionaries)

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Criteria C : Mathematical Processes.

Using Excel i created a scatter diagram of Hours of sleep correlating with the

students grades. i calculated the r2 using Excel as well, the regression line has also been

displayed on the scatter diagram.

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Figure 3: Excel Scatter Diagram, Hours of Sleep/Grades.

Calculation of Chi- squared test:

·​ The chi squared test is used to measure whether two classification (or factors) from
​

the same sample are independent of each other.

Null Hypothesis is “The grades of the students are independent of the amount of sleep

they get.”

Alternative Hypothesis is “The grades of the students is not independent of the amount of

sleep they get.”

Observed Values

Grades/Hours H<5 5 ≤ H<9 G≥9 Total

G<40 1 1 0 2

40 ≤ G < 80 2 9 1 12

G ≥ 80 3 28 2 33
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Total 6 38 3 47

Expected Values

Grades/Hours H<5 5 ≤ H<9 G≥9 Total

G<40 0.255 1.53 0.16 1.94

40 ≤ G < 80 1.53 9.70 0.78 12.01

G ≥ 80 4.21 26.7 2.13 33.04

Total 6 37.93 3.07 47

Formula for Chi-squared

|(F o − F e )| 2 −0.5
C hi 2 = ∑ Fe

(|(1 − 0.255| −0.5) 2 |(1 − 1.53| −0.5) 2 |(0 − 0.16| −0.5) 2 (|2 − 1.53| −0.5) 2
C hi 2 = ∑ 0.255
+ 1.53
+ 0.16
+ 1.53
+

(|9 − 9.70| −0.5) 2 (|1 −0.78| −0.5) 2 (|3 − 4.21| −0.5 2 (|28 − 26.7| −0.5) 2 (|2 − 2.13| −0.5) 2
9.70
+ 0.78
+ 4.21
+ 26.7
+ 2.13

C hi 2 = 1.271686215

Df = (Rows − 1)(Columns − 1)

Df = (3 − 1)(3 − 1)

Df = 4
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The C hi 2 critical value at 5% significance with 4 degrees of freedom is 9.488. As the

C hi 2 value is less than the critical value, 1.271686215<9.488, the null hypothesis is

accepted and the grades of the students are independent of the amount of sleep they get.

Calculation of the least squares regression:

·​ Least squares regression identifies the relationship between the independent variable
​

“x” “Grades of the Students” and the dependent variable “y” “ The ammount of sleep

they get” .

·​ It’s calculated by the given formulas:

​

S xy
y−y = (S x ) 2
(x − x)

Sx = √ ∑(x−x) 2

n S xy is the covariance =
∑ xy

n - x y.

x ​is the mean value or average of the grades received by the students

y ​is the mean value or average of the hours of sleep that students got.

x y x−x y−y (x − x) 2 (y − y ) 2
(x − x) * (y − y )
80 7.5 -0.468085106 0.670212766 0.219103667 0.449185152 -0.313716614
85 8.5 4.531914894 1.670212766 20.5382526 2.789610684 7.56926211
90 8 9.531914894 1.170212766 90.85740154 1.369397918 11.15436849
70 7.5 -10.46808511 0.670212766 109.5808058 0.449185152 -7.015844273
70 6.5 -10.46808511 -0.329787234 109.5808058 0.10875962 3.452240833
90 8 9.531914894 1.170212766 90.85740154 1.369397918 11.15436849
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80 5.5 -0.468085106 -1.329787234 0.219103667 1.768334088 0.622453599

60 6.5 -20.46808511 -0.329787234 418.9425079 0.10875962 6.750113173
80 8 -0.468085106 1.170212766 0.219103667 1.369397918 -0.547759167
67 4 -13.46808511 -2.829787234 181.3893164 8.00769579 38.1118153
80 8 -0.468085106 1.170212766 0.219103667 1.369397918 -0.547759167
80 8 -0.468085106 1.170212766 0.219103667 1.369397918 -0.547759167
66 8 -14.46808511 1.170212766 209.3254866 1.369397918 -16.93073789
95 6 14.53191489 -0.829787234 211.1765505 0.688546854 -12.05839746
80 8 -0.468085106 1.170212766 0.219103667 1.369397918 -0.547759167
25 4 -55.46808511 -2.829787234 3076.708465 8.00769579 156.9628791
99 7 18.53191489 0.170212766 343.4318696 0.028972386 3.154368493
98 7 17.53191489 0.170212766 307.3680398 0.028972386 2.984155727
92 5 11.53191489 -1.829787234 132.9850611 3.348121322 -21.10095066
80 8 -0.468085106 1.170212766 0.219103667 1.369397918 -0.547759167
99 8 18.53191489 1.170212766 343.4318696 1.369397918 21.68628339
92 5 11.53191489 -1.829787234 132.9850611 3.348121322 -21.10095066
100 4 19.53191489 -2.829787234 381.4956994 8.00769579 -55.27116342
85 6 4.531914894 -0.829787234 20.5382526 0.688546854 -3.760525124
87 7 6.531914894 0.170212766 42.66591218 0.028972386 1.111815301
80 6 -0.468085106 -0.829787234 0.219103667 0.688546854 0.388411046
75 8 -5.468085106 1.170212766 29.89995473 1.369397918 -6.398822997
85 8 4.531914894 1.170212766 20.5382526 1.369397918 5.303304663
65 2.5 -15.46808511 -4.329787234 239.2616569 18.74705749 66.97351743
82 7 1.531914894 0.170212766 2.346763241 0.028972386 0.260751471
80 4 -0.468085106 -2.829787234 0.219103667 8.00769579 1.324581258
90 8.5 9.531914894 1.670212766 90.85740154 2.789610684 15.92032594
90 6.5 9.531914894 -0.329787234 90.85740154 0.10875962 -3.143503848
97 8 16.53191489 1.170212766 273.30421 1.369397918 19.34585785
95 5 14.53191489 -1.829787234 211.1765505 3.348121322 -26.59031236
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60 7 -20.46808511 0.170212766 418.9425079 0.028972386 -3.48392938

65 8 -15.46808511 1.170212766 239.2616569 1.369397918 -18.10095066
89 10 8.531914894 3.170212766 72.79357175 10.05024898 27.04798551
96 8 15.53191489 1.170212766 241.2403803 1.369397918 18.17564509
70 6.5 -10.46808511 -0.329787234 109.5808058 0.10875962 3.452240833
94 7 13.53191489 0.170212766 183.1127207 0.028972386 2.303304663
75 9 -5.468085106 2.170212766 29.89995473 4.70982345 -11.8669081
75 6.5 -5.468085106 -0.329787234 29.89995473 0.10875962 1.803304663
100 3 19.53191489 -3.829787234 381.4956994 14.66727026 -74.80307832
31 7.5 -49.46808511 0.670212766 2447.091444 0.449185152 -33.15414215
68 7 -12.46808511 0.170212766 155.4531462 0.028972386 -2.122227252
90 9 9.531914894 2.170212766 90.85740154 4.70982345 20.68628339
3782 321 11583.70213 11583.70213 23167.40426

3782
x= 47 = ​80.468

321
y = 47 = 6.83

Sx = √ ∑(x−x) 2

n Sx = 11583.70213
47 = √246.46 = 15.7
∑ xy

n - x y.

25958
47 - 80.47*6.83 =2.69
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√11583.70213
47

S xy
y−y = (S x ) 2
(x − x)

2.69
y − 6.83 = (15.7 ) 2
(x − 80.468)

y=0.011x + 5.9424

The regression line represents the relation between the two factors the grades of the

students and The grades of the students. This will help us to predict the future values.

We have a steady line since the slope is a very small number: 0.011, this means that the

line is not increasing or decreasing and the line is steady. This means that there is no clear

correlation between the grades and the hours of sleep.

Calculation of Pearson’s correlation coefficient:

● Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship between the

independent variable “x” “Grades of the students” and the dependent variable “y” “ The

hours of sleep.”

● It’s given by the following formulas

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√ √
∑(x−x) 2 ∑(y−y) 2
S xy
r= SxSy ​Where Sx = n
Sy = n

∑ xy
S xy is the covariance n - xy

Sx = √ ∑(x−x) 2

n Sx = 11583.70213
47 = √246.46 = 15.7

√
∑(y−y) 2
125.6382979
Sy = n ​ Sx = 47 = √2.673 = 1.635

25958
S xy= 47 - 80.47*6.83 =2.69

2.69
r= 15.7*1.635 = 0.28

The correlation between ​“Grades of the students” and “The hours of sleep" ​is a weak

positive correlation, since the “r” is 0.28, which proves that the correlation is weak.
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Interpretation

To investigate whether the grades of the students and the hours of sleep that they

got are related I performed three tests, which are Calculation of the least squares

regression, Calculation of Pearson’s correlation coefficient and yates’ correction for

continuity (a form of the chi squared test). All three tests provided results that suggested

that the two variables are independent. This proves that the grades of a student and the

hours of sleep that they got are independent.

My calculations displayed that Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.28. This

directly corresponds with a weak correlation. Also the yates’ correction for continuity

test showed that the critical value at 5% significance with 4 degrees of freedom was

9.488 which is way higher than our critical value (1.271686215) this lead me to accept

the null hypothesis and conclude that the two variables are independent of each other.

Calculation of the least squares regression also showed us that we had a steady line since

the slope was a very small number: 0.011, This means that there is no clear correlation

between the grades and the hours of sleep.

One way we may see this relationship is that every student is an individual. They

may not let the sleep they get affect their grades. Student A may go home from school,

study everything in order to get great grades and go to sleep at a reasonable time and get

great grades while Student B may do exactly the same as Student A only after finishing

everything play on their computer, watch television or engage in some leisure, either
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way the student will not get as much of sleep as Student A did but this does not affect

what he has studied and the grades the student will get.

Validity

I first performed the linear regression to check the relationship between the two

variables. I created a scatter plot which clearly showed a weak positive linear correlation

between the two variables. A very low r 2 value showed that the correlation between the

two values was very weak. To further support the claim I used a form of the chi-squared

test called Yates’ correction for continuity which also suggested that the two variables

are independent of each other. All together tests provide strong support that the hours of

sleep that a student gets and their grades are not related.

I am very confident about my mathematical processes because the calculations

were done several times to ensure accuracy. For the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient i

used two different ways to calculate the r value, Graphing Calculator and Math by hand,

both resulted in the same figures. For the regression line and the r 2 i used three different

ways to calculate it. Graphing Calculator, Math by hand and The Microsoft Excel graph.

In addition, I performed three different operations to show that the hours of sleep and the

grades of the students are not related.

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Areas of Improvement

To be completely sure that the two variables are independent this study can be

improved. The research was only limited to 47 students, which is not a lot but all i could

gather. If there was more data of 100+ students the answer would be more accurate. I

also only had data from High School students, having students from Universities could

also improve this research.

Appendix:

Hours Of
Grades Sleep
80 7.5
85 8.5
90 8
70 7.5
70 6.5
90 8
80 5.5
60 6.5
80 8
67 4
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80 8
80 8
66 8
95 6
80 8
25 4
99 7
98 7
92 5
80 8
99 8
92 5
100 4
85 6
87 7
80 6
75 8
85 8
65 2.5
82 7
80 4
90 8.5
90 6.5
97 8
95 5
60 7
65 8
89 10
96 8
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70 6.5
94 7
75 9
75 6.5
100 3
31 7.5
68 7
90 9

Bibliography

Yates correction for continuity:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yates%27s_correction_for_continuity

Google Questionaries

Pearson’s correlation coefficient:

https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/probability-and-statistics/correlation-

coefficient-formula/

Least Squares Regression:

https://faculty.elgin.edu/dkernler/statistics/ch04/4-2.html