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Digestive_System_

The document provides an overview of the digestive system, detailing its organs, functions, and the role of enzymes in digestion. It explains the process of food breakdown and nutrient absorption, highlighting the importance of structures like villi in the small intestine. Additionally, it includes review questions and answers related to the digestive system's functions and components.

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jeremytogononmagluyan
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8 views

Digestive_System_

The document provides an overview of the digestive system, detailing its organs, functions, and the role of enzymes in digestion. It explains the process of food breakdown and nutrient absorption, highlighting the importance of structures like villi in the small intestine. Additionally, it includes review questions and answers related to the digestive system's functions and components.

Uploaded by

jeremytogononmagluyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANATOMY

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
LEARNING POINTS

State the organs Describe the role


Explain how villi
present in the and function of
support food
digestive system. the digestive
absorption.
organs.
THE ROLE OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The role of the digestive system is to break down food into tiny
particles, which are more easily digested and absorbed into the
blood. Food provides us with nutrients required for bodily health,
growth and repair. The digestive system also enables the body to
release food that cannot be digested in the form of faeces (poo).
FUNCTIONS
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination
1

How does the


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
work?
4
3

6
7

8
MOUTH
This is the start of the digestive
system. The teeth mechanically
grind down the food. The saliva,
made in salivary glands, chemically
digests the food using enzymes.
ESOPHAGUS
The esophagus ensures the smooth
movement of food from the mouth
to the stomach, allowing for
efficient digestion and nutrient
absorption. The esophagus does not
secrete digestive enzymes. Its
primary function is to facilitate the
passage of food.
STOMACH
The stomach is a muscular bag
which contains digestive juices
called hydrochloric acid. It mixes
food and drink with the acid.
LIVER
The liver releases a chemical called
bile into the intestines via the gall
bladder. Bile breaks down lipids
(fats and oils) in food.
PANCREAS
The pancreas releases enzymes into
the intestines. Enzymes break down
foods such as lipids, proteins and
carbohydrates.
GALL BLADDER
This is where bile is stored and
concentrated before it is released
into the small intestine. Bile is
produced in the liver to break down
lipids.
SMALL INTESTINE
Foods such as carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids are digested
here. Nutrients from these foods are
absorbed into the blood.
THE INTESTINES ABSORBING FOOD
The intestines have a large surface area as a result of
lots of tiny folds, which absorb nutrients and water.
AND WATER

VILLI FUNCTION
Specialized projecting structures known as villi, are
present in the small intestine. The villi themselves have
even smaller hair like projections on their surfaces
known as microvilli. The villi have a good blood supply
from capillaries, which enable the absorption of
nutrients from the gut wall into the blood.
LARGE INTESTINE
The large intestine contains food
which cannot be broken down
further, usually fibre. Water is
absorbed into the blood.
RECTUM
The rectum contains undigested
food stored as faeces (poo).
ANUS
This is the end of the digestive
system and where faeces leave the
body.
Digestive
Enzymes
What are
enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins which catalyse or
speed up a chemical reaction.
Starch Amylase
is an enzyme that helps to convert starches
into a simpler form, such as glucose or maltose
(two glucose molecules put together)
Amylase breaks the glycosidic bonds that hold
Glucose complex carbohydrates together through
hydrolysis (breaking of a bond by adding a
water molecule)
Example

Salivary amylase is produced in our


salivary glands. It breaks down starch
into maltose, which is a sugar.
Proteases
Proteases also referred to as proteinase,
proteolytic enzymes, and peptidases, are
enzymes which break down proteins into
Protein amino acids.

Amino Acid
Protease
Example
The protease enzyme pepsin is produced in the
gastric glands in the stomach. Pepsin starts the
process of breaking down proteins into amino
acids. Other protease enzymes then complete
this process.
Lipases Lipases are enzymes which break down
lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Fatty acid
Glycerol chains
Lipase Example
Lipase enzymes are produced in the
pancreas. They work in the small intestine
(duodenum) to turn lipids into fatty acids
and glycerol.
LET’S
REVIEW
LE CHOICE 1
MULTIP

The stomach plays a crucial role in digestion.


Which of the following is the main function of
the stomach?

A Absorption of nutrients

B Breakdown of food

C Production of bile

D Regulation of blood sugar


LE CHOICE 2
MULTIP

This organ is the primary site for nutrient


absorption. What is the longest part of the
digestive system?

A Esophagus

B Rectum

C Small intestine

D Large intestine
LE CHOICE 3
MULTIP

The liver produces fluid that aids in the digestion


and absorption of fats in the small intestine.
What fluid is this?

A Renin

B Saliva

C Pepsin

D Bile
TRUE OR FALSE 1

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is the


final section of the digestive tract. Its main
function is to absorb water and electrolytes from
the remaining indigestible food matter, forming
solid waste (feces) which is then excreted from
the body.

True False
TRUE OR FALSE 2

Saliva contains bile, which begins the


chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
(starches) in the mouth. This is the first step
in the digestive process, preparing
carbohydrates for further digestion and
absorption in the small intestine.

True False
TRUE OR FALSE 3

The liver is a vital organ in the


gastrointestinal tract that performs many
functions, including detoxification, protein
synthesis, and the production of
biochemicals necessary for digestion, such
as bile.

True False
ANSWERS KEY

MULTIPLE CHOICE TRUE/FALSE

1 B. Breakdown of food 1 True


Short answers should be
carefully checked by
2 C. Small intestine 2 False
teachers.

3 D. Bile 3 False
THE END

Thank You!
REFERENCE
Cinnamon VanPutte, J. R. (2019).
Seely's Essentials of Anatomy
& Physiology Tenth Edition.
New York City: McGraw hill
Education.

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