Manuel S.

Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering

An Autonomous University

SRCP 323 / SRCP 321L- Principles of Reinforced / Prestressed

Concrete ( Lecture / Computation – Laboratory )

RICHELLE JOYCE B. OBNAMIA

Instructor, CEng
This NSCP 7th edition is referenced from the following:

a. Uniform Building Code UBC-l997

b. International Building Code IBC-2009
c. American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE/SEI 7-10
d. American Concrete Institute AC1318-14M
e. American Institute for Steel Construction AISC-05 with
Supplementary Seismic Provisions
f. American Iron and Steel Institute AISI 3100—2007
g. Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook of America
h. Concrete Masonry Handbook, 6th Edition
i. American National Standard Institute ANSI EIA/TlA-222-G-I-
2007
j. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards

The purpose of this code is to provide minimum requirements for the design of buildings,
towers and other vertical structures, and minimum standards and guidelines to safeguard life
or limb, property and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction,
quality of materials pertaining to the structural aspects of all buildings and structures within
this jurisdiction.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City College of Engineering
An Autonomous University

Pages 324 - 532

References
a) Design of Reinforced Concrete, 7th
Edition, ACI 318-05 Code Edition
McCormac, J. C., Nelson, J.K., John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 2005
b) National Structural Code of the
Philippines Vol. I,
c) Association of Structural Engineers of
the Philippines, 5th Edition 2001 NSCP
C01-101.
d) American Concrete Institute, ACI 318
Building Code, Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete, latest edition,
e) Hassoun Structural Concrete: Theory
and Design 3rd Edition,
f) Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et.
Al, Design of Concrete Structures, 13th
Ed., 2000, McGraw Hill, Inc.,
g) Wang Reinforced Concrete Design 7th
Edition,
h) DrGonzales, ESCruz Structural
Engineering Laboratory Manual
• CONCRETE is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other aggregates held together in
a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water.

• Sometimes one or more ADMIXTURES are added to change certain characteristics of the
concrete such as its workability, durability, and time of hardening.
•

For a given workability an increase in the

proportion of cement in a mix has little
effect on the water demand and results
in a reduction in the water/cement ratio.

The reduction in water/cement ratio leads to

an increase in strength of concrete.

Therefore, for a given workability an

increase in the cement content results in
an increase in strength on concrete.
 



As with most rocklike substances, CONCRETE has high compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength.

*References: Kosmatka, S. H and Wilson, M/L., Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 15th edition, Portland Cement Association (PCA),
www.concrete.org
• REINFORCED CONCRETE is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the columns as well as in other
situations.
 As a future licensed Civil Engineer:

This course enables you to know vital information such as:

1. Advantage and disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as in Structural Material.
2. Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel for Building and Bridges.
3. Compatibility of Concrete and Steel.
• Reinforced concrete may be the most importance material available for construction. It is used in
one form or another for almost all structures, great or small-building, bridges, pavements, dams,
retaining walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on.

• The tremendous success of this universal construction material can be understood quite easily if
its numerous advantages are considered. This include the following:
1. It has HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH per unit cost compared with most other materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great RESISTANCE TO THE ACTIONS OF FIRE AND WATER and, in fact, is the best structural
material available for situations where water is present.
3. Reinforced concrete structure VERY RIGID.
4. It is a LOW-MAINTENANCE material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has very LONG SERVICE LIFE.
Reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of their load carrying abilities. The
strength of concrete does not decrease with time.
6. It is usually the only ECONOMICAL and, material available for footings, floor slabs, basement walls, piers, and
similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be CAST INTO AN EXTRAORDINARY VARIETY OF SHAPES from simple
slabs, beams and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In the most areas, concrete takes of INEXPENSIVE local materials (sand, gravel, and water) and requires relatively
small amount of cement and reinforcing steel, which may have to be shipped from other parts of the country.
9. A LOWER GRADE OF SKILLED LABOR IS REQUIRED for erection as compared with other materials such as
structural steel.
• To use concrete successfully, the designer must be completely familiar with its weak points
as well as its strong ones. Among its disadvantages are the following:

1. Concrete has a very LOW TENSILE STRENGTH, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
2. FORMS ARE REQUIRED to hold the concrete in plane until it hardens sufficiently, In addition,
falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar
structures until the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support themselves.
FORMWORKS IS VERY EXPENSIVE, its costs run from one-third to two-thirds of the total cost of a
reinforced concrete structure, with average values of about 50%.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to HEAVY MEMBERS. This becomes an
increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where concrete’s large dead weight has a
great effect on bending moments, Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce concrete weight, but
the cost of the concrete is increased.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be RELATIVELY
LARGE, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.
5. The PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE VARY widely because of variations in its proportioning and
mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as is the
production of other materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.
 Concrete and steel reinforcing WORK TOGETHER BEAUTIFULLY IN REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES.
 The advantages of each material seem to compensate for the disadvantages of the other.
 For instance, the great shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile strength, but tensile
strength is one of the great advantages of steel. Reinforcing bars have tensile strengths
equal to approximately 100 times that of the usual concretes used.
 The two materials bond together very well so there is little chance of slippage between the
two; thus, they will act together as a unit in resisting forces. The excellent bond obtained is
the result of the chemical adhesion between the two materials, the natural roughness of the
bars, and the closely spaced rib-shaped deformations rolled onto the bars’ surface.

INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN OF RCD IS TEDIOUS, TO PROPERLY TO THIS, ONE MUST BE FAMILIAR WITH
THE CODE/ PROVISIONS.
This NSCP 7th edition is referenced from the following:

a. Uniform Building Code UBC-l997

b. International Building Code IBC-2009
c. American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE/SEI 7-10
d. American Concrete Institute AC1318-14M
(Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete)
e. American Institute for Steel Construction AISC-05 with
Supplementary Seismic Provisions
f. American Iron and Steel Institute AISI 3100—2007
g. Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook of America
h. Concrete Masonry Handbook, 6th Edition
i. American National Standard Institute ANSI EIA/TlA-222-G-I-
2007
j. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards
Concrete made with Portland cement require 2 weeks to achieve a sufficient strength to permit
the removal of forms and the application of moderate loads. Such concrete reach their design
strengths after 28 days and continue to gain strength at a slower rate thereafter.
On many occasions it is desirable to speed up construction by using high-early-strength
cements, which, although expensive, enable us to obtain desired strengths in 3 to 7 days
rather than the normal 28 days. These cements are useful for the fabrication of precast
members, emergency repairs of concrete, and for shotcreting (where a mortar or
concrete is blown through a hose at a high velocity onto a prepared surface).

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) recognizes five types of Portland
cement. These different cements are manufactured from just about the same raw
materials, but their properties are changed by using various blends of those materials.

Type I – the common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.
Type II – A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does Type I
cement and that can withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
Type III – A high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a
concrete with a strength about twice that of type I cement. This cement does have a
much higher heat of hydration.
Type IV- – A low-heat cement that produces a concrete that generated heat very slowly.
It is used for very large concrete structures.
Type V – A cement used for concrete that are to be exposed to high concentrations of
sulfate.
Materials added to concrete during or before mixing are referred to as admixtures. They
are used to improve the performance of concrete in certain situations as well as to lower
its cost.

Air-entraining admixtures – conforming to the requirements of ASTM C260 and C618,

are used primarily to increase concrete’s resistance to freezing and thawing and
provide better resistance to the deteriorating action of deicing salts.

Accelerating admixtures – the addition of calcium chloride, to concrete will accelerate

its early strength development. The results of such additions (particularly useful in
cold climates) are reduced times required for curing and protection of the concrete
and the earlier removal of forms.

Retarding admixtures – are used to slow the setting of the concrete and to retard
temperature increases. They consists of various acids or sugars or sugar derivatives.

Superplasticizers– are admixtures made from organic sulfonates. Their use enables
engineers to reduce the water content in concretes substantially while at the same
time increasing their slump.

Waterproofing materials– usually are applied to hardened concrete surfaces, but they
may be added to concrete mixes.
A. Compressive Strength, f’c
• Is the capacity of structure or a material to withstand pushing forces that are axially directed.
It is the maximum stress a material can sustain under crushing load.
• The compressive strength of concrete, f’c, is determined by testing to failure of a 28-day-old
6-in by 12-in concrete cylinders. (This is the normal size)
• Testing for concrete…
7 days
14 days
28 days – maximum strength (ultimate strength from 2500-psi up to as high as 10,000-
psi to 20,000-psi but most concrete used to fall into the 3000-psi to 7000-psi range.)

CONCRETE GAINS STRENGTH WITH TIME AFTER CASTING

 For ordinary applications…
3000-psi to 4000-psi
 For prestressed concrete
5000-psi to 6000-psi strength are common
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ARE CONCRETE THAT ARE COMPRESSED DURING PRODUCTION COMMONLY
USED IN CONSTRUCTION.

 Other Countries use cube test specimens that are 200 mm in each side.
 For the same batches of concrete, the testing of 6-in, by 12-in, cylinders provides compressive
strength only equal to about 80% of the values in psi determined with the cubes.
 It is quite feasible to move from 3000-psi concrete to 5000-psi concrete without requiring
excessive amounts of labor cement. The approximate increase in material cost is 15% to 20%. To
move above 5000-psi or 6000-psi concrete, however, requires very careful mix designs and
considerable attention to such details as mixing, placing, and curing. These requirements cause
relatively larger increases in cost.
 Common f’c
21 MPa = 3 ksi
28 MPa = 4ksi
34 MPa = 5 ksi
 *minimum = 17 MPa
Non-Linear,
(NSCP 2015, Table 419.2.1.1) Inelastic

 .Conversion
Linear, Elastic
1 ksi = 6.895 MPa
1 ksi = 1000 psi
 Slope = modulus of elasticity
E=𝜎/𝜖(𝑀𝑃𝑎)
E = Young’s modulus
B. Static Modulus of Elasticity (young’s Modulus), E
• Is defined as the ratio of the axial stress to axial strain for a material subjected to uni-axial load.

𝝈
𝑬=
𝝐

• Normal weight of concrete (NWC, 2300 )

𝐄𝐜 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝛌 𝐟′𝐜 (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.b)

• For values of 𝑊 between 1440 and 2560

𝐄𝐜 = 𝐖𝐜𝟏.𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝛌 𝐟′𝐜 (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.a)

λ values:
λ = 1.0 for NWC
λ = 0.75 for Light WC
• Weight of concrete
𝒌𝑵
𝜸𝒄 = 𝟐𝟒
𝒎𝟑

• 𝛾 = 𝑆𝛾 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠 = 2.4, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 9.81

𝒌𝑵
𝜸𝒄 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟒
𝒎𝟑
C. Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
• Is the ratio of stress to strain under vibratory conditions

D. Creep
• The creep of concrete originates from the calcium silicate hydrates in the hardened Portland
cement paste. It occurs at all stress level and within the service stress range, is linearly
dependent in the stress if the pore water content is constant. If the concrete is fully dried, it does
not creep.

E. Shrinkage
• Is changing of pore water content due to drying or wetting processes causing changes of concrete
in load-free specimens. Due to change in temperature.
F. Tensile Strength
• Is the maximum amount of tensile stress that a material can be subjected to before failure.
• The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength. A major reason for this
small strength is the fact that concrete is filled with fine cracks. The cracks have little effect when concrete is
subjected to compression loads because the loads cause the cracks to close and permit compression transfer.

The tensile strength of concrete in flexure is quite important when considering beam cracks and deflections.
• Determined via modulus of rupture test.
Two indirect test developed to measure concrete tensile strength.

1. Modulus of Rupture test (Standard Beam test)

A 100 x 100mm in cross section and 400 mm meters long is loaded to failure by either a concentrated load at midspan or by
two loads applied at the third points. The values of the modulus of rupture can be computed by substituting experimental
values of moment into the standard beam equation for stress at the top and bottom surfaces.

Where:
( )
= b = width of the beam
𝒉 = Depth of the beam
M = cracking moment
f = modulus of rupture ( the bending tensile stress at
which the concrete begin to crack)
F. Tensile Strength
NSCP specifies the value of modulus of rupture

(419.2.3.1)
Where the values of λ is in accordance with section 419.2.4.
F. Tensile Strength

2. Split Cylinder Test

A cylinder is placed on its side in the testing machine, and a compressive load is applied uniformly along the length of the
cylinder, with support supplied along the bottom for the cylinder’s full length. The cylinder will split in half from end to end
when its tensile strength is reached. The tensile strength at which splitting occurs is referred to as the split-cylinder strength
and can be calculated with the following expression

𝟐𝑷
𝐟𝐫 =
𝝅 𝐋𝐃

Where:
P = maximum compressive force
L = length of the cylinder
D= diameter of the cylinder
A. Strength
• Yield strength is the most common property of which the designer will need as it is the basis used for most of
the rules given in design codes.

• Sizes of Steel cars (reinforcing bars, commercial):

• Diameter, d
10 mm 25 mm
12 mm 28mm
Residential High-rise
16 mm 32 mm
20 mm 36 mm

• Length, L:
6 m, 7.5 m, 9 m, 12 m, …
*Local hardware offer + 1.5m starting from 6m
• It is true for all materials to contain some imperfections.
• In steel, these imperfections take form of vey small cracks. If the steel is insufficiently tough, the
“crack” can propagate rapidly, without plastic deformation and result in a “brittle fracture”.

• Is a measure of the degree to which a material can strain or elongate between the onset yield and
eventual fracture under tensile loading.

• All structural steel are essentially weldable. However, welding involves locally melting the steel,
which subsequently cools.

• A further important property is that of corrosion prevention. Although special corrosion resistant
steels are available, these are not normally used in building construction. The exception to this is
weathering steel.
• Commercial Yield Strength, 𝐟𝐲

• There are 3 types of steel reinforcement

1. Hot rolled steel bars
2. Longitudinal bars
3. Prestressed cables

• Modulus of elasticity of steel:

𝑬𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂