(a)Derive mirror formula.

What is the corresponding formula for a

thin lens?
(b)Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave
mirror when the object is kept between its focus and the pole. Using
this diagram, derive the magnification formula for the image
formed.

Example 3. A concave mirror produces a real, four times magnified

image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it Find the position
of the image and the radius of curvature of the mirror.
Ans: 40cm, -16 cm.
Example 6. An object is placed in front of a convex mirror of focal
length 15 cm. The image formed is a half size 3 of the object. Find
(a) position of the image
(b) nature of the image and
(c) draw the ray diagram of image formation
Ans : 7.5 cm, virtual-erect,
(a)What is total internal reflection? Under what conditions does it
occur?
(b)Find relation between critical angle and refractive index.
(c)Name one phenomenon which is based on total internal
reflection.
(d)Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre and show how light
propagates through the optical fibre using this phenomenon.
Mention their one practical application.
Example 26. If a ray of light is incident at 45° from air to glass
surface then it is deviated through 15° Calculate the critical
angle for glass-air surface. Ans : 45°
Example 13. A ray of light of frequency 5 x 10¹⁴ Hz is passed through
a liquid. The wavelength of light in the liquid is found to be 4500 Å.
Find the refractive index of the liquid. Ans : 1.33

Example 15. The refractive index of glass is 1.5 and that of water is
1.3. If the speed of light in water is 2.25 x 10⁸ m s-1, what is the speed
of light in glass? Ans : 1.95× 108 𝑚𝑠 −1
Example 28. A point source of light is placed at the bottom of a tank
filled with water upto a depth of 40 cm. Find out the area of the
water surface through which light will be transmitted. Refractive
index of water is 4/3. Ans : 0.65 𝑚2
Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation δ with the variation of
angle of incidence I for a monochromatic ray of light passing through
a prism of refracting angle A. Deduce the relation
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
sin 2
𝜇= 𝐴
sin 2
 Example 30. PQ is the incident ray on a prism ABC, as
shown. Show the corresponding refracted and
emergent rays. The critical angle for the material of
the prism is 45°. Also find out the refractive index of
the material of the prism. Ans: 2

Example 85. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on one

surface of a 30° prism. The emergent ray from the prism makes an
angle of 30° with the incident ray. Show that the emergent ray is
normal to that surface from which it emerges. Calculate the
refractive index of the material of the prism. Ans: μ = 3
Example 86. The refractive index of the material of a prism of 60°
angle for yellow light is √2. Determine in the position of minimum
deviation: Ans: 𝛿𝑚 = 30°, i = 45°, r = 30°, e = 45°
(i)angle of minimum deviation,
(ii)angle of incidence,
(iii)angle of refraction and
(iv)emergent angle
Example 90. If angle of the prism and the angle of minimum
deviation are equal, then find the refractive index of the material of
𝐴
the prism. Ans : 𝜇 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

Example 102. Monochromatic ray of light is incident on the surface

AB of a prism of 90° angle as shown in the figure. The emergent ray
is just refracted and moves tangential from the surface AC after
refraction. Find out refractive index of the prism material.
3
Ans : 𝜇 = = 1.225
2
With the help of a ray diagram, show the formation of image of a
point object due to refraction of light at a spherical surface separating
two media of refractive indices μ1 and μ2 (μ2 > μ1) respectively, using
𝜇2 𝜇1 𝜇2 −𝜇1
this diagram, derive the relation − = Write the sign
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
conventions used. What happens to the focal length of convex lens
when it is immersed in water?
A spherical surface of radius of curvature R, separates a rarer and a
denser medium as shown in the figure.
Complete the path of incident ray of light, showing the formation of a
real image. Hence derive the relation connecting object distance ‘u’,
image distance ‘v’, radius of curvature R and the refractive indices μ1
and μ2 of two media. Briefly explain, how the focal length of a convex
lens changes, with increase in wavelength of incident light.
Example 35. Find out the position of image of the object AB and
its length with the help of the given diagram.
Ans: 𝑣 = −32 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 , ℎ𝑖 = 0.6 𝑐𝑚
Draw a ray diagram for formation of image of a point object by a thin
double concave lens having radii of curvature R1 and R2. Hens, derive
lens maker’s formula for a double convex lens. State the assumptions
made and sign convention used.

Example 38. A bi-convex lens has focal length 2/3 times to radius of
curvature of either surfaces. Calculate the refractive index of the lens
material. Ans: 𝜇 = 1.75
Example 41. Radius of curvature of each surface of a convex glass
lens refractive index 3/2 is 10 cm. A medium of refractive index 4/3
is on both sides of the lens. Find positions of image of an object
placed on the left side of the lens at a distance of 20 cm from its
optical centre. Ans: 𝑣 = −40 𝑐𝑚

Example 45. The radii of curvature of the concave and convex

surfaces of a concavo-convex lens are 15 cm and 10 cm respectively.
If the refractive index of the glass is 1.5 and refractive index of a
liquid is 1.7, then calculate the focal lengths of the lens in air and in
liquid. Ans: 𝑓𝑎 = 60 𝑐𝑚, 𝑓𝑙 = −255 𝑐𝑚
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of real image of the object
placed in front of a converging lens. Using this ray diagram establish
the relation between u, v and f for this lens.
 1 1 1
Derive the lens formula = − for thin lens, using the necessary
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
ray diagram.

Example 48. The image of a small electric bulb fixed on the wall of a
room is to be obtained on the opposite wall 3 m away by means of a
large convex lens. What is the maximum possible focal length of the
lens required for the purpose. Ans: 𝑓 ≤ 0.75 𝑚
Example 49. The distance between two point-sources of light is 30
cm. On placing a convex lens at a distance of 20 cm from one source,
the images of both the sources are formed at the same point. Find
40
out the focal length of the convex lens. Ans 𝑓 = 𝑐𝑚
3

57. A double convex lens has 10 cm and 15 cm as its two radii of

curvature. The image of an object, placed 30 cm from the lens, is
formed at 20 cm from the lens on the other side. Find the focal length
and the refractive index of the material of the lens. What will be the
focal length of the lens if it is immersed in water of refractive index
1.33? Ans. 12 cm, 1.5, 47 cm.
Example 53. An object is placed at a distance of 150 cm from a
screen and a convex lens placed in between produces an image on
the screen, magnified 4 times the size of the object. Find the focal
length and the location of the lens.
Ans: f = 24 cm and it is placed at 30 cm from object.

64. A lens of focal length 12 cm produces a virtual image of size 1/3

that of the object. Find the nature of the lens and the positions of the
object and the image. Ans concave, 24cm, 8 cm.
 1 1 1
Define power of lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation = +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
for two thin lenses kept in contact co-axially.

Example 60. The power of a thin convex lens of glass is 5 D. When it is

immersed in a liquid, then it behaves like a divergent lens of focal
length 100 cm. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid. The
5
refractive index of glass is 1.5. Ans: 𝑎𝜇𝑙 =
3
Example 65. The ratio of the magnitudes of powers of a thin convex
lens and a thin concave lens is 3/2. When they are placed in contact,
then their equivalent focal length is 30 cm. Find the focal length of
each lens separately. Ans: 𝑓1 = 10 𝑐𝑚, 𝑓2 = −15 𝑐𝑚

Example 66. Powers of two thin lenses are + 5 D and - D

respectively. They are kept in contact. If a pin of height 5.0 cm
stands on the principal axis at distance of 30 cm from the
combination, find the height of the image. Ans: ℎ𝑖 = 25 𝑐𝑚
Example 71. A real image is formed by a lens at a distance of 20 cm
from the lens. The image shifts towards the combination by 10 cm
when a second lens is brought in contact with the first lens.
Determine the power of the second lens. Ans: P = 5D

Example 76. The focal length of each lens shown in the given figure
is 10 cm. Find the distance of the image of a point object O from the
convex lens. Draw the ray-diagram also. Ans: 25 cm
Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a
compound microscope. Derive an expression for its total
magnification (or magnifying power),
(a) When the final image is formed at the near point.
(b)When the image is formed at infinity.
(c) Why both objective and eyepiece of a compound microscope must
have short focal lengths?
Example 108. In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a
distance of 1.5 cm from the objective. If the eye-piece has a focal
length of 5 cm and the fixed image is formed at the near point,
estimate the magnifying power of the microscope. Ans: m = –30
Example 113. The focal lengths of the eye-piece and the objective of
a compound microscope are 5 cm and 1 cm respectively and the
length of the tube is 20 cm. Calculate the magnifying power of the
microscope when the final image is formed at infinity. The least
distance of distinct vision is 25 cm. Ans : m = –70
The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is
20. The magnification produced by the eyepiece is 5. The
microscope is focused on a certain object. The distance between
the objective and eyepiece is observed to be 14 cm. If least
distance of distinct vision is 20 cm. Calculate the focal length of
the objective and the eyepiece. Ans: 𝑓𝑜 = 2 𝑐𝑚, 𝑓𝑒 = 5 𝑐𝑚
Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, how is image formed in
an astronomical telescope. Derive an expression for its magnifying
power.
Describe briefly the main limitations and explain how far these can
be minimised in a reflecting telescope.
(a)Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed
by an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position.
Define its magnifying power.
(b)you are given three lenses 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a
telescope.
(c)Which lenses should be used as objective and eyepiece? Justify
your answer.
(d)Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?
Example 117. The focal-lengths of the objective and the eye-piece of
an astronomical telescope are 140 cm and 5.0 cm respectively. Find
the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects
when:
(a) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision
(25 cm),
(b) the telescope is in normal adjustment (that is, the final image is
formed at infinity).
(c) What is the separation between the objective and the eye-piece
in case (b)?
Ans: 𝑚𝐷 = −33.6, 𝑚∞ = −28, 𝐿 = 145 𝑐𝑚
Example 125. (a) A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has
an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an eye-piece of focal length
1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope?
(b) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of
the image of the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of
the moon is 3.48 x 10⁶ m and radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 x 10⁸ m.
Ans: m = –1500, d = 13.7 cm
Draw a diagram of well labelled reflecting type telescope (casse-
grain). Write two advantages. why reflecting type telescopes are
preferred over refracting type telescopes.
A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R
and made of glass of refractive index 1.5, is placed
on top of a plane mirror as shown in figure. An optical
needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is
moved along the axis until its, inverted image
coincides with the needle itself. The distance of the
needle from the lens is measured to be x. On removing
the liquid layer and repeating the experiment, the
distance is found to be y. Prove that the expression for
the refractive index of the liquid in terms of x and y is:
2𝑥−𝑦
𝜇𝑙 = ( )
𝑥