Class 12

INFORMATICS PRACTICES

Unit -3
Introduction to Computer System

This pdf contain 2 chapters

Chapter - 9
Chapter -10

Board Examination = 10 Marks

 Chapter-9 COMPUTER NETWORKS
Network:
A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other
devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data.

Advantages of networking:
 Resource sharing
 Effective communication medium
 High reliability
 24 x 7
 Increasing storage capacity

Types of network:

LAN ( LOCAL AREA NETWOK) MAN (METROPOTIAN AREA NETWORK) WAN (WIDE AREA NETWOK)
A network that connects a It covers relatively large region It spans large locality and
group of computers in a small such as cities, towns connects countries together.
geographical area Example Internet
Speed is high Speed is moderate Speed is low
Used for College, School, Used for towns, cities. Used for countries
Hospital or in a small building.
Private network Public or private network Public or private network
Easy to built Difficult to built Hard to built
(Size is limited to a meters) (Size is limited to a few Unlimited
kilometers )
LAN is less costly. Designing and maintaining Designing and maintaining
WAN is complex than LAN WAN is complex than LAN and
MAN

Transmission Modes .
There are three types of transmission modes.

SIMPLEX Mode : Data can be sent only in one direction i.e. communication is unidirectional..
Examples loudspeakers, television broadcasting, television and remote, etc.

HALF DUPLEX :Half-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both
directions but not at the same time. Example of half duplex is a walkie- talkie

FULL DUPLEX : we can send data in both the directions as it is bidirectional at the same time
Example Telephone Network
NETWORK Topologies:
Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are
physically or logically arranged .

Types of topologies:
Topology Description
BUS Bus topology is a network type in which every
computer and network device is connected to
single cable.
 Cables fails then whole network fails.
 It is slower and not secure.

STAR In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a
cable.
 Central hub fails then whole network fails.
 It transmits data in all direction.
 It is fast and secure.

RING it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one
connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each
device.
 One computer fails then whole network fails.
 It is slow and not secure.

4.MESH All network nodes are connected to each other.

 Cabling cost is more.
 Highest Reliablity.
 Provides security and privacy.

5.TREE It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy.
It is also called hierarchical topology.
 Central hub fails, network fails.
 Expansion of nodes is possible and
easy.
Network Devices:

 Repeater – a device which receives a signal and retransmits it. Its extends the physical length
of a network.
 Hub – it connects multiple computers or other network devices together. hub, is a common
connection point for devices in a network.

 Bridge – a bridge is a product that connects a two network (LAN ) uses the same protocol

 Switch – switch is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a

computer network and also filters and forwards packets.

 Routers – It is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses..
Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together .
 Gateway – it connects dissimilar network into similar network.

 MODEM: Modulator-demodulator. It is a electronic device that allows computers to

communicate over telephone wires or cable-TV cable.

Q: How many layers are there in OSI layer model?

Ans: 7 layers

Q: What is PAN?
Ans: Personal area network Example : Bluetooth.

Q: Write the advantage of star topology over bus topology..

Ans : 1. Star toplogy is fast and share data with one who reqire.
2. It is secure.

Q: Which topology have highest reliability.

Ans: Mesh

Q: Write the advantage of Bus topology over Ring topology.

Ans: If one system fails in Bus topology ,whole sytem cannot stop.

Q: Amit and John have connected their phones to transfer a song.

i. what type of network is formed?
Ans: PAN
ii. which communication media out of coaxial cable, bluetooth and satellite link should
they use to transfer the file?
Ans : Bluetooth

Differentiate b/w CDMA and GSM

 Chapter-10 Internet and Web

Internet:
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

History of internet:
 The first workable prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of ARPANET (
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense.
 ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network

internetworking
Internetworking is "the concept of interconnecting different types of networks to build a large, global
network"

web page
A web page is a single document including text, images, video material, or other sorts of code
commonly written in HTML, that is viewed in an Internet browser.

website
A website is a collection of linked web pages (plus their associated resources) that share a unique
domain name.

Web Server:
A web server is server software, or hardware dedicated to running this software, that can satisfy client
requests on the World Wide Web.

Services provided by web server:

 Email.
 social networking.
 search engines.
 and many other websites and webpages

www:
 Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
 The world wide web ('www' or 'web' for short) is a collection of webpages found on this
network of computers.
URL: A URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource connected to the web (e.g.,
hypertext pages, images, and sound files).
A uniform resource locator (URL) is the address of a resource on the Internet.

Protocol:
A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to communicate with each other.

 TCP: TCP is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation through
which application programs can exchange data.
 IP: It is used to provide the IP address to each device connected to a computer network.
 UDP: UDP is used to send short messages called datagrams. it is an unreliable, connectionless
protocol.
 FTP: It is a standard network protocol used for the transfer files between computers on a computer
network.
 SMTP: It is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail.
 POP: a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server.
 HTTP: it is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video etc) on the World
Wide Web.
VOIP
VoIP is the technology that converts your voice into a digital signal, allowing you to make a call
directly from a computer.

IP address :IP address is a unique address which is used to find the computer on the network.

TELNET :it is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers.

Video conferencing:
Video Conferencing: It is a live ,visual connection between two or more people residing in separate
locations for the purpose of communication.

Email: It is a method of exchanging messages between people using electronic devices.

Instant messaging: It is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet.

Chat:
Chat is a text-based communication that is live or in real-time. For example, when talking to someone
in chat any typed text is received by other participants immediately.
Web browser:
It a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.
Example: mozilla firefox, google chrome, safari

Infrared:
Infrared (IR) is a wireless mobile technology used for ... line-of-sight, has a short transmission range
and is unable to penetrate walls.

voice mail:
It is a method of storing voice messages electronically for later retrieval by intended recipients.

Cookie:
It is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web
browser while the user is browsing.

Hackers: are the peoples who break and enter a computer network without having authorized access
and with no malicious intent.
Crackers: are the peoples who break and enter a computer network without having authorized
access and with malicious intent.

VIRUS: (vital information resource under seize)

A computer virus is a type of malicious software / program. A Virus code when executed, replicates
itself by modifying other computer programs.

search engine
A web service that helps you find other web pages, such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, or DuckDuckGo.

add-on
An add-on is either a hardware unit that can be added to a computer to increase its capabilities or a
program utility that enhances a primary program.
Examples of add-ons for a computer include card s for sound, graphics acceleration, modem
capability, and memory.

Plug-in: a plug-in is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer
program. When a program supports plug-ins, it enables customization.

Full Forms:
 GPRS: General Pocket Radio Service
 FTP: File transfer protocol
 HTTP : hyper text transfer protocol
 SMTP : simple mail transfer protocol
 IP: internet protocol
 TCP: Transmission control protocol
 GPS: Global system for mobile
 DNS: Domain name system
 MAC Address: Media access control address
 PPP: Point to Point protocol
 SIM – subscriber identity module.
 Note Some imp points:
 internet is governed by : IEFT
 USENET: provider of news
 The four numbers in IP address called Octets
 The address bus is unidirectional
 Data bus is bi-directional.
 Dual cable and signal cable is type of broadband networks.

Q:What is packet swirching?

Ans: Packet switching is a method of transferring the data to a network in form of packets.

Q: what is circuit switching?

Ans: A type of communications in which a dedicated channel (or circuit) is established for the
duration of a transmission.

Q:What is bandwidth?
Ans: bandwidth means the amount of data that can be sent from one point to another in a certain
period of time.

Q: Is Microwaves is faster than radiowaves?

Ans: Yes

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All The Best Students …!!!!
From
Arun Kumar
GOLDEN HEART ACADEMY