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Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator Or

The document discusses the equivalent circuit and phasor diagrams of synchronous generators or alternators, detailing their behavior under different power factor loads. It provides mathematical expressions for the actual generated voltage (Ea) in relation to terminal voltage (V), armature current (Ia), armature resistance (Ra), and synchronous reactance (XS). Additionally, it explains how the power angle changes with load and its significance in measuring the air-gap power developed in the machine.

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70 views

Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator Or

The document discusses the equivalent circuit and phasor diagrams of synchronous generators or alternators, detailing their behavior under different power factor loads. It provides mathematical expressions for the actual generated voltage (Ea) in relation to terminal voltage (V), armature current (Ia), armature resistance (Ra), and synchronous reactance (XS). Additionally, it explains how the power angle changes with load and its significance in measuring the air-gap power developed in the machine.

Uploaded by

priteshkumar4301
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram of Synchronous


Generator or Alternator
Electronics & Electrical Electron Digital Electronics

The equivalent circuit of an alternator or synchronous generator is shown in Figure-1. The


equivalent circuit of the alternator is redrawn in Figure-2 by taking synchronous reactance
X S = X AR + X a . By using the equivalent circuit, the phasor diagram of the alternator
can be drawn as given below.

By referring the equivalent circuit, we can write,

V = Ea − I a (Ra + jX S ) … (1)

Phasor Diagram of Alternator for Lagging Power Factor Load


The phasor diagram of an alternator supplying a load of lagging power factor is shown in
Figure-3. Here, the power factor is 𝜑 lagging. To draw this phasor diagram, the terminal
voltage V is taken as reference phasor and its direction is along OA where, OA = V.

Since the power factor is 𝜑 lagging, the armature current Ia lags behind the voltage V by
an angle equal to the power factor angle 𝜑 and the direction of the armature current
phasor is along OB, where OB = Ia. The armature resistance I a Ra voltage drop is
represented by phasor AC and it is in phase with the armature current.

The voltage drop in the synchronous reactance is Ia XS is represented by phasor CD and it


leads the armature current Ia by 90°, thus the phasor CD is drawn in a direction
perpendicular to OB. The total voltage drop in the synchronous impedance is the phasor
sum of I a Ra and Ia XS and it is represented by the phasor AD. The actual generated
voltage Ea in the alternator is represented by the phasor OD.

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Page 2 of 3

The magnitude of the actual generated voltage Ea can be determined from the triangle
OFD as follows −

2 2 2 2 2
OD = OF + FD = (OG + GF) + (FC + CD)

2 2 2
E = (V cos φ + I a Ra ) + (V sin φ + I a X S )
a

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
⇒ Ea = √(V cos φ + I a Ra ) + (V sin φ + I a X S ) … (2)

Phasor Diagram of Alternator for Unity Power Factor Load


The phasor diagram of the alternator supplying a load of unity power factor is shown in
Figure-4.

From the right angled triangle OCD, the magnitude of the actual generated voltage can be
determined as follows −

2 2 2 2 2
OD = OC + CD = (OA + AC) + (CD)

2 2 2
E = (V + I a Ra ) + (I a X S )
a

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
⇒ Ea = √(V + I a Ra ) + (I a X S ) … (3)

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Page 3 of 3

Phasor Diagram of Alternator for Leading Power Factor Load


The phasor diagram of the alternator supplying a load of leading power factor is shown in
Figure-5.

From the right angled triangle OFD, the magnitude of the actual generated voltage can be
determined as follows −

2 2 2 2 2
OD = OF + FD = (OG + GF) + (FC − CD)

2 2 2
E = (V cos φ + I a Ra ) + (V sin φ − (I a X S )
a

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
⇒ Ea = √(V cos φ + I a Ra ) + (V sin φ − (I a X S ) … (4)

Here, the angle between the actual generated voltage (Ea) and the terminal voltage (V) is
known as power angle or torque angle of the alternator. The power angle (𝛿) changes with
the load and is a measure of air-gap power developed in the machine.

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