The Cardiovascular System (CVS) consists of which of the following components?

A) Heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic system only

B) Heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system
C) Blood vessels, blood, and the heart only
D) Heart, blood, and lymphatic system only
E) Heart and blood vessels only

The Cardiovascular System (CVS) is divided into how many circuits, and what are they?

A) One circuit: pulmonary circuit only

B) Two circuits: pulmonary and systemic circuits
C) Two circuits: systemic and coronary circuits
D) Three circuits: pulmonary, systemic, and lymphatic circuits

Which of the following is **not** a function of the Circulatory System?

A) Transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

B) Distribution of hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues
C) Direct filtration of waste products from the blood
D) Transportation of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to all parts of the body

What is the primary role of the Circulatory System in relation to carbon dioxide?

A) It supplies carbon dioxide to the tissues for respiration.

B) It transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for excretion.
C) It converts carbon dioxide into oxygen in the lungs.
D) It stores carbon dioxide in the blood for future use.

The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting which of the following substances?

A) Only oxygen and nutrients

B) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones
C) Hormones and immune cells exclusively
D) Only blood cells and waste products
Sure! Here’s a revised tricky question with closely related options:

Where is the heart located in the human body?

A) On the left side of the chest, in the anterior mediastinum

B) On the right side of the chest, in the middle mediastinum
C) On the left side of the chest, in the middle mediastinum
D) In the center of the chest, between the lungs
Here's another tricky question based on the information about the heart:

What does the apex of the heart refer to?

A) The broad superior portion of the heart

B) The lower point of the heart that is oriented to the left
C) The section where the great vessels attach
D) The uppermost part of the heart

What is the typical weight range of an adult heart?

A) 250 to 300 grams

B) 300 to 350 grams
C) 250 to 350 grams
D) 300 to 400 grams

What are the approximate dimensions of an adult heart?

A) 8 cm wide, 13 cm long, 6 cm thick

B) 5 cm wide, 10 cm long, 7 cm thick
C) 8 cm wide, 5 cm long, 6 cm thick
D) 6 cm wide, 12 cm long, 7 cm thick

How does the size of the heart change throughout life?

A) It decreases in size after adulthood

B) It remains fairly constant throughout life if the individual remains healthy
C) It increases significantly with age
D) It varies greatly depending on physical activity

What can be said about cardiac output from the right and left sides of the heart?

A) Cardiac output from the left is greater than from the right
B) Cardiac output from the right is greater than from the left
C) Cardiac output from the right equals cardiac output from the left
D) Cardiac output varies greatly between the two sides

Which statement accurately describes the function of the heart's chambers?

A) The right atrium pumps blood into the lungs, while the left ventricle receives blood from the
body.
B) The left atrium receives blood from the lungs, while the right ventricle pumps blood to the
body.
C) The right atria receive blood returning to the heart, while the ventricles pump blood out of the
heart.
D) The left atria pump blood to the lungs, while the right ventricle receives blood from the heart.

Which statement correctly describes the right ventricle's function in relation to the pulmonary
circuit?

A) The right ventricle is the same as the pulmonary circuit and pumps blood to the aorta.
B) The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, which is part of the pulmonary circuit.
C) The right ventricle receives blood from the pulmonary circuit before pumping it to the body.
D) The right ventricle only pumps blood to the left atrium, which is part of the pulmonary circuit.

What distinguishes semilunar valves from cuspid valves in the heart?

A) Semilunar valves are located between the atria and ventricles, while cuspid valves are found
at the exits of the ventricles.
B) Semilunar valves are connected to muscular structures, while cuspid valves are not.
C) Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles, while cuspid valves prevent backflow
into the atria.
D) Semilunar valves are conical in shape, while cuspid valves are flat and do not have cusps.

How do the walls of the atria compare to those of the ventricles?

A) The atria have thick, muscular walls, while the ventricles have thin, flaccid walls.
B) The atria have thin, flaccid walls, while the ventricles have thicker walls.
C) Both the atria and ventricles have equally thick walls.
D) The atria have thicker walls than the ventricles, but they are also flaccid.

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

A) The atria are separated by the tricuspid valve, while the ventricles are separated by the
bicuspid valve.
B) The atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrio-ventricular valves.
C) The atria are separated by the inter-ventricular septum
D) The atria and ventricles are separated by the aortic valve.

How is the right atrium separated from the right ventricle?

A) The right atrium is separated from the right ventricle by the bicuspid valve.
B) The right atrium is separated from the right ventricle by the tricuspid valve, which has two
cusps.
C) The right atrium is separated by the tricuspid valve, which has three cusps.
D) The right atrium and right ventricle are separated by the inter-ventricular septum.
What do the cusps of the heart valves connect to?

A) The cusps are connected to the conical muscular walls of the atria.
B) The cusps are connected to the papillary muscles on the floor of the atria.
C) The cusps are connected to the conical papillary muscles on the floor of the ventricles.
D) The cusps are connected to the smooth muscles lining the aorta.

What role does the chordae tendineae play in the heart?

A) The chordae tendineae guard the pulmonary valve against backflow.

B) The chordae tendineae anchor the aortic valve to the left ventricle.
C) The chordae tendineae connect the cusps of the valves to the conical papillary muscles.
D) The chordae tendineae separate the left atrium from the left ventricle.

What is the primary function of the right heart in relation to the pulmonary circuit?

A) The right heart serves to pump oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.
B) The right heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk.
C) The right heart primarily circulates oxygenated blood from the lungs.
D) The right heart only receives blood from the left atrium before sending it to the body.

What role do the left and right pulmonary arteries play in the pulmonary circuit?

A) They transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

B) They divide into smaller arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
C) They carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
D) They are responsible for returning oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

How does oxygenated blood enter the left side of the heart?

A) It flows directly from the pulmonary trunk into the left ventricle.
B) It enters through the left atrium after being oxygenated in the lungs.
C) It is pumped from the right ventricle into the left atrium.
D) It arrives through the superior vena cava into the left side of the heart.

What distinguishes cardiac muscle from other types of muscle tissue?

A) Cardiac muscle is smooth and has a single nucleus per cell.

B) Cardiac muscle is striated, branched, and has intercalated discs.
C) Cardiac muscle fibers are long and cylindrical with no branching.
D) Cardiac muscle is primarily voluntary and can be easily controlled.

Which statement is true regarding the properties of cardiac myocytes?

A) They are flat and wide, measuring about 30-40 µm in diameter.
B) They contain numerous nuclei and lack mitochondria.
C) They have a central nucleus and are about 10-20 µm wide.
D) They do not require calcium for contraction.

The parasympathetic supply to the heart is from.

A) Cranial nerve IX
B). Thoracic ganglion
C). Cranial nerve X
D). Vague nerve

The parasympathetic nerve supply the following part of the heart except.
A. Atria
B. SAN
C. AV node
D. Auricle
E. Purkinje fibers

The sympathetic supply is from where?

What supply affects the heart rate and conduction of the heart?

What part of the nerve supply to the heart takes part in cardiovascular reflexes and cardiac pain
when stimulated.

Which of the following is a distinguishing factor of arteries compared to veins?**

- A) Thinner walls
- B) Presence of valves
- C) Extensive elastic tissue
- D) Transporting deoxygenated blood

What type of adrenergic receptors are primarily found in the arterioles of the skin and splanchnic
circulations?**
- A) β1-adrenergic receptors
- B) β2-adrenergic receptors
- C) α1-adrenergic receptors
- D) α2-adrenergic receptors

Which statement accurately describes the smooth muscle wall of arteries?

- A) It is extensively innervated by the somatic nervous system.
- B) It is smooth and thin, allowing for easy expansion.
- C) It is extensively innervated by the autonomic nerve fibers.
- D) It lacks any nervous system regulation.
In terms of resistance, the arterioles are known to:
- A) Have low resistance in the cardiovascular system.
- B) Have the highest resistance in the cardiovascular system.
- C) Have variable resistance that is not regulated.
- D) Be the primary site of nutrient absorption.

Which of the following statements is true about capillaries?**

- A) They are thick-walled with extensive elastic tissue.
- B) They have the largest total cross-sectional area in the cardiovascular system.
- C) They consist of multiple layers of smooth muscle.
- D) They primarily transport deoxygenated blood only.

Capillaries are primarily involved in which of the following processes?**

- A) Storage of blood
- B) Exchange of nutrients, water, and gases
- C) Regulation of blood pressure
- D) Propulsion of blood to the heart

Which of the following best describes veins?**

- A) They are thick-walled and under high pressure.
- B) They merge to form larger arteries.
- C) They contain the highest proportion of blood in the cardiovascular system.
- D) They primarily carry oxygenated blood.

The Venae Cavae are responsible for:**

- A) Bringing oxygenated blood to the heart.
- B) Returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.
- C) Distributing nutrients to the tissues.
- D) Regulating blood flow in the capillaries.

Which of the following statements about venules is true?**

- A) They have thicker walls than arteries.
- B) They progressively merge to form veins.
- C) They are primarily involved in nutrient exchange.
- D) They are innervated by the somatic nervous system.

1. **What is a key feature of the portal system mentioned in the material?**

- A) Blood flows directly from the heart to the kidneys.
- B) Blood flows from the intestines to the liver before returning to the heart.
- C) It exclusively carries deoxygenated blood.
- D) It consists only of arteries.

2. **In an arteriovenous anastomosis, what happens to blood flow?**

 - A) Blood bypasses the heart completely.
- B) Blood flows directly from an artery into a vein, skipping the capillaries.
- C) Blood flows through multiple capillary beds.
- D) Blood is diverted to the portal system.

3. **Which of the following best describes venous anastomoses?**

- A) They are rare and not commonly found in the body.
- B) They provide alternative routes for drainage from an organ.
- C) They block blood flow during emergencies.
- D) They are primarily found in arterial systems.

4. **Why is blockage of a vein rarely life-threatening compared to an artery?**

- A) Veins have thicker walls and higher pressure.
- B) Veins contain less blood than arteries.
- C) Veins have more alternative routes for blood flow.
- D) Veins only carry deoxygenated blood.

5. **In arterial anastomosis, what is the significance of having collateral routes?**

- A) They reduce the overall blood supply to tissues.
- B) They ensure continuous blood supply despite blockages.
- C) They allow for increased pressure in the arterial system.
- D) They divert blood away from the heart.

1. **According to the equation \( V = \frac{Q}{A} \), what does \( V \) represent?**

- A) Blood pressure
- B) Blood flow rate
- C) Velocity of blood flow
- D) Cross-sectional area

2. **What happens to the velocity of blood flow as the cross-sectional area decreases?**
- A) It decreases.
- B) It remains constant.
- C) It increases.
- D) It becomes zero.

3. **In which part of the cardiovascular system is the velocity of blood flow highest?**
- A) In the capillaries
- B) In the veins
- C) In the aorta
- D) In the venules

4. **Blood flow is expressed as \( Q = dP/R \). What does \( R \) represent in this equation?**
- A) Blood flow rate
- B) Pressure gradient
 - C) Resistance
- D) Velocity of blood flow

5. **If the pressure gradient across a blood vessel increases while resistance remains constant,
what happens to blood flow?**
- A) It decreases.
- B) It increases.
- C) It remains the same.
- D) It becomes unpredictable

1. **What drives blood flow in the cardiovascular system?**

- A) Temperature difference
- B) Pressure gradient
- C) Gravity
- D) Viscosity of blood

2. **According to the equation \( R = \frac{8 \eta L}{\pi r^4} \), what does \( R \) represent?**
- A) Blood flow rate
- B) Pressure gradient
- C) Resistance of the blood vessel
- D) Velocity of blood flow

3. **Which factor does NOT affect resistance in a blood vessel according to Poiseuille's
equation?**
- A) Length of the blood vessel
- B) Viscosity of the blood
- C) Cross-sectional area
- D) Radius of the blood vessel

4. **How does increasing the radius of a blood vessel affect resistance?**

- A) Resistance increases significantly.
- B) Resistance decreases significantly.
- C) Resistance remains unchanged.
- D) Resistance doubles.

5. **What will happen to blood flow if the viscosity of blood increases while the pressure
gradient remains constant?**
- A) Blood flow will increase.
- B) Blood flow will decrease.
- C) Blood flow will remain the same.
- D) Blood flow will become unpredictable.

1. **How does the effect of viscosity on blood flow differ in small versus large blood vessels?**
- A) It has no effect in large vessels.
 - B) It is more significant in large vessels.
- C) It is more significant in small vessels.
- D) Viscosity only affects capillaries.

2. **According to Poiseuille's law, what happens to resistance if the radius of a blood vessel is
doubled?**
- A) Resistance decreases by a factor of 4.
- B) Resistance decreases by a factor of 8.
- C) Resistance decreases by a factor of 16.
- D) Resistance remains the same.

3. **Why is the change in viscosity less impactful in small vessels?**

- A) Smaller vessels have higher flow rates.
- B) Small vessels have less surface area.
- C) The nature of flow is different in small vessels.
- D) Viscosity is constant in small vessels.

4. **What is the relationship between the radius of a blood vessel and the flow of blood?**
- A) Flow is inversely proportional to the radius.
- B) Flow is exponentially proportional to the radius.
- C) Flow is directly proportional to the radius.
- D) Flow is independent of the radius.

5. **If the radius of a blood vessel increases by a factor of 2, how much does the flow of blood
increase?**
- A) By a factor of 2
- B) By a factor of 4
- C) By a factor of 8
- D) By a factor of 16

Write short note on laminar and turbulent flow.

Veins are also known as?

What is capacitance

What is the relationship between compliance and elastance.

Write out Reynolds number.

The pressure at the aorta

The pressure at the end of the arteries.
The pressure at the end of capillaries
The pressure I the vena cavae