Senior High School

Physical Science
Quarter 3 - Module 8
Active Ingredient(s) of Cleaning
Products Used at Home
Use of the Other Ingredients
in Cleaning Agents

Name:_______________________________________________

Yr. & Sec:_____________________________________________

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 What I Need To Know
This module helps you understand the properties and mode of action of the consumer products.
The module consists of two (2) lessons namely:
• Lesson 1 - Active ingredients in Cleaning Products Used at Home
• Lesson 2 - Use of the other Ingredients in cleaning Agents

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• From product labels, identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products used at home S11/12PS-IIIi-j-31;
and
• give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents S11/12PS-IIIi-j-32.

Physical Science
Q3 Module 8
Active Ingredient(s) of Cleaning Products
Lesson 1 Used at Home
Home is our haven especially when we are so tired in our whole day work
in school or office. In this time of pandemic, the cleanliness of our home is very
important. Good housekeeping requires high standard of cleanliness or the
absence of dirt and its sanitation as well, or the absence of disease-causing
organisms like bacteria. All housekeeping tasks need the use of the right tool for
the right job.
No single product can provide optimum performance on all surfaces and all soils. It is not surprising that
many different household cleaners are available in the market. They are formulated to clean efficiently and
conveniently in many different situations found at home.
Chemical reaction occurs when there is enough energy between reactants and creates products. The
reaction can increase or decrease temperature which is one of the reasons that cleaning household products can
burn skin or cause irritation.

What’s In
Activity 1: Will it Works?

Look at least two (2) cleaning products available in your home. Apply it as to how it is used. Record your
observations on how fast it works according to its use on the table below.

Name of Cleaning Product Observations

1.
2.

Note: Be very careful in handling the household cleaning products.

What’s New
Activity 1.2: Fruity Agents
Direction: Aside from being our food, give the other use of these fruits/vegetables. Explain why these
fruits/vegetables could be useful as cleaning materials or agents. “Fruits/ Vegetables as Cleaning Agents”

Fruits/vegetables Use
1. Calamansi
2.Tomatoes
3. Papaya

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What is It
Active Ingredients of Cleaning Products Used at Home

There are lots of cleaning products we use daily in our home, office, or school. These cleaning products play an
important vital role in order to make our home spick and span. They also help in safely and effectively removing
dirt, germs and other contaminants. They can also prevent the spread of infectious diseases and control
allergens, such as dust and mold, in order to keep us healthy. Cleaning products also enable us to care for our
homes and possessions.

There are different kinds of cleaning products. These are laundry detergents, bleaches, dishwashing products and
other household cleaners. Active ingredients are found in different household cleaning products. They may give
different side effects to human. They can give either positive or negative side effects to us. So before using these
cleaning materials be sure to read first the instructions. Don’t forget to follow all precautionary and safety
measures before using them. Here are some of the active ingredients found in different cleaning materials we use
at home.

1. Alcohol Ethoxylate (AE)

Alcohol ethoxylates are a class of compounds that are commonly used throughout many industrial practices and
commercial markets. These compounds are synthesized via the reaction of a fatty alcohol and ethylene oxide,
resulting in a molecule that consists of two main components, (1) the oleophilic, carbon-rich, fatty alcohol and (2)
the hydrophilic, polyoxymethylene chain.

Alcohol ethoxylate surfactants enhance the mixing and solubilization of oil and water by having these contrasting
sections within the same compound. With this unique structure, a single molecule can inhabit the interface of two
immiscible phases (i.e. oil and water), effectively bringing them closer together and lowering the interfacial energy
associated between them.

Because these compounds are surfactants, they can be used whenever oily substances encounter water or a
surface. It can be used as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, degreasers and emollients in many lines of
commercially available products and industrial practices.

2. Sodium Alkyl Sulfates

Sodium alkyl sulfate are members of alkyl sulfates. They are water-soluble and can form soap bubbles. The
chemical formula is CnH2n+1OSO2ONa.

It can be used in detergents, dish washing liquids, shower gels, shampoos, hair conditioners and fabric softeners.
It can also be used as fire extinguishing agent, because it is not flammable. In the cosmetic industry it is used as
an emulsifier to mix oily and water-soluble compounds for toothpaste or moisturizing products. It can produce
irritating vapors when heated, consisting of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and others. As all
detergents it can irritate skin and eyes. If swallowed, it will cause nausea or vomiting.

3. Amine Oxide
An amine oxide, also known as amine-N-oxide and N-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional
group R3N+–O−, an N–O bond with three additional hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon side chains attached to Long-
chain alkyl amine oxides are used as nonionic surfactants and foam stabilizers.

Amine oxides are highly polar molecules and have a polarity close to that of quaternary ammonium salts. Small
amine oxides are very hydrophilic and have an excellent water solubility and a very poor solubility in most organic
solvents.

4. Ammonia
Ammonia is a colorless, soluble alkali gas that occurs naturally in the environment. It is a chemical containing one
nitrogen and three hydrogen atoms bonded together. It was traditionally used in many household cleaners,
though today it's still found in glass cleaner, all-purpose cleaners, and smelling salts. When used in cleaning
compounds, it’s called “household ammonia.”

Ammonia fumes are powerful irritant, potentially harming your skin, eyes, nose, lungs and throat. When found in
oven cleaners and window cleaning formulations, it is an irritant to the mucous membranes. When working with
ammonia, wearing heavy-duty gloves, goggles, and a face mask are smart precautions to protect your health.

5. Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite also known as bleach is another alkali disinfectant. Bleach works by oxidizing or breaking
down the molecular bonds of stains and germs.

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Another useful but dangerous cleaner it also has strong corrosive properties that may do serious damage to the
human body. Ammonia and bleach are a particularly dangerous combination, creating potentially deadly gases
when mixed. Never store these two chemicals in the same place.

Bleach in the bottle is generally a five percent solution. Toxic chlorine gas can be formed if bleach is mixed with
acids, such as bowl cleaners.

6. Ethanol
Ethanol is a natural byproduct of plant fermentation and can be produced through the hydration of ethylene. It
mixes easily with water and many organic compounds, and makes an effective solvent for use in paints, lacquers
and varnish, as well as personal care and household cleaning products.

Ethanol is highly flammable and should not be used near open flames. Ethanol inhalation can cause coughing or
headaches.
7. Phenol
Phenol, any of a family of organic compounds characterized by a hydroxyl (―OH) group attached to a carbon
atom that is part of an aromatic ring. Besides serving as the generic name for the entire family, the term phenol is
also the specific name for its simplest member, monohydroxybenzene (C 6H5OH), also known as benzenol, or
carbolic acid.

Phenols are similar to alcohols but form stronger hydrogen bonds. They are more soluble in water than are
alcohols and have higher boiling points. Phenols occur either as colorless liquids or white solids at room
temperature and may be highly toxic and caustic.

Phenols are widely used in household products and as intermediates for industrial synthesis. For example, phenol
itself is used (in low concentrations) as a disinfectant in household cleaners and in mouthwash. Phenol may have
been the first surgical antiseptic. In 1865 the British surgeon Joseph Lister used phenol as an antiseptic to
sterilize his operating field.

8. Quaternary ammonium
The quaternary ammonium compounds (or quats) are a family of low-level disinfectants (according to Spaulding)
with most quats being derived from benzalkonium. Quats are reacted to provide a variety of chain lengths and
molecular structures so that the mix of quats used in the disinfectant provide a wider range of efficacy than a
single chain.

Quats are generally used to disinfect countertops, toilets and other high touch environmental surfaces and floors.
Quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic disinfectants. This means the quats chain carries a positive (plus)
charge on one end of the molecule; many soils and soaps/detergents carry an anionic or negative (minus) charge.

Quats can also bind with, or be absorbed by, materials and fibers including cotton (e.g., cleaning rags and mops).
Quats generally take 3-10 minutes to disinfect and should be used with cleaning tools that are tested to be
compatible.

9. Sodium percarbonate.
Sodium percarbonate is a powder that releases hydrogen peroxide, and very concentrated. It is a granulated
powder which can be nice for scrubbing stains and stuck-on-gunk off dishes. Scouring powder is made from
hydrogen peroxide. It can be made into a paste, too, and used on tile grout and tough stains.

In using this product, follow and read the instructions carefully. Be very careful in handling all household cleaning
products.

What’s More
Activity 1.3: Product Exploration
Direction: With your cleaning products available at hand, read the product information on the
packaging. Fill out what is ask on the table below using the product information. During the activity, observe the
products with caution, particularly in smelling and touching as they may have harmful effects upon contact. Write
your answer on a separate sheet.

List of Product Active/Major Guidelines in Precautions in

Description Ingredient Using the product Using the product
Product
Bleach
(DO NOT TEACH with
BARE HANDS)

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 Detergent soap
Dishwashing
liquid
Toilet bowl cleaner

After filling up the table, check the common active ingredients present in all cleaning products.

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.4: Product Discovery
Directions:
1.With the following ingredients, specify their use as household cleaning materials.
a. garlic
b. onion
c. salt
d. vinegar
2.What properties they possessed to be considered as cleaning products.
3. Explain why these are useful not only as ingredients but also as household cleaning products.
4. Take all the necessary care in doing the activity.
5. Wear necessary gears in performing the activity.
6. Write your output in a separate sheet of paper.

“Ingredients as Household Cleaning Products”

Ingredients Uses Properties

Garlic
Onion
Salt
Vinegar

What I Can Do
Activity 1.5: Jingle

Direction: Compose a jingle related to the topic active ingredients of cleaning agents. Write your output in a
separate sheet of paper.
Rubrics
Criteria Excellent (5pts) Merit (3pts) Achieved (2pts) Needs Improvement Score
(1pt)

Content Information are clearly presented Information are Information is clear Information is unclear and
and ordered in such a way that it clearly presented Order of information written in random order
brings a full picture of the material and ordered does not clearly show
Creativity It is visually inviting and easy to Visually inviting Visually pleasing and Readable
read and easy to read readable
Spelling All spelling and grammar are Some spelling Some spelling Notable spelling and
and correct and grammar and grammar grammar error
Grammar error error

Punctualit Submitted after the

y Submitted on time Submitted on time Submitted on time deadline
TOTAL

Assessment

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Direction: Write T if statement is true and F if the statement is false and choose the word or set of words that make it
incorrect. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Sodium percarbonate is a granulated powder that can be used in scrubbing stains.

2. Alcohol Ethoxylate are being synthesized through the reaction of a fatty alcohol and ethylene oxide.
3. Quaternary ammonium are compounds that belong to the family of high-level disinfectants.
4. Sodium alkyl sulfate are water-soluble sulfates that can form soap bubbles.
5. Phenols form stronger hydrogen bonds and more soluble in water than alcohols.
6. Small amine oxides are very hydrophilic and have an excellent water solubility.
7. Bleach is the other name for sodium hypochlorite.
8. Alcohol ethoxylate is an alkyl sulfate that enhances the mixing and solubilization of oil and water.
9. Quat is a powder that releases hydrogen peroxide which can be used for scrubbing stains.
10. Ethanol is a byproduct of plant fermentation and produced through the hydration of ethylene.

Physical Science
Q3 Module 8
Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning
Lesson 2 Agents

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In cooking, there are many interpretations of some dishes. But when one or two ingredients are lacking, the food
that you will eat will not be delicious as what you expect. The same with the cleaning products. It is not only the
active ingredient that plays an important role in cleaning agent but also the other ingredients.

What’s In
Cleaning products or agents are very helpful in maintaining our home a conducive place for relaxation. They can
remove dirt, dust, bad odor, and other contaminants present in every corner of our home. They have different
ingredients that suit to different cleaning products. Some can kill virus and bacteria while being able to clean an
area. Others contain ingredients that can remove grease or oil on the surface. Most of the cleaning agents remove
the foul odor in the surroundings.

What’s New
Activity 1.1: “What’s that Word?”
Cleaning products play an essential role in daily life. They can remove dirt and stains from our clothes, dried on
food from our dishes and even germs from our hands! Let’s learn more about the chemistry that makes this
happen. But before that let’s solve these jumbled words below to see what our next lesson will be.
Direction: Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the words related to cleaning agents/ingredients/products.
1. S N D H A __________________ 6. E C N A L ______________________
2. E A G S R E ___________________ 7. U E H S O _____________________
3. ITDR ____________________ 8. L H T E H A ____________________
4. S V U R I ____________________ 9. L A O H L C O __________________
5. T A B E I A C R ________________ 10. D I C A ____________________

What is It
Uses of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Products

With the different household cleaning products that we have in the market today, we don’t know which the best is
to use in our household We assume that these cleaning products are safe to use. In fact, many popular household
cleaners are dangerously toxic. They contain different ingredients that are harmful to our health Together with the
active ingredient there are other ingredients found in cleaning agents. Let’s look at their uses.
1.Builders
Builders are one of the important group of ingredients that help make cleaning products better. Builders give the
surfactants a helping hand. They are found in several different kinds of products, but you need less of them than
you do surfactants.
Builders help make the surfactant more powerful by reacting with stuff found in tap water. Water in your home
may contain minerals (such as calcium and magnesium). The more minerals in your water, the “harder” the water
is. It is not bad to have minerals in water, but it can leave white marks on surfaces (like dishes). When calcium
and magnesium are present in water, they will stop surfactants from being able to do their job of removing soil.
Builders help prevent this by keeping the minerals out of the way of the surfactants. This leaves the surfactants
alone to focus on the soil.
2. Solvents
Solvents are chemicals that help ingredients stay mixed and gives cleaning products the right thickness, so they
are easy to use. In addition, solvents can help to prevent liquid products from freezing in cold climates.
Without solvents, a product will be very thick. But for other products, we want the liquid to pour out of the bottle.
When we add solvents, we decrease the viscosity, meaning the liquid will move faster when poured out of the
bottle. The solvent also helps to makes sure we do not end up with a separated solution like when you have pulp
at the bottom of your glass of orange juice.
3. Enzymes

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Enzymes are powerful stain removing ingredients. Their power is to break down stains just like the enzymes in
our digestive system help break down the food we eat. Enzymes are not living organisms but are created by
naturally occurring microorganisms, like bacteria and fungi. In the laboratory, we use carefully selected
microorganisms and allow them to grow in a very controlled environment. As they grow, they produce the desired
enzymes.
4. Fragrances
Fragrances are a group of ingredients that provide the cleaning product with a pleasant smell. They are not found
in every product, and typically a very small amount can make a large difference in smell. In many cases, the
fragrance is the driving factor for why someone decided to buy a specific product.
A fragrance is a mix of many different substances. These ingredients may be natural compounds (that come from
materials like flowers, fruit, trees, plants, or nuts), essential oils, or synthetic compounds.
5.Preservatives
Just like it is important to prevent food from spoiling, cleaning products need to be preserved as well. Adding a
small amount of a preservative protects the product from microorganisms.
A preservative is a substance that is added to a cleaning product in order to make it stable and safe for a longer
period. Without a preservative, it is possible for bacteria or fungi to grow in the product. This can cause the
ingredients in the product (like surfactants and enzymes) to break down and not work as well. Adding a
preservative allows a cleaning product to stay on the shelf longer both in the store and in your home.
6. pH Adjusters
Every cleaning product needs to be “balanced” to work well and to be safe for your skin. In order to do this,
chemists use pH adjusters to make sure the product is balanced and safe for you to use. The amount used
depends on the other ingredients in the formula.
pH is a measure of how acidic (like lemon juice) or basic (like baking soda) a solution is. One way to measure this
is by using the pH scale. The pH scale is read from 0 to 14 and tells us if a solution is acidic or basic. Pure water
has a pH of 7, which means it’s neutral.
pH adjusters are used in cleaning products to raise or lower the pH of a solution, making it either more basic or
acidic.
Chemists make sure that the product is effective while balancing safety, in part, by making sure the pH will not be
harmful if it touches your skin.
If the pH is less than 7, then the solution is acidic. Lemon juice has a pH around 2. Our skin is slightly acidic, with
a pH on average near 5. If our skin comes into contact with a chemical that is too acidic it can cause itching or
discomfort.
Adjusting the pH helps to keep the product working well as it gets old. It also affects how the product cleans. For
example, each surfactant has a different pH level in which they are the most powerful. Therefore, a chemist may
want to adjust the pH to that level.
If the pH is greater than 7, then the solution is basic. For example, baking soda has a pH of around 9. If a solution
is too alkaline (basic), it can also irritate your skin.
7.Dye
There are several other ingredients used in cleaning products that help create a unique experience. For example,
dye can be used to give a product color.
8. Thickener
Thickeners give soap the proper viscosity (thickness), making sure it can still flow out of a bottle. Can you imagine
trying to wash your hands with a soap that feels like water? It would run right off your skin!
9. Foam Enhancer
Foam Enhancers help create suds or bubbles. While not necessary for effective cleaning, many people feel
bubbles show that a product is working.
10. Antibacterial or Disinfecting Ingredients
Cleaning washes away germs with any dirt and soil that is removed, but a further reduction of germs can be
achieved by using additional ingredients that will kill germs.
Antibacterial or disinfecting ingredients can be included in a cleaning or hand hygiene product or used separately
after cleaning. Their use provides a further reduction in germs on our hands or surfaces in our homes. This
reduction of germs helps to prevent people from getting sick when commonly used surfaces, such as door
handles, or our hands are cleansed using these products. In environments with sick individuals or where food is
prepared, this is especially important.
There are many different types of antibacterial or disinfecting ingredients. Depending on the chosen ingredient
used in a product, it may be more effective on certain microbes that make us sick like bacteria, viruses or mold.

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 What’s More
Activity 1.2 “A Powerful Tool”
Direction: Make a short poem about the use of other ingredients found in household cleaning products
incorporating your answers in Activity 1.1.
Rubrics
Criteria Excellent (4pts) Merit Achieved (2pts) Needs Improvement Score
(3pts) (1pt)
Content Information are clearly Information are Information is clear Information is unclear
presented and ordered in clearly and written in random
Order of
such a way that it brings presented and order
information
a full picture of the ordered
does not clearly
material
show
Creativity It is visually inviting and Visually inviting Visually pleasing Readable
easy to read and easy to read and readable
Spelling All spelling and grammar Some spelling Some spelling Notable spelling and
and are correct and grammar and grammar grammar error
Grammar error error
Submitted on time Submitted on Submitted on time Submitted after the
Punctuality time deadline

TOTAL
Highest possible score: (4x4)/4= 4 components

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.3 “Puzzled Ingredient”

Direction: Find in the puzzle the given words below.

Adjuster Builders Enhancer Dye

Enzyme Fragrance Disinfectant pH
Preservative Solvents

E N H A N C E R T B S F
S E A R B C N Y A U E R
M O F I G H Z B X I J A
O C L C L M Y Z C L O G
N P T V A S M D U D R R
J S B D E R E V E E T A
U P E S W N S F T R Z N
I H Y A I O T S G S B C
C A D J U S T E R E J E
D I S I N F E C T A N T
P R E S E R V A T I V E

What I Can Do

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 Activity 1.4 “A Safe Environment”
Direction: With your knowledge on the different ingredients of cleaning products, make a poster on safe storage
and use of the different cleaning agents. Write a short description of your work.
Rubrics
Criteria Excellent Merit Achieved Needs Score
(4pts) (3pts) (2pts) Improvement
(1pt)
Content Information are Information are Information is Information is
clearly presented clearly clear unclear and written
and ordered in presented and in random order
Order of
such a way that it ordered information
brings a full does not clearly
picture of the show
material
Creativity It is visually Visually inviting Visually Readable
inviting and easy and easy to pleasing and
to read read readable
All spelling and Some spelling Some spelling
Spelling and Notable spelling and
grammar are and grammar and grammar
Grammar grammar error
correct error error

Punctuality Submitted on Submitted on Submitted on Submitted after the

time time time deadline
TOTAL
Highest possible score: (4x4)/4= 4 components

Assessment
Direction: Write the letter that match the different ingredients of cleaning agents with their uses.
Use Ingredients
____1. Washes away germs with any dirt A. Antibacterial
____2. Give surfactants a helping hand B. Builders
____3. Create suds or bubbles C. Dye
____4. cleaning agents the right thickness D. Enzymes
____5. Making the product balanced E. Foam enhancer
____6. Powerful stain removing ingredient F. Fragrance
____7. Protects products from microorganism G. pH
____8. Provide product with a pleasant smell H. pH adjuster
____9. Helps keep minerals out of way I. Preservatives
____10. Prevents products from freezing J. Solvents
____11. Mix of many different substances
____12. Allows cleaning product to stay longer
____13. Measures how a solution is acid or base
____14. Helps create a new experience
____15. Prevent people from getting sick

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 Answer Key
LESSON 1

What’s In What’s New What’s More

Answers may vary depending Use: Answers may vary depending on
on the available cleaning Calamansi- (Bleach) the available cleaning products
products removes stain and odor
Tomatoes- Clean metals
Papaya- Stain Remover

What I Have Learned What I Can Do Assessment

Use:
1. Garlic- Disinfectant, Cleaning Answers may vary 1. T
tops depending on the insight of 2. T
2. Onion- Remove rust the learner 3. F- low
3. Salt- Scouring agent 4. T
4. Vinegar- Disinfectant, remove 5. T
dirt and grease 6. T
7. T
Properties: 8. F- Alkyl Sulfate
1.Garlic- Allicin 9. F- Quat
2. Onion- Sulphasillic acid 10. T
3. Salt- Ionic in nature
4. Vinegar- Acetic acid

LESSON 2

What’s New What’s More What I Can Do

1.Hands 6. Clean Answers may vary. Answers may vary.
2. Grease 7. House Refer to the rubrics for Refer to the rubrics for scoring.
3. Dirt 8. Health scoring.
4. Virus 9. Alcohol
5. Bacteria 10. Acid

What I Have Learned Assessment

1. A
2. B
3. E
4. J
5. H
6. D
7. I
8. F
9. B
10. J
11. F
12. I
13. G
14. C
15. A

References
Website:
“Amine oxide”, Accessed July 17, 2020,
https://www.clinisciences.com/en/buy/cat-amine-oxides-1830.html
“Chem 101: What you need to know about active ingredients?”, Accessed May 20, 2020,
cleanlink.com. https://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Chem-101-What-youneed-to-know-about-active-
ingredients--372
“Chemicals Found in Household Products Chapter 6, Lesson 1”, Accessed May 20, 2020, study.com.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/chemicals-found-inhousehold-products.html
‘Ethanol”, Accessed July 17, 2020, https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/ethanol/
“Phenol”, Accessed July 17, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/science/phenol
“Sodium alkyl sulfate”, Accessed July 17, 22020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_alkyl_sulfate
“What is Alcohol Ethoxylate?”, Accessed July 17,2020, https://www.oxiteno.us/what-is-alcohol-
ethoxylateuses/#:~:text=Alcohol%20ethoxylates%20are%20a%20class,industrial%20practices
%20and%20commercial%20markets.&text=Alcohol%20ethoxylate%20surfactants% 20enhance
%20the,sections%20within%20the%20same%20compound.

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“Baking Soda”, Accessed July 21, 2020,
https://oconto.extension.wisc.edu/files/2011/02/Baking-
Soda.pdf#:~:text=Cleaning%3A%20Baking%20Soda%20acts%20a%20cleaning%20a gent
%20because,for%20easy%20removal%20as%20a%20gentle%20scouring%20po wder.
“Ingredients”, Accessed July 22, 2020, https://explorationclean.org/ingredients
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Physical
Science.Book.https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B869YF0KEHr7SHFGVG5mVFFhcX c/view. Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

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