Circuit Theorems

Sarbojit Mukherjee
Asst. Prof. EE Dept.
RCCIIT

Circuit Theorems Sarbojit Mukheerjee/RCCIIT/EE 1

 Circuit Theorems
 Superposition
 Source transformations
 Thevenin’s theorem
 Norton’s theorem
 Maximum power transfer

Circuit Theorems Sarbojit Mukheerjee/RCCIIT/EE 2

 Introduction

A large Simplify
complex circuits circuit analysis

Circuit Theorems

‧Thevenin’s theorem ‧ Norton theorem

‧Circuit linearity ‧ Superposition
‧source transformation ‧ max. power transfer
Circuit Theorems Sarbojit Mukheerjee/RCCIIT/EE 3
 Superposition
 The superposition principle states that the voltage
across (or current through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or
currents through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.
 Turn off, killed, inactive source:
 independent voltage source: 0 V (short circuit)
 independent current source: 0 A (open circuit)
 Dependent sources are left intact.

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  Steps to apply superposition principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source.
Find the output (voltage or current) due to that
active source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all
the contributions due to the independent sources.

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How to turn off independent sources
 Turn off voltages sources = short voltage sources; make
it equal to zero voltage
 Turn off current sources = open current sources; make
it equal to zero current

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  Superposition involves more work but simpler circuits.
 Superposition is not applicable to the effect on power.

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Example 4.3
 Use the superposition theorem to find in the circuit
in Fig.4.6.

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 Since there are two sources,
let V  V  V
1 2
Voltage division to get
Current division, to get
4
V1  ( 6)  2 V
Hence 48

8
And we find i3  (3)  2A
48
v2  4i3  8V

v  v1  v2  2  8  10V
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 Find V using superposition theorem fro the network
given below.
4.5 Source Transformation
 A source transformation is the process of replacing a
voltage source vs in series with a resistor R by a current
source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa

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Fig. 4.15 & 4.16

vs
vs  is R or is 
R

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 i i

+ +
v v

- -

i
v  iR  vs
v vs
i 
R R

v
vs
-is

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  Arrow of the current source
positive terminal of voltage source
 Impossible source Transformation
 ideal voltage source (R = 0)
 ideal current source (R=)

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Example 4.6
 Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit in
Fig 4.17.

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Example 4.6
Fig 4.18

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Example 4.6
we use current division2in Fig.4.18(c) to get
i (2)  0.4A
28

and vo  8i  8(0.4)  3.2V

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4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
 Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a
resistor RTh where VTh is the open circuit voltage at the
terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent source are turn
off.

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Property of Linear Circuits i

i
+
Any two-terminal v Slope=1/Rth
Linear Circuits
- v
Vth
Isc

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Circuit Theorems Sarbojit Mukheerjee/RCCIIT/EE 23
How to Find Thevenin’s Voltage
 Equivalent circuit: same voltage-current relation at the
V v
terminals.
Th oc : open circuit voltage at a  b


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 How to Find Thevenin’s Resistance
RTh  Rin :
 input  resistance of the dead circuit at a  b.
 a  b open circuited
 Turn off all independen t sources

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 CASE 1
 If the network has no dependent sources:
 Turn off all independent source.
 RTH: can be obtained via simplification of either parallel
or series connection seen from a-b

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CASE 2
 If the network has dependent
sources
 Turn off all independent sources.
 Apply a voltage source vo at a-b

vo
RTh 
io
 Alternatively, apply a current source
io at a-b

vo
RTh 
io
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  The Thevenin’s resistance may be negative, indicating
that the circuit has ability providing power

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 Simplified circuit

VTh
IL 
RTh  RL

RL
VL  RL I L  VTh
RTh  RL
Voltage divider

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Example 4.8
 Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of the circuit
shown in Fig 4.27, to the left of the terminals a-b. Then
find the current through RL = 6,16,and 36 .

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 Find Rth
RTh : 32V voltage source  short
2A current source  open
4  12
RTh  4 || 12  1   1  4
16

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 Find Vth
VTh :
(1) Mesh analysis
 32  4i1  12(i1  i2 )  0 , i2  2A
i1  0.5A
VTh  12(i1  i2 )  12(0.5  2.0)  30V
(2) Alternatively, Nodal Analysis
(32  VTh ) / 4  2  VTh / 12
VTh  30V

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 Example 4.8
(3) Alternatively, source transform
32  VTH VTH
2
4 12
96  3VTH  24  VTH  VTH  30V

Circuit Theorems Sarbojit Mukheerjee/RCCIIT/EE

Fig. 4.29 33
 Example 4.8
To get iL :
VTh 30
iL  
RTh  RL 4  RL
RL  6  I L  30 / 10  3A
RL  16  I L  30 / 20  1.5A
RL  36 I L  30 / 40  0.75A

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4.6 Norton’s Theorem
 Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by equivalent circuit consisting
of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN
where IN is the short-circuit current through the
terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent source are turn
off.

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Fig. 4.37 i

Slope=1/RN
v
Vth
-IN

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How toandFind
 Thevenin Norton Current
Norton
resistances are equal:

 ShortR N  Rcurrent
circuit Th
from a to b :

VTh
I N  isc 
RTh

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Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit :
 The open circuit voltage voc across terminals a and b
 The short circuit current isc at terminals a and b
 The equivalent or input resistance Rin at terminals a
and b when all independent source are turn off.

V Th  v oc
I N  i sc
V Th
R Th   RN
R Th
Circuit Theorems Sarbojit Mukheerjee/RCCIIT/EE 43
Example 4.11
 Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in Fig
4.39.

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Example
To find R Fig4.11
4.40(a ) :
N

RN  5 || (8  4  8)
20  5
 5 || 20   4
25

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Example
To find i (Fig4.11
.4.40(b))
N

short  circuit terminals a and b .

Mesh : i1  2A, 20i2  4i1  i2  0
i2  1A  isc  IN

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Example 4.11
Alternative method for IN
IN 
VTh
RTh
VTh : open  circuit voltage across terminals a and b
( Fig 4.40(c)) :

Mesh analysis :
i 3  2 A, 25 i 4  4 i 3  12  0
 i 4  0 .8 A
 voc  VTh  5i 4  4V

Circuit Theorems Sarbojit Mukheerjee/RCCIIT/EE 47

Example
Hence,
I 
4.11
V
 4 / 4  1A
N
Th

RTh

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