Calculus 2.

1 Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change Notes

Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Recall: Rate of Change

∆
Slope “Dependent” per “Indepenent”
∆

Average rate of change on the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 is represented by

Average rate of change from a function.

Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥 ln 3𝑥 over the interval 1 𝑥 4.

Average rate of change from a table.

𝑥 0 2 7 30
𝑓 𝑥 3 2 5 7

Find the average rate of change over the interval 2 𝑥 30.

Average Rate of Change:

The following quotients express the average rate of change of a function over an interval.

or

This is also the slope of the secant line.

Instantaneous Rate of Change:

The following limits express the instantaneous rate of change of a function at 𝑥 𝑎.

lim or lim
→ →

This is also the slope of the tangent line.

Write your questions Find the instantaneous rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 at 𝑥 1.
and thoughts here!
lim lim
→ →

Identify the function we are working with. Then identify the x-value for the instantaneous
rate of change (slope of the tangent line at a point).
1. lim 2. lim
→ →

Function: 𝑓 𝑥 5 ln
Function: 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Instantaneous rate at 𝑥 4
Instantaneous rate at 𝑥

2.1 Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change

Calculus
Practice
Find the average rate of change of each function on the given interval. Use appropriate units if necessary.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2; 1, 3 2. 𝐴 𝑡 2 ; 2, 4 3. ℎ 𝑚 tan 𝑚 4; ,
𝑡 represents years
ℎ represents hair
𝐴 represents dollars
𝑚 represents months

4. 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑥 on the interval 2 𝑥 7. 5. 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑥 on the interval 1 𝑥 0.

Use the following table to find the average rate of change on the given interval.
𝑡
0 3 4 12 13
(Minutes)
𝑠 𝑡
2 4 7 5 10
(Feet)
6. 3, 13 7. 0 𝑥 12 8. 3, 4

Use the following graph to find the average rate of change on the given interval.
y


x

         






9. 5 𝑥 2 10. 1, 5 11. 4 𝑥 2

The graphs of 𝒇 and 𝒈 are given below. For each function, find the average rate of change on the given
interval.
y

f(x) 


x

        



g(x) 

12. ℎ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 on 4,3 13. 𝑘 𝑥 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 on 4,0 14. 𝑤 𝑥 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 on 2,3

 𝒇 𝒂 𝒉 𝒇 𝒂
Find the instantaneous rate of change of each function at the given x-value. Use the form 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
15. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 at 𝑥 1 16. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 at 𝑥 5 17. 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 2

𝒇 𝒙 𝒇 𝒂
Find the instantaneous rate of change of each function at the given x-value. Use the form 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 𝒂
18. 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥 3𝑥 4 19. 𝑓 𝑥 √3𝑥 at 𝑥 7 20. 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 2
at 𝑥 3

Each limit represents the instantaneous rate of change of a function. Identify the original function, and the
x-value of the instantaneous rate of change.
√ 22. lim 23. lim
21. lim → →
→

Function: 𝑓 𝑥 Function: 𝑓 𝑥
Function: 𝑓 𝑥
Instantaneous rate at 𝑥 Instantaneous rate at 𝑥
Instantaneous rate at 𝑥

24. lim 26. lim

→ 25. lim →
→

Function: 𝑓 𝑥 Function: 𝑓 𝑥 Function: 𝑓 𝑥

Instantaneous rate at 𝑥 Instantaneous rate at 𝑥 Instantaneous rate at 𝑥

27. lim √ √ 28. lim

→
→

Function: 𝑓 𝑥 Function: 𝑓 𝑥

Instantaneous rate at 𝑥 Instantaneous rate at 𝑥

2.1 Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change Test Prep
29. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 ln 7𝑥. The average rate of change of 𝑓 over the interval 2, 𝑎 is 41,
where 𝑎 2. Which of the following is an equation that could be used to find the value of 𝑎?

(A) 𝑓 𝑎 41 (B) 𝑓 𝑎 𝑓 2 41

(C) 41 (D) 41

30. Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 on the interval 1 𝑥 𝑎.

31. Today’s school lunch was inappropriately thrown over the school fence by Mr. Kelly. For 0 𝑡 90, the
amount of food remaining (assuming no animals eat it) is modeled by 𝐹 𝑡 544.311 0.907 , where 𝐹 𝑡 is
measured in grams and 𝑡 is measured in days. Find the average rate of change of 𝐹 𝑡 over the interval 0
𝑡 90. Indicate units of measure.

32.
 y



x
        


A continuous function 𝑓 is shown above and defined on the closed interval 5 𝑥 4. For how many values
of 𝑏, 5 𝑏 4, is the average rate of change of 𝑓 on the interval 𝑏, 1 equal to 0? Give a reason for your
answer.
 Calculus 2.2 Defining the Derivative Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
This derivative is an expression that calculates the instantaneous rate of change (slope of the
tangent line) of a function at any given 𝑥-value. In other words, it gives us the slope of the
function at a point!
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥
 y


𝑓 1



𝑓 2

x
       𝑓 2


1. If 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥, find 𝑓 2 and explain the meaning.

2. If 𝑓 𝑥 represents how many meters you have run and 𝑥 represents the minutes, describe
in full sentences the following:
𝑓 8 1,500 𝑓 3 161

After 8 minutes, I ran 1,500 meters. At the 3rd minute, I was running 161
meters per minute.

Notation for the Derivative:

Lagrange Leibniz

𝑑𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Defintion of the Derivative:

This limit gives an expression that calculates the instantaneous rate of change (slope
of the tangent line) of 𝑓 𝑥 at any given 𝑥-value.

𝒇 𝒙 𝒉 𝒇 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Write your questions Find the derivative using the Definition of the Derivative (limits).
and thoughts here!
3. 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥 7𝑥 1 4. 𝑦

Equation of the Tangent Line:

The line tangent to the curve of 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 𝑎 can be represented in point-slope form:
𝑦 𝑦 𝑚 𝑥 𝑥

𝒚 𝒇 𝒂 𝒇 𝒂 𝒙 𝒂

5. If we know ℎ 5 2, and the derivative of ℎ is given by ℎ 𝑥 , write an

equation for the line tangent to the graph of ℎ at 𝑥 5.

6. The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 , the derivative of 𝑓, is shown at the  y

right. If 𝑓 2 7, write an equation of the line tangent to 

the graph of 𝑓 at 2, 7 .



𝑓 𝑥


x
      

2.2 Defining the Derivative
Calculus
Practice
𝒅𝒚
Find the derivative using limits. If the equation is given as 𝒚 , use Leibniz Notation: . If the equation is
𝒅𝒙
given as 𝒇 𝒙 , use Lagrange Notation: 𝒇 𝒙 . WRITE SMALL!!
1. 𝑓 𝑥 7 6𝑥 2. 𝑦 5𝑥 𝑥

3. 𝑦 √5𝑥 2 4. 𝑓 𝑥

For each problem, use the information given to identify the meaning of the two equations in the context of
the problem. Write in full sentences!
5. 𝐶 is the number of championships Sully has won 6. 𝑑 is the distance (in miles) from home when you
while coaching basketball. 𝑡 is the number of years walk to school. ℎ is the number of hours since 7:00
since 2002 for the function 𝐶 𝑡 . a.m. for the function 𝑑 ℎ .
𝐶 12 3 and 𝐶 12 0.4 𝑑 0.5 1.2 and 𝑑 0.5 11
 7. 𝑊 is the number of cartoon shows Mr. Kelly 8. 𝑔 is the number of gray hairs on Mr. Brust’s head.
watches every week. 𝑥 is the number of children 𝑥 is the number of students in his 4th period.
Mr. Kelly has for the function 𝑊 𝑥 . 𝑔 26 501 and 𝑔 15 130
𝑊 7 25 and 𝑊 7 3

For each problem, create an equation of the tangent line of 𝒇 at the given point. Leave in point-slope.
9. 𝑓 7 5 and 𝑓 7 2 10. 𝑓 2 3 and 𝑓 2 4 11. 𝑓 𝑥 3𝑥 2𝑥;
𝑓 𝑥 6𝑥 2; 𝑥 2

12. 𝑓 𝑥 10√6𝑥 1; 13. 𝑓 𝑥 cos 2𝑥; 14. 𝑓 𝑥 tan 𝑥;

𝑓 𝑥 ; 𝑥 4 𝑓 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 ; 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 sec 𝑥 ; 𝑥
√

2.2 Defining the Derivative Test Prep

15. Let 𝑓 𝑥 lim . For what value of 𝑥 does 𝑓 𝑥 4?

→

(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) 4

16. The graph of the function 𝑓, along with a table of values, are shown below. Approximate the value
of 𝑓 5.5 using data from the table. Show computations that lead to your answer.
y







x
       
𝑥 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
𝑓 𝑥 2.169 2.321 2.459 5 4.5 4

17. The figure below shows the graph of the line tangent to the graph of 𝑓 at 𝑥 0.
y
Of the following, which must be true?

(A) 𝑓 0 𝑓 0

(B) 𝑓 0 𝑓 0
x
   
(C) 𝑓 0 𝑓 0

(D) 𝑓 0 𝑓 0
 Calculus 2.3 Estimating Derivatives Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Estimating the Derivative with a CALCULATOR
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin √𝑥, find 𝑓 (2). 2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = ln , find 𝑓 (1.3).

3. Write the equation of the line tangent to 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = 1.

Estimating the Derivative from TABLES

The function must be differentiable to estimate a derivative! This just means, the graph is
continuous and smooth.

𝑥
0 2 4 7 11
hours
𝑓(𝑥)
−2 3 10 1 −3
miles

Using the table, estimate 𝑓 (3). Show the work that leads to your answer.

𝑥
10 50 80 120 150
Seconds
𝑤(𝑥)
Gallons 950 850 700 500 150
per second

Using the table, estimate 𝑤 (100). Show the work that leads to your answer.
2.3 Estimating Derivatives
Calculus
Practice
Estimate the derivative at the given point by using a calculator.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥√2 − 𝑥; find 𝑓 (−10). 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = sec(5𝑥); find 𝑓 (2). 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln √𝑥 ; find 𝑓 (1).

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ; find 𝑓 (4). 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(sin 𝑥); find 𝑓 (−3). 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ( )

; find 𝑓 (2).

7. The model 𝑓(𝑡) = 8. The model 𝑓(𝑡) = sin (𝑡) 9. The model 𝑓(𝑡) = √𝑥 −
measures the height of bird in measures the depth of a
measures the number of stocks
meters where 𝑡 is seconds. Find submarine measured in feet
sold where 𝑡 is days. Find
𝑓 (2). where 𝑡 is minutes. Find
𝑓 (12)
𝑓 (12.5).

For each function, write the equation of the tangent line at the given value of 𝒙.
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = 1. 11. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(tan(𝑥)) at 𝑥 = 2.

12. 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = 3. 13. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin at 𝑥 = 7.

√

Use the tables to estimate the value of the derivative at the given point. Indicate units of measures.
14.
𝑥
1 3 4 7 9
Hours
𝑣(𝑥)
120 476 595 807 902
visitors
a. 𝑣 (8) b. 𝑣 (3.5)
15.
𝑥
11 23 26 32 45
cm
𝑇(𝑥)
71 51 40 36 10
℃
a. 𝑇 (17) b. 𝑇 (24.5)

16.
𝑡
0 3 7 15 20
years
𝑠(𝑡)
Students 5 20 7 −2 −4
per year
a. 𝑠 (1.5) b. 𝑠 (11)

17.
𝑡
5 13 45 50 70
Days
𝑝(𝑡)
Pages per 51 20 21 36 58
day
a. 𝑝 (47.5) b. 𝑝 (9)

18.
𝑥
10 30 45 65 100
seconds
𝑤(𝑥)
Gallons per 1005 790 786 434 209
second
a. 𝑤 (20) b. 𝑤 (82.5)

19.
𝑥
3 12 15 21 30
Carries
𝑓(𝑥)
15 107 98 150 272
yards
a. 𝑓 (25.5) b. 𝑓 (13.5)
2.3 Estimating Derivatives Test Prep
20. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be the functions defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 . Let ℎ be the vertical distance
between the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 . Find the rate at which ℎ changes with respect to 𝑥 when
𝑥 = 1.5.
 y
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥)


x
   

21. The graph of 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑒 crosses the 𝑥-axis at one point. What is the slope of the graph at this point?

22. Given the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑒 − sin 𝑥, which of the following values of 𝑥 has a tangent line with the
greatest slope?

(A) 𝑥 = −3 (B) 𝑥 = −1 (C) 𝑥=0 (D) 𝑥=1 (E) 𝑥=3

ANSWER: A
 Calculus 2.4 Differentiability and Continuity Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
A graph of a function is shown below. Write down its equation on line #1.
y

1. 𝑦 ____________________________

2. 𝑦 ____________________________

x
3. 𝑦 ____________________________

Differentiability:
The derivative exists for each point in the domain. The graph must be a smooth line
or curve for the derivative to exist. In other words, the graph looks like a line if you zoom in.

The derivative fails to exist where the function has a

1. Discontinuity 2. Corner or cusp 3. Vertical tangent

Identify points where the function below is not continuous and/or not differentiable.
y

x
          

True or False True or False

Differentiability implies continuity. Continuity implies differentiability.

2.4 Differentiability and Continuity
Calculus
Practice
Identify any 𝒙-values of the function that are not continuous and/or not differentiable.
y
1.


         

𝑥 -values where the function is not continuous. 𝑥 -values where the function is continuous, but not
differentiable.

y
2.


           

𝑥 -values where the function is not continuous. 𝑥 -values where the function is continuous, but not
differentiable.

y
3. 

          

𝑥 -values where the function is not continuous. 𝑥 -values where the function is continuous, but not
differentiable.
2.4 Differentiability and Continuity Test Prep
4. 𝑓 is continuous for 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 but not differentiable for some 𝑐 such that 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏. Which of the following
could be true?

(A) 𝑥 𝑐 is a vertical asymptote of (B) lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑐 (C) The graph of 𝑓 has a cusp at
→
the graph of 𝑓. 𝑥 𝑐.

(D) 𝑓 𝑐 is undefined. (E) None of the above

5. If 𝑔 is differentiable at 𝑥 𝑐, which of the following must be true?

I. 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑥 𝑐.
II. lim 𝑔 𝑥 exists.
→
III. lim exists.
→

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only

(D) I and II only (E) I, II, and III

6. Let ℎ be the function given by ℎ 𝑥 |𝑥 4|. Which of the following statements about ℎ are true?
I. ℎ is continuous at 𝑥 4.
II. ℎ is differentiable at 𝑥 4.
III. ℎ has an absolute minimum at 𝑥 4.

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only

(D) I and III only (E) II and III only

7. If 𝑓 is a differentiable function such that 𝑓 2 5 and 𝑓 2 7, which of the following statements could be
false?

(A) lim 𝑓 𝑥 5 (B) lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 (C) lim 7

→ → → →

(D) lim 7 (E) lim 𝑓 𝑥 7

→ →
 Calculus 2.5 The Power Rule Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Function Function’s Derivative
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 3𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 5𝑥

The Power Rule

𝑓 𝑥 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 𝑛𝑥

Easy examples
1. 𝑦 𝑥 2. 𝑦 𝑥

Not as easy examples:

3. 4.
1 1
Function 𝑦 Function 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Rewrite Rewrite

Differentiate Differentiate

Simplify Simplify
(rewrite) (rewrite)

5. 6.
Function 𝑦 √𝑥 Function 𝑦 𝑥

Rewrite Rewrite

Differentiate Differentiate

Simplify Simplify
(rewrite) (rewrite)
 Tricky examples: Simplify first, then take the derivative.
7. 𝑓 𝑥 . Find 𝑓 7 8. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥 . Find 𝑓 8
√

Parallel Tangent Lines

9. Let 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 . At what value(s) of 𝑥 do the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 have
parallel tangent lines.

2.5 The Power Rule

Calculus
Practice
𝒅𝒚
Find .
𝒅𝒙
1. 𝑦 𝑥 2. 𝑦 𝑥 3. 𝑦 𝑥 4. 𝑦

5. 𝑦 6. 𝑦 √𝑥 7. 𝑦 √𝑥 8. 𝑦 𝑥
√

9. 𝑦 10. 𝑦 𝑥 √𝑥
√

Find 𝒇 𝒂 for each function at the given value of 𝒂.

11. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 12. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 13. 𝑓 𝑥 14. 𝑓 𝑥
find 𝑓 1 √
find 𝑓 16 find 𝑓 2 . find 𝑓′ 27 .
Find the equation of the tangent line of each function at the given value of 𝒙.
15. 𝑦 𝑥 at 𝑥 2 16. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 at 𝑥 1 17. 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 2

When do the two functions listed have parallel tangent lines?

18. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 . 19. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 . Use a calculator.

2.5 The Power Rule Test Prep

20. lim is
→

(A) 0 (B) 3𝑒 (C) 𝑒 (D) does not exist

21. lim is
→

(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) (D) (E)

22. Given 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑓 2 5, write an equation for the line which is tangent to the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 at the point
where 𝑥 2.

(A) 𝑦 𝑥 (B) 𝑦 𝑥 5 (C) 𝑦 𝑥 4

(D) 𝑦 𝑥 (E) 𝑦 𝑥 5

23. In the figure to the right, line L is tangent to the graph of 𝑦 𝑥 at

point A with coordinates 𝑎, 𝑎 . Line L crosses the 𝑥-axis at point B, y 𝐿
with coordinates 𝑏, 0 .
a. Find 𝑏 in terms of 𝑎. 𝑦 𝑥

𝐴
𝑎, 𝑎

𝐵
𝑏, 0

b. Find the value of 𝑏 when 𝑎 9.

 Calculus 2.6 Constant, Const. Multiple, Sum/Difference Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Derivative Rules
Constant: 𝑐 0

Constant Multiple: 𝑐𝑢 𝑐

Sum/Difference: 𝑢 𝑣

Find the derivative of each function.

1. 𝑦 2𝑥 6 2. 𝑦 8√𝑥 2𝜋

Horizontal Tangent Lines

When does a function have a horizontal tangent line? y
The slope of a horizontal tangent line is zero. To find
where a function has a horizontal tangent line, we set the
derivative equal to zero.
x
3. Find the 𝑥-values of any horizontal tangent lines of
𝑓 𝑥 4𝑥 7𝑥 13.

Normal Lines
A normal line goes through the same point the tangent line does, but it is perpendicular to the
tangent line.

4. Find an equation of the NORMAL line of

𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 4𝑥2 𝑥 3 at 𝑥 3.
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Differentiability with piecewise functions
5𝑥 3𝑥 2, 𝑥 1
5. Is the function 𝑓 𝑥 differentiable at 𝑥 1?
7𝑥 3, 𝑥 1

𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2, 𝑥 3
6. What values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 would make the function 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 𝑏, 𝑥 3
differentiable at 𝑥 3?

2.6 Constant, Constant Multiple, Sum/Difference Rules

Calculus
Practice
Find the derivative of each function.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥 4𝑥 5 2. 𝑔 𝑥 5𝑥 𝑥 3. 𝑦 2𝑒 3𝑥 4. 𝑦 𝜋𝑥 𝜋

5. 𝑦 3𝑥 6. ℎ 𝑥 6𝑥 /
4𝑥 /
2 7. 𝑓 𝑥
√

9. 𝑓 𝑥 3𝑥 4𝑥 5𝑥 7 10. 𝑦 4√𝑥 𝑒
8. 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 3 √𝑥 2
Find the 𝒙-value(s) where the function has a horizontal tangent.
11. 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑥 12𝑥 13 12. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 7 13. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥

Find the equations of the tangent AND normal lines of each function at the given value of 𝒙.
14. 𝑓 𝑥 3√𝑥 4 at 𝑥 4 15. 𝑦 𝑥 2 at 𝑥 8 16. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 2 at 𝑥 2

Tangent: ___________________ Tangent: ____________________

Tangent: ____________________
Normal: ___________________ Normal: ____________________
Normal: ____________________
Are the functions differentiable at the given value of 𝒙?
17. At 𝑥 5. 18. At 𝑥 9. 19. At 𝑥 3.
2𝑥 𝑥 10, 𝑥 5 30 5𝑥 2𝑥 1, 𝑥 3
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑥 9 𝑓 𝑥
50 14𝑥, 𝑥 5 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 3𝑥 2𝑥 6, 𝑥 3
𝑥 5𝑥 107, 𝑥 9
 What values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 would make the function differentiable at the given value of 𝒙?
20. At 𝑥 1 21. At 𝑥 2. 22. At 𝑥 1.
𝑎 √𝑥 𝑥 2, 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 4, 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2, 𝑥 1
𝑏𝑥 1, 𝑥 1 𝑏𝑥 5, 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑏𝑥 1, 𝑥 1

2.6 Constant, Constant Multiple, Sum/Difference Rules Test Prep

23. Given 𝑔 𝑥 2𝑥 where b is a constant, find the value of b if 𝑔′ 2 180.

(A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 80 (E) none of these

24. Calculator required. Which of the following is an equation of the line tangent to the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
at the point where 𝑓 𝑥 1?

(A) 𝑦 𝑥 1.031
(B) 𝑦 𝑥 0.836
(C) 𝑦 𝑥 0.836
(D) 𝑦 𝑥 0.934
(E) 𝑦 𝑥 1.031

25. lim is
→

(A) 𝑥 (B) 3𝑥 (C) 6𝑥

(D) 6𝑥 (E) nonexistent

ANSWER: C
26. The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are given by 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 2. y

There is a point 𝑃 on the graph of 𝑓 for 𝑥 0 at which the line tangent to

the graph of 𝑓 is perpendicular to the graph of 𝑔. Find the coordinates of
point 𝑃. 2, 1

27.
𝑡
𝑑 𝑡 20𝑡 𝑡 , 0 𝑡 3
6
𝑔 𝑡 , 3 𝑡 16

𝑡 (days) 3 8 12 16
𝑔 𝑡 (cubic feet) 64.5 2100 4050 6500

Mr. Bean is building his own swimming pool by digging up his back yard. For the first three days, he uses a
shovel. After the 3rd day, he uses a backhoe. The amount of dirt that has been removed, in cubic feet, is
modeled by the function 𝑑 defined above, where 𝑔 is a differentiable function and 𝑡 is measured in days.
Values of 𝑔 𝑡 at selected values of 𝑡 are given in the table above.

(a) According to the model 𝑑, what is the average rate of change of the amount of dirt removed over the
time interval 3 𝑡 16 days?

(b) Use the data in the table to approximate 𝑑 10 , the instantaneous rate of change in the amount of dirt
removed, in cubic feet per day, at time 𝑡 10 days. Show the computations that lead to your answer.

(c) Is 𝑑 continuous for 0 𝑡 16? Justify your answer.

(d) Find 𝑑 2 . Use appropriate units.

 Calculus 2.7 Derivatives of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, 𝒆𝒙 , and 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Derivatives of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

𝑑 𝑑
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example: Find 𝑓 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 5 cos 𝑥

Recall:
ln 1 0 ln 0 undefined 𝑒 1 𝑒 𝑎 ln 𝑒 𝑎

Derivatives of Exponential Functions

𝑑 𝑑
𝑎 𝑎 ln 𝑎 𝑒 𝑒 ln 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example: Find 𝑓 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 2 3𝑒

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

𝑑 1 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 1 1
log 𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥 log 𝑥 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑒 𝑥

Example: Find 𝑓 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 log 𝑥 4 ln 𝑥

Find the derivative of each function.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 5𝑒 2. 𝑓 𝑥 3 4 cos 𝑥 3. 𝑓 𝑥 log 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Write your questions Find the value of the derivative at the given point.
and thoughts here!
4. If 𝑓 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑒 , find 𝑓 5 5. If 𝑓 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 , find 𝑓 𝜋

2.7 Derivatives of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, 𝒆𝒙 , and 𝐥𝐧 𝒙

Calculus
Practice
Find the derivative of each function.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 2. 𝑓 𝑥 5 3. 𝑓 𝑥 9 cos 𝑥 4. 𝑓 𝑥 5𝑒

5. 𝑓 𝑥 8 ln 𝑥 4 cos 𝑥 𝑒 6. 𝑓 𝑥 15 sin 𝑥 3𝑒 7. 𝑓 𝑥 log 𝑥

8. 𝑓 𝑥 log 𝑥 cos 𝑥 9. 𝑓 𝑥 3 3𝑥 𝑥 10. 𝑓 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥

Find the value of the derivative at the given point.

11. If 𝑓 𝑥 3𝑥 6 cos 𝑥, find 𝑓 12. If 𝑓 𝑥 √𝑥 2 ln 𝑥, find 𝑓 4

13. If 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑒 5 sin 𝑥, find 𝑓 0 14. If 𝑓 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑒 , find 𝑓 𝜋

 Find the equation of the tangent line at the given 𝒙-value.
15. 𝑓 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 𝑥 at 𝑥 16. 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑒 3 sin 𝑥 𝑥 at 𝑥 0

2.7 Derivatives of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, 𝒆𝒙 , and 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 Test Prep

17. What is the slope of the line tangent to the graph of 𝑦 2 ln 𝑥 at the point 𝑥 8?

(A) (B) (C) (D) 16 (E) 4

18. If 𝑥 3, lim
→

(A) ln 3 (B) 1 (C) (D) nonexistent

19. lim
→

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)

√ (D) (E) nonexistent

20. If 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥, then lim

→

(A) 𝜋 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 𝜋

21. Calculator active. Line 𝐿 is tangent to the graph of 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 at the point 𝑘, 2 sin 𝑘 , where 0 𝑘 2𝜋.
For what value of 𝑘 does the line 𝐿 pass through the origin?

(A) 1.571 (B) 4.493 (C) 4.712 (D) 3.141 (E) There is no such
value of 𝑘.
ANSWER: B

22. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑥, where 𝑎 is a positive constant and 0 𝑥 2𝜋. Find the 𝑥-coordinates of all points,
0 𝑥 2𝜋, where the line 𝑦 𝑥 𝑎 is tangent to the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 .
 Calculus 2.8 The Product Rule Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Product Rule
ℎ 𝑥 𝑓⋅𝑔
ℎ 𝑥 𝑓𝑔 𝑓𝑔

Find the derivative of each function.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 8𝑥 sin 𝑥 2. 𝑔 𝑥 2𝑒 √𝑥 3. ℎ 𝑥 1 2𝑥 5

The table below shows values of two differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, as well as their
derivatives.
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
2 4 2 1 2
5 3 4 2 5

4. ℎ 𝑥 3𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 5. 𝑟 𝑥 2 3 𝑔 𝑥
Find ℎ 2 .
Find 𝑟 5 .
2.8 The Product Rule
Calculus
Practice
Find the derivative of each function.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 2. 𝑔 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑒 3. ℎ 𝑥 4√𝑥 ln 𝑥

4. 𝑓 𝑥 4 5𝑥 cos 𝑥 5. 𝑔 𝑥 6 ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 6. ℎ 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑥

7. 𝑓 𝑥 8 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 8. 𝑔 𝑥 ln 𝑥 9. ℎ 𝑥 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 10. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥

Use the table to find the value of the derivatives of each function.
11.
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
7 5 3 2 3

a. ℎ 𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 b. 𝑚 𝑥 5𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 c. 𝑠 𝑥 3𝑓 𝑥 1 𝑔 𝑥 2
Find ℎ 7 . Find 𝑚 7 . Find 𝑠 7 .

12.
𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡
4 2 3 4 1

a. 𝑓 𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 b. 𝑔 𝑡 3𝑎 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 c. ℎ 𝑡 1 𝑎 𝑡 3𝑏 𝑡 2
Find 𝑓 4 . Find 𝑔 4 . Find ℎ 4 .
 13.
𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥
1 3 2 4 3

a. 𝑎 𝑡 𝑑 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 b. 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 c. 𝑐 𝑥 2 6 ℎ 𝑥
Find 𝑎 1 . Find 𝑏 1 .
Find 𝑐 1 .

Find the equation of the tangent line at the given 𝒙-value.

14. 𝑓 𝑥 8 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 at 𝑥 15. 𝑔 𝑥 2𝑥𝑒 at 𝑥 0

2.8 The Product Rule Test Prep

16. Let 𝑓 be a differentiable function with 𝑓 2 7 and 𝑓 2 2. Let 𝑔 be the function defined by
𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 . Which of the following is an equation of the line tangent to the graph of 𝑔 at 𝑥 2?

(A) 𝑦 7 2 𝑥 2 (B) 𝑦 28 20 𝑥 2 (C) 𝑦 7 𝑥 2

(D) 𝑦 7 20 𝑥 2 (E) 𝑦 28 2 𝑥 2

ANSWER: B

17. The figure to the right shows the graph of 𝑓 , the derivative of 𝑓. The function 𝑓 is twice differentiable with
𝑓 3 1.

Let 𝑔 be the function defined by 𝑔 𝑥 4𝑥𝑓 𝑥 . Find an

equation for the line tangent to the graph of 𝑔 at 𝑥 3. 3, 2

Graph of 𝑓
18. The graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 are shown to the right. If ℎ 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 , then ℎ 1

 y
(A) 22

(B) 4 
𝒇 𝒙
(C) 0 

(D) 4

𝒈 𝒙
(E) 46
      
ANSWER: E 


19. The graphs of two differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are shown below.

y y
 

 

 

 
x
      
       




Graph of 𝒇 Graph of 𝒈

Given ℎ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 , which of the following statements about ℎ 3 is true?

(A) ℎ 3 0 (B) ℎ 3 0 (C) ℎ 3 0

(D) ℎ 3 is undefined (E) There is not enough information given to conclude anything about ℎ 3

ANSWER: C
 Calculus 2.9 The Quotient Rule Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Quotient Rule
𝑓
ℎ(𝑥 ) =
𝑔
𝑓 𝑔 − 𝑓𝑔
ℎ (𝑥 ) =
𝑔

Find the derivative of each function.

1. 𝑦 = 2. 𝑔(𝑥) =

3. ℎ(𝑥) = 4. ℎ(𝑥) =

The table below shows values of two differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, as well as their
derivatives.
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑥)
2 4 −2 −1 2
( ) ( )
5. ℎ(𝑥) = ( )
6. 𝑟(𝑥) = − ( )
Find ℎ (2). Find 𝑟 (2).
2.9 The Quotient Rule
Calculus
Practice
Find the derivative of each function.
1. ℎ(𝑥) = 2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3. ℎ(𝑥) =

4. ℎ(𝑥) = 5. 𝑓(𝑥) =
√
6. 𝑔(𝑥) =

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9. 𝑔(𝑥) =

Use the table to find the value of the derivatives of each function.
10.
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑥)
7 −5 3 2 −3

( ) ( )
a. ℎ(𝑡) = ( )
b. 𝑚(𝑥) = ( )
Find ℎ (7). Find 𝑚 (7).
11.
𝑡 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑏(𝑡) 𝑏 (𝑡)
−4 2 −3 −4 1

( ) ( )
a. 𝑓(𝑡) = − ( )
b. 𝑔(𝑡) = ( )
Find 𝑓 (−4). Find 𝑔 (−4).

12.
𝑥 𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑 (𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) ℎ (𝑥)
1 −4 −2 4 3

( ) ( )
a. 𝑔(𝑥) = ( ) b. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )
Find 𝑔 (1). Find 𝑓 (1).

Find the equation of the tangent line at the given 𝒙-value.

13. 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = 14. 𝑔(𝑥) = − at 𝑥 = 0
2.9 The Quotient Rule Test Prep
15. What is the instantaneous rate of change at 𝑥 = 4 of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ?

(A) − (B) (C) (D)

16. Let f and g be differentiable functions with the following properties:

I. 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥
II. 𝑔(5) = 2
( ) ( )
If ℎ(𝑥) = and ℎ′(𝑥) = ( )
, then 𝑔(𝑥) =
( )

(A) (B) 𝑓(𝑥) (C) −𝑓(𝑥) (D) 0 (E) 2

( )

17. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = . What points (𝑥, 𝑦) on the graph of 𝑓 have the property that the line
tangent to 𝑓 at (𝑥, 𝑦) has a slope of ?

(A) 2, only (B) , only (C) 2, and −10,

(D) 2, and (−2, −1) (E) There are no such points.

 y
18. The graph of a function 𝑓 is shown to the right. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = . What is the
( )

value of 𝑔 (4)?



x
      


Graph of 𝒇 .
 Calculus 2.10 Derivatives of , , , and Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Trig Derivatives

sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥

cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

Common struggles for students dealing with trig derivatives:

 Memorizing.
 Unit Circle values.
 Simplifying/manipulating trig expressions.
 Trig reciprocals in a calculator.

1. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥

2. Find 𝑓 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 3. Estimate the derivative with a calculator

of 𝑔(𝑥) = csc 4𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2
2.10 Derivatives of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙, 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙, 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙, and 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙
Calculus
Practice
Find the derivative of each function.
1. 𝑦 = 5 − csc 𝑥 2. ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 tan(𝑥) 3. 𝑟 =

4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 sec 𝑥

Find the derivative at the given 𝒙-value. Show your work!

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 tan 𝑥 at 𝑥 = . 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sec 𝑥 at 𝑥 = . 9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 cot 𝑥 at 𝑥 = .

Estimate the derivative at the given 𝒙-value by using a calculator.

10. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin at 𝑥 = 1.8. 11. 𝑓(𝑥) = at 𝑥 = −1. 12. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 sec(𝑒 ) at 𝑥 = 2.5.
 Find the equations of both the normal line and the tangent line.
13. 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝜋 14. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 at 𝑥 =

Tangent: ___________________ Tangent: ___________________

Normal: ___________________ Normal: ___________________

2.10 Derivatives of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙, 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙, 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙, and 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 Test Prep

Evaluate each limit.
15. lim = 16. lim =
→ →
Name: _______________________________ Date:_______________ Period: _____ Review
Unit 2 Review – Differentiation: Definition & Fundamental
Properties
Reviews do NOT cover all material from the lessons but will hopefully remind you of key points. To be prepared,
you should review all packets from Unit 2.
Find the average rate of change of each function on the given interval. Use appropriate units if necessary.
1. 𝑤(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 ; 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7 2. 𝑠(𝑡) = −𝑡 − 𝑡 + 4; [1, 5]
𝑡 represents seconds
𝑠 represents feet

( ) ( )
3. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1 by using the definition of the derivative. lim
→

4. For the function ℎ(𝑡), ℎ is the temperature of the oven in Fahrenheit, and 𝑡 is the time measured in minutes.
a. Explain the meaning of the equation ℎ(15) = 420.

b. Explain the meaning of the equation ℎ (43) = −11.

Find the derivative of each function.

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 6. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3√𝑥 − + 5𝜋 7. ℎ(𝑥) = 4𝑒 − 2 cos 𝑥

8. 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 sin(𝑡) 9. 𝑑(𝑡) = 3√𝑡 ln 𝑡

10. 𝑦 = − sec 𝑥 11. ℎ(𝑥) =

Find the equation of the tangent line of the function at the given x-value.
12. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 3𝑥 at 𝑥 = −1. 13. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 sin 𝑥 − 2 at 𝑥 = 𝜋

14. Find the equation for the normal line of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4 at 𝑥 = −3

15. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 find 𝑓 (0). No calculator!

A calculator is allowed on the following problems.

16. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin(3𝑥 − 2); find 𝑓 (7). 17. If 𝑓(𝑥) = csc(3𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2.

18. Use the table below to estimate the value of 𝑑 (120). Indicate units of measures.

𝑡
2 13 60 180 500
seconds
𝑑(𝑡)
10 81 412 808 2,105
feet
19. Is the function differentiable at 𝑥 = 2?
3𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 5, 𝑥 < 2
𝑓(𝑥) =
7 − 9𝑥, 𝑥≥2

20. What values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 would make the function differentiable at 𝑥 = 4?

𝑎√𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 < 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 16
+ 𝑏𝑥, 𝑥≥4
𝑥