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Gen-Bio-Script

The document outlines the processes of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis, detailing each stage involved in these processes. Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four unique haploid cells through two rounds of division. Cytokinesis is highlighted as the final step that divides the cytoplasm, ensuring each daughter cell is equipped for survival and function.

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Eri Nuestro
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Gen-Bio-Script

The document outlines the processes of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis, detailing each stage involved in these processes. Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four unique haploid cells through two rounds of division. Cytokinesis is highlighted as the final step that divides the cytoplasm, ensuring each daughter cell is equipped for survival and function.

Uploaded by

Eri Nuestro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NOTE: if may gusto ka i-add na infos or kahit yung sa mga introduction, lagay mo nalang diyan hahaha

NOTE: if may gusto kayo i add or baguhin ilagay niyo nalang here

Introduction: Cell division is a fundamental process that allows cells to replicate, enabling growth,
repair, and maintenance of organisms. This process is divided into two major phases: meiosis and
mitosis, followed by cytokinesis. Let's walk through each step.

(Mitosis)

So let’s talk about the first phase, Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells, each
with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. It’s crucial for growth, repair, and
maintenance in multicellular organisms.

Before mitosis begins, the cell is in a phase called interphase. Here, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA
in preparation for division. Interphase consists of three stages: G1, S, and G2.

Prophase

qNow, let’s dive into mitosis itself. The first stage is prophase. During prophase, the chromatin
condenses into visible chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids. The nuclear envelope
begins to break down, and the mitotic spindle starts to form.

Metaphase

Next is metaphase. In this stage, chromosomes line up along the cell's equatorial plane, known as the
metaphase plate. The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes, ensuring they are
properly aligned for separation.

Anaphase

Anaphase is where the action really happens. The spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart towards
opposite poles of the cell. This ensures that each new daughter cell will receive an identical set of
chromosomes.

Telophase

In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, and the nuclear envelope re-forms around
each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to de-condense back into chromatin

Cytokenesis

Finally, cytokinesis takes place. This is the process where the cytoplasm of the cell divides, resulting in
two separate daughter cells. In animal cells, this involves the formation of a cleavage furrow, while in
plant cells, a cell plate forms
And there you have it—two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of
chromosomes as the original cell. This process is fundamental for growth, tissue repair, and cellular
turnover. We hope this video helped you understand the stages of mitosis

(MEIOSIS TO SHEEEEEESH)

Now let’s shift gears to meiosis, a special type of cell division that’s all about producing gametes—sperm
and eggs in animals, or pollen and ovules in plants. Meiosis is a bit more complex than mitosis because it
involves two rounds of division, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, and it reduces the chromosome number by
half.

In Meiosis I, the process begins with prophase I, where chromosomes condense and pair up with their
homologous chromosomes, forming tetrads. During this stage, crossing over occurs, where genetic
material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, creating genetic diversity. The nuclear
envelope breaks down, and the spindle apparatus forms.

As we move into metaphase I, these tetrads, each carrying vital genetic information, align themselves
along the cell's equator, forming what is known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers from each
side of the cell attach to the chromosomes at special sites called kinetochores. This alignment ensures
that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes.

In anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, while the sister
chromatids remain attached. Anaphase is triggered when the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) marks
a protein called securin for destruction. Securin normally inhibits a protease enzyme called separase.
Once securin is degraded, separase is unleashed to break down cohesin, the protein that holds the sister
chromatids together.

Telophase I follows, where the chromosomes reach the poles, and the cell divides into two daughter
cells, each with half the original chromosome number, but still consisting of two chromatids. The nuclear
envelope reassembles around each set of chromatids, effectively creating two new nuclei within the cell.

Meiosis II then kicks off, resembling mitosis but occurring in the two daughter cells from Meiosis I.
Prophase II sees chromosomes condense again, and new spindles form in each cell. During metaphase
II, chromosomes align along the center of each cell, and spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the
sister chromatids.

In anaphase II, the sister chromatids are finally separated and pulled to opposite poles. Telophase II
completes the process with the formation of new nuclear envelopes around each set of chromosomes,
and cytokinesis results in four unique haploid cells, each with a distinct genetic combination.

Now that we’ve gone through the stages of mitosis and meiosis, let’s talk about cytokinesis, the final
step that completes the cell division process.

Cytokinesis is the stage where the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides to form two daughter
cells. During cytokinesis the spindle apparatus partitions and transports duplicated chromatids into the
cytoplasm of the separating daughter cells. Cytokinesis ensures that each daughter cell has the
necessary cytoplasm, organelles, and other materials needed for survival and function. It’s like the final
step in setting up two independent and functional cells, each ready to enter its own interphase and start
the cycle again.

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