PLANT

TISSUES
I M A N U E L P . P R U D E N T I N O
PLANT TISSUES Meristematic Tissue
• tissues are
constantly dividing

Permanent Tissue
• Attained the
mature form and
perform specific
function
• Stop dividing
MERISTEMATIC
TISSUES • The main growing points
in plants are the shoot
and root meristems.

• has the ability to divide

actively throughout its
life.

• Meristems are regions in

plants in which mitosis
takes place (generates
organs)
MERISTEM Primary Meristem- They
produce the epidermis, the
cortex, the leaves and the
pith.

Secondary Meristem-
(secondary growth of plants)
originate from primary
meristems and produce the
xylem and phloem.
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
a group of proliferating, embryonic-
type cells that generates the aerial
parts of the plant.

Primary meristems on shoot tips

(apical meristems) are embryonic
tissues, which originate from seeds.

o responsible for increase of the

length of the stem and roots

o responsible for the linear

growth of an organ
PLANT ORGANS
 DID YOU KNOW?

• The growth of the stem and the formation of new nodes is controlled by plant
hormones released from the shoot apex
• One of the main groups of plant hormones involved in shoot and root growth are
auxins
Question: Why do you think is the reason why newly
formed cells are abundant in the Apical Meristem?
PROTODERM
• Produced by shoot apical
meristem

• a thin outer layer of the

meristem in embryos and
growing points of roots and
stems, which gives rise to
the epidermis.
 • The root apical meristem is found at
ROOT APICAL the tips of roots.
MERISTEM
• Responsible for the extension of the
roots

• Root apical meristems produce the

root cap.

• The root cap, a small tissue at the tip

of the root, protects the root from
environmental stress and functions in
gravity perception.

• Nutrient carrier
• Plant roots generally absorb
nutrients from the soil
when they absorb water as
the nutrients remain
dissolved in it.

• They mainly uptake the

nutrients by the diffusion
process.
 HOW DOES ROOT TAKES IN WATER?

Once mineral nutrients are During osmosis, free water pulls water in the plant
dissolved in soil water, they molecules pass from the xylem, drawing the water
move into root cells by soil into the epidermal cell upward in much the same
osmosis – the natural using the root hair way that you draw water
movement of water membrane upward when you suck on
molecules from an area of a straw.
high concentration to an - Simple diffusion
area of low concentration. - Facilitated diffusion
 ROOT CAP- BORDER CELLS

• released from the root tip as individual cells and small aggregates, or
as a group of attached cells.

• have important functions in root protection against bacterial and

fungal pathogens.
• border cells are capable of attracting or repelling pathogenic microorganisms;

• including nematodes (Figure 1b), bacteria (Figure 1d) and oomycetes (Figure 1e).
• Root extracellular trap (RET) is formed by border cells and secreted antimicrobial
components. Experimental evidence indicates that the trap is able to alter microbial
behavior in many ways to ensure root protection and create stable changes within the
rhizosphere.
How does Bacillus spp. Benefits
the plant?

• Bacillus spp., as one of the phytohormone-

producing bacteria, positively impact plants'
growth and development by influencing
phytohormone concentrations.

• Plant hormones (phytohormones) are

chemicals produced by plants that regulate
their growth, development, reproductive
processes, longevity, and even death.
 • Most roots consist of four zones, i.e.,
the root cap, the meristematic zone,
the elongation zone, and the
maturation zone.

o New cells are divided in the meristematic

zone, and they are elongated toward the
root cap.

o In the maturation zone, roots are

differentiated, which depends on root
thickness, water content, hormone levels,
and genetic factor. (cells neither elongate
nor divide but take on their mature
functions)

Note: The elongation zone contains cells that do o Elongation zone- The cells in this region
not divide and instead elongate rapidly, about are still undifferentiated; they do not
10 times faster than meristem cells. have a specific function yet.
LATERAL • responsible for the secondary
MERISTEM growth in plants, i.e. growth in girth
or thickness.

• are found in all woody plants and in

some herbaceous ones;

• consist of the vascular cambium and

the cork cambium.
▪ Vascular cambium- responsible for the
secondary thickening of plants

▪ Cork cambium- produces the periderm,

secondary dermal tissues
VASCULAR CAMBIUM • The vascular cambium is
a lateral meristem that
gives rise to the
secondary vascular
tissues, which constitute
the secondary plant
body.

• responsible for increasing

the diameter of stems
and roots and for forming
NOTE: Cell divisions of the vascular cambium produce xylem
and phloem that is called ‘secondary’ to distinguish it from woody tissue.
the primary xylem and phloem produced by the apical
meristems.
 CORK • The cork cambium is a
CAMBIUM secondary lateral meristem
that produces the
secondary outer surface,
the bark, which replaces the
epidermis.

• Found between the cork

and the primary phloem, it
is one of the several layers
of the bark.
 • Cork cambium produces the
bark
Bark
• The cambium produces cork
(phellem) to the outside and a
thinner layer of cells
(phelloderm) to the inside.
Together, these tissues
constitute the outer bark.

• Bark minimizes water loss from

the stems, deters insect and
fungal attack, and can be a very
effective protector against fire
damage.
 Phellem and Phelloderm

• Phellogen layer or cork cambium is a dividing zone of cells that forms

phellem to the outside and phelloderm to the inside. In other words, it
forms the outer bark.

• This cambial zone is constantly on the move outward as the tree grows.
For you to better understand how it grows…

Secondary
phloem

Secondary
Xylem

• Intrafascicular cambium and interfascicular cambium produces the

cambial ring

• Cambial ring produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem

 Secondary medullary
ray cells

Denser secondary Lighter Xylem

xylem with broad
diameter

Denser secondary
xylem

• In winter, cambial ring is less active and it produces denser secondary

xylem towards inner side (dark lines)
• In summer, the cambial ring are more active and produces
lighter(compact) xylem vessels with broad diameter (white lines)
 White lines + dark
lines

• This process is repeated as time goes on

• Due to variation of climate, the cross section of a tree would appear in

a mixture of white lines and darker lines
 Late wood + spring
wood = Annual ring

• White lines – Spring / Summer wood

• Darker lines – Autumn / late wood
QUESTION: Why do you think is the reason why spring wood are much
larger compared by late wood?
By counting the annual rings, we can determine the age of plant referred
to as Dendrochronology
Phellogen layer or cork cambium is a dividing zone of cells that forms
phellem to the outside and phelloderm to the inside. In other words, it
forms the outer bark.
 Lenticel

• In between the cork cells, they produced a living complimentary cells

• The pressure caused by complimentary cells causes the rupture of the
bark
• Lenticels permit the exchange of gases between the environment and the
internal tissue spaces of the organs (stems and some fruits)

• They permit the entrance of oxygen and simultaneously the output of carbon
dioxide and water vapor. In apple fruit, lenticels account for up to 21% of the
transpiration.
 Intercalary Meristem
• occur in the intercalary regions of stems .
These are derived from the apical meristems.

• helps to increase the length of the stem. It is

present at the base of the leaves or
internodes which regions between the places
at which leaves attach, and leaf bases,
especially of certain monocotyledons—e.g.,
grasses).

• promote the lengthening of the stem and

increase the height of the plant.
• Through intercalary meristem, plants are able to rapidly regorw their
leaves and elongates stems.
• Common in monocots (grasses)
 MERISTEMS PRODUCES TISSUES
• After cells are produced by meristems, the cells assume
various shapes and sizes related to their functions as
they develop and mature

• Plants have simple and complex tissues. The simple

tissues (tissues with uniform cells) are composed of the
same type of cells; complex tissues (tissues with more
than one type of cells) are composed of more than one
type of cell, these are unique to plants.
 PERMANENT TISSUE

Simple Permanent Tissue (ground tissue) : These are also known as homogenous tissues.
They are made up of a single cell type, usually with the same origin, structure, and
function.

Complex Permanent Tissue (vascular tossues): It is a collection of different types of cells

working together as a unit and performing a certain function.
• The cells that emanate from the apical meristem are arranged in lineages of
partially differentiated tissues known as primary meristems. One of these is:

▪ the ground meristem, which will form the ground tissues (simple permanent
tissue) comprising parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells
 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

• Parenchyma cells perform storage (starch and oils) or secretory functions (resins
and gums)

• They are living permanent tissues that have the ability to divide at maturity and
help in the regeneration and healing of wounds
Resin Resins and Gums are secondary
metabolic products of plants
which are produced as a result
of injury to the plant.

Plant resin is a protective

secretion produced by plants in
response to injury, composed of
terpenes and resin acids. It
serves to deter herbivores,
insects, and pathogens,
 • Gums so obtained consist of
Gums small lumps, usually
transparent and light
yellow.

• Trees produce gums by a

process called gummosis,
possibly as a protective
mechanism, either after:
• mechanical damage to the
bark;
• or after a bacterial, insect,
or fungal attack upon it.
Note: Parenchyma makes up the chloroplast-laden mesophyll (internal layers)
of leaves and the cortex (outer layers) and pith (innermost layers) of stems and
roots; it also forms the soft tissues of fruits.
COLLENCHYMA- SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
• Collenchyma tissue is composed by
elongated living cells of uneven
primary thick walls, which possess
hemicellulose, cellulose, and pectic
materials.

• It provides support, structure,

mechanical strength, and flexibility
to the petiole, leaf veins, and stem of
young plants, allowing for easy
bending without breakage.
 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

Did you know?

• Like clay, the wall of collenchyma exhibits plasticity, the ability to be deformed by
pressure or tension and to retain the new shape even if the pressure or tension
ceases.
• provides flexibility to the petiole, leaf veins, and stem of young plants, allowing for
easy bending without breakage.
 COLLENCHYMA- SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

• Because collenchyma cell walls are thick, they require more glucose for their production.

• Collenchyma cells have thick deposits of cellulose in their cell walls and appear polygonal in
cross section.
SIMPLE PERMANENT • An important feature of
TISSUE collenchyma is that it is
extremely plastic—the cells
can extend and thus adjust
to increased growth of the
organ.

• Cortex, in plants, tissue of

unspecialized cells lying
between the epidermis
(surface cells) and the
NOTE: The tissue is found chiefly in the
cortex of stems and in leaves and is the vascular, or conducting,
primary supporting tissue for many
herbaceous plants.
tissues of stems and roots
• Shoot tips of long
vines need the plastic
support of
collenchyma while
their stems are
elongating.

• Collenchyma is usually
produced only in:
▪ shoot tips
▪ young petioles
 • Subterranean shoots
and roots do not need
collenchyma because
soil provides support

• but aerial roots of

epiphytes such as
orchids and
philodendrons have a
NOTE: Underground or subterranean
thick layer of
adventitious roots: these roots arise from collenchyma.
some part of stem which is in contact with
the soil. they may be fibrous or tuberous.
SCLERENCHYMA- SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
• The third basic type of cell and
tissue, sclerenchyma, has both a
primary wall and a thick secondary
wall that is almost always lignified

• These walls are elastic: They can

be deformed, but they return to
their original size and shape when
the pressure or tension is released.

• Unlike collenchyma, sclerenchyma

supports the plant by its strength
alone
NOTE:
-Sclereids have strong walls.
-Sclerenchyma tissue
composed of sclereids acts
brittle and inflexible. Masses
of sclereids form hard,
impenetrable surfaces such
as:
• shells of walnuts
• coconuts or “pits”
• “stones” of cherries and
peaches.
There are two types of tracheary elements:

• Tracheids fluid conducting tissues-

Tracheids serve for support and for
upward conduction of water and
dissolved minerals in all vascular plants.

• Vessel elements
▪ principal water-conducting cells in
angiosperms
▪ The water-conducting activity of the
xylem relies on pipe-like structures
consisting of cells called vessel
elements.
NOTE: Vessel elements tend
to be wider and shorter than
tracheids, but the most
important feature is the
perforation, the large hole at
each end.
VASCULAR TISSUE
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
DERMAL TISSUE
 ⚬ outermost, protoderm-derived layer of
cells covering the stem, root, leaf,
What is Epidermis? flower, fruit, and seed parts of a plant.
⚬ Epidermis – single layer of cells or the
surface tissue
▪ It protects the plant from water loss
and diseases
▪ Water and minerals enter the roots
through epidermis
▪ Composed mostly of unspecialized
cells, either parenchyma and/or
sclerenchyma
⚬ Cuticle – waxy substance covering the
epidermis that protects the plant from
desiccation
• In land plants the cuticle is
the outermost layer
interacting with the
environment.

• forms a physical barrier to

protect plants from
desiccation as well as from
diverse biotic and abiotic
stresses.
 • a protective tissue that replaces
PERIDERM the epidermis when the
secondary growth displaces, and
ultimately destroys, the epidermis
of the primary plant body.

• The periderm acts as armor

protecting the plant's inner
tissues from biotic and abiotic
stress.

• It forms during the radial

thickening of plant organs such as
stems and roots
• A single layer of dermal tissue
cells that forms a protective
covering over the body of non
woody (herbaceous plants) and
young woody plants

• Periderm
• woody plants
• Produced as part of
secondary growth
• Replaces epidermis to form
cork in woody stems and
roots.
SPECIALIZED TISSUE
 • The term trichome is derived from the Greek
word meaning hair, because of the hair-like
appearance. Epidermal hair (originated from
epidermis)

• Trichomes are the epidermal appendages

commonly observed on plant surfaces including
leaves, stem and fruits.

• FOR PLANT DEFENSE MECHANISM- Designed to

protect plants against abiotic and biotic
stressors such as UV rays, temperature
extremities and herbivores.

• Glandular trichome and non-secretory

TRICHOMES trichome
• trichomes act as a physical barrier that can increase the thickness of
the boundary layer and increase leaf reflectivity, which may reflect or
scatter the penetration of UV-B radiation just like how roof functions.
DID YOU KNOW?

• Unicellular
trichomes are
generally not
secretory

• whereas
multicellular
trichomes include
both secretory
and non-
secretory hairs.
SIMPLE TRICHOMES

• Simple trichomes are non-

secreting stalk-like
projections that are found
on aerial surfaces of most
angiosperms and, for
example, function to, entrap
fungal spores, bacteria and
insects and control leaf
temperature
• Cystolithic nonglandular trichomes are short hairs bear claw shaped ranging
from 150 to 220 µm in height and containing basal deposits of calcium
carbonate.
• Non cystolithic trichomes- found often underneath the leaves, bracts, and
bracteoles, and tend to be fine and slender in shape.
• Multicellular glandular trichomes are
epidermal outgrowths characterized by
the presence of a head made of cells
that have the ability to secrete or store
large quantities of specialized
metabolites.

• Glandular trichomes protect plants

against a number of abiotic/biotic
stresses including UV exposure,
herbivore attack, and pathogen
infection.

• they are not essential for plant

development.
EXAMPLE of glandular trichomes
 Guard cells regulates stomata
▪ Pair of specialized epidermal cell
▪ Act as a turgor-driven valve that opens
and closes the pores in response to
the given environmental conditions
▪ Carbon dioxide enters; oxygen exits

DID YOU KNOW?

▪ Transpiration is defined as the
physiological loss of water in the form
of water vapor, mainly from the
stomata in leaves, but also through
STOMATA evaporation.(TRANSPIRATION)
 Stomata can be distributed in the following
ways on the two sides of a leaf:

• An amphistomatous leaf has stomata on both

surfaces. Most plants have such a distribution.

• A hypostomatous leaf has stomata only on the lower

surface.

• An epistomatous leaf has stomata only on the upper

surface of the leaf.

• A heterostomatous leaf has stomata that occur with

more than twice the frequency on the abaxial (lower)
surface than on the adaxial (upper) surface.

STOMATA • An isostomatous leaf has stomata that occur with

approximately equal frequencies on both surfaces.
HOW DO THEY WORK?
 • Root hairs are long tubular-
ROOT HAIRS shaped outgrowths from root
epidermal cells

• Water and nutrient

absorption

• Root hairs project from the

surface of the root to aid
nutrient and water uptake
and to anchor the plant in
the soil.
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