05/09/2024

CIV2104 HYDRAULICS

Hydraulic Analysis of & Design of Pipe Systems

(Pipeline Calculations)
Eng. Dr. Seith Mugume (PhD, MUIPE, REng)
Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Tel: +256 771 358 124
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Outline
• Basics of pipe systems analysis and
design
• Hydraulic analysis of pipe systems
(Pipeline calculations)
• Pipes in series
• Parallel pipes
• Branched pipe systems
• Looped pipe systems
• Real-life pipe networks
• Design of pipe systems
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Pipe Systems - Basics

Pipe Systems – Basics (cont.)

• Friction head loss is represented as a straight
line (for a constant pipe diameter) => Head
losses occur along the entire length of pipe
– Smaller diameter: steeper slope
– Larger diameter: flatter slope
• Local head losses represented as step down
changes of the energy grade line
• In the gravity based systems:
– EGL is always decreasing in the flow direction
– HGL may increase (pressure recovery)

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Pipe Systems – Basics (cont.)

• Piezometric head:
– Height of water in a standpipe
• Typical velocity head is negligible:
– V = 1m/s => V2/2g ≈ 0.05 m
– Typical pressure variations: 20 – 65+ m
– Typical elevation variations: 0 – 100+ m
– Hence: EGL ≈ HGL (in real life WDSs)
• Minimum and maximum pressures -
Important information for the system design!

Example – Kampala Water

Supply System
1 Transmission Pipeline 0.6 – 2.0 m/s
velocity
2 Transmission pipeline 16 bar (160 m)
Maximum Pressure
3 Distribution pipeline 0.6 – 2.0 m/s
Maximum Velocity
4 Distribution pipeline Min: 1bar (10m)
Pressure Max: 6bar (60m)

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Sub-atmospheric Pressures

• Absolute minimum pressure is approximately 8.3 m below

atmospheric pressure (vapour pressure)
• Problems:
- Buckling of pipe
- Vaporisation (generation of air pockets within the pipeline)
- Ingress of (contaminated) ground water

Avoiding Sub-atmospheric
Pressures

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Example of undulating pipeline

with intermediate high points

Pipeline calculations
• Main objective of pipeline calculations is to establish the relationship
between the available head and quantity of flow (head-loss vs.
discharge relation) for the system
• Involves balancing the difference between head at the two ends
(referred to as water levels) against the sum of all head changes
along the pipeline
• h(end) – h(start) = sum of head changes ∆h along the pipe
• Head changes ∆h are:
– Positive for pumps
– Negative for turbines and for frictional & minor losses
• Once pumps and turbines have been accounted for, the energy
balance is usually rephrased in terms of head losses
• Available head = sum of head losses along the pipe
• Each type of head loss α dynamic head (v2/2g)
• In many long pipelines, the dominant head loss is frictional; minor
losses can be neglected.

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Pipe parameters

• For type pipeline problems, any two of the following parameters are
given. Task is to determine the third.
– Head loss: h
– Quantity of flow: Q
– Diameter: D
• Other parameters are:
– Length: L
– Roughness: ks
– Kinematic viscosity: ν
– Minor loss coefficient: K

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Pipeline Equations
Pipeline calculations involve:
(1) Head losses (friction & minor)
𝜆𝐿 𝑉2
∆ℎ = + 𝐾𝐿
𝐷 2𝑔
(2) Expressions for loss coefficients
e.g. the Colebrook-White Equation for λ
1 𝑘𝑠 2.51
= −2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔10 +
√𝜆 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝜆
Equations (1) and (2) above should be solved
iteratively
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Pipeline Equations (Exception)

• Calculation of Q, when h and D are known
and minor losses can be neglected (long
pipelines).
• In this case, Re can be expanded to give:
1 𝑘𝑠 2.51𝑣
= −2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔10 +
√𝜆 3.7𝐷 𝐷 𝜆𝑉 2
• For K = 0; then 𝝀𝑽𝟐 can be found using
equation (1) and hence 𝝀 can be found
• With 𝝀𝑽𝟐 and 𝝀; V and hence Q can be
calculated

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Type 1: Diameter D and head difference h

known; find the quantity of flow Q.
Example. A pipeline 10 km long, 300 mm
diameter and with roughness 0.03 mm,
conveys water from a reservoir (top water
level 850 m above datum) to a water
treatment plant (700 m above datum).
Assuming that the reservoir remains full, and
neglecting minor losses, estimate the
quantity of flow. Take = 1.0 x10–6 m2 s–1.
Solution. Q = 0.18 m3/s

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Type 2: Diameter D and quantity of flow Q

known; find the head difference h.
Example. The outflow from a pipeline is 30
L/s. The pipe diameter is 150 mm, length
500 m and roughness estimated at 0.06
mm. Find the head loss along the pipe.

Solution. Head loss = 8.8 m

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Type 3: (Sizing problem): Quantity of flow Q

and available head h known; find the required
diameter D.
Example. A flow of 0.4 m3 s–1 is to be
conveyed from a headworks at 1050 m
above datum to a treatment plant at 1000 m
above datum. The length of the pipeline is 5
km. Estimate the required diameter,
assuming that ks = 0.03 mm.
Solution. Required diameter = 0.44 m.

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Exercise
You have been engaged as an engineer to design a
water supply system for a small town. The water
transmission pipeline is 12.5 km long, with
roughness of 0.03 mm. The pipeline conveys water
with a flow rate 4 m3/s water from a reservoir with a
top water level of 1200 m above datum (AOD) to a
water treatment plant that is located at an elevation
of 1010 m above datum. Assuming that the reservoir
remains full and neglecting minor losses, estimate
the diameter of the proposed pipeline. Use a
maximum of three iterations. υ = 1.0 x 10-6 m2/s

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Assignment #01 – Group assignment to be submitted by email

([email protected] by 12th September 2024

For the square water distribution network loop shown below, determine:
(a) The discharge in the loop;
(b) The pressure heads at points B, C and D, if the pressure head at A is 75
m, and A, B, C and D have the same elevations
All pipes are 1.2 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with roughness of 0.03 mm

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References

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