Indian Institute of Technology Ropar

Department of Mathematics
Calculus (MA-101)
Semester I of the Academic Year 2024-25
Tutorial Sheet 1

Part A: Sequence & Series

2n 1
1. Find m ∈ N such that − 2 < , ∀n ≥ m.
n+3 5
n n2 + 1 o
2. Check whether the sequence is bounded or not.
2n + 3
3. Prove or disprove that the following sequences are bounded:
n 2n − 5 o
(a) .
2n + 1
n (−1)n o
(b) 1 + .
n
n 1 1 1o
(c) 1 + + 2 + . . . + n .
5 5 5
n o
2
(d) n − n .

4. Determine, whether the sequences are increasing or decreasing:

n n o
(a)
n2 + 1 n≥1
n 2n 3n o
(b)
5n+1 n≥1
√ √
5. Prove that the sequence {xn }, defined by x1 = a > 0, xn+1 = a + xn , is bounded
above.

rS1 = a, then the sequence {Sn } is bounded and monotonic increasing,

6. If 0 < a < b and
ab2 + Sn2
where Sn+1 = for all n ∈ N.
a+1
n n2 + 3n + 5 o 1
7. Show that the sequence 2
converges to .
2n + 5n + 7 2
 8. Test the convergence/divergence of the following sequences by using the definition of
convergence/divergence.
n 2n 2n2 + 3
(i) (ii) 2 (iii)
n+1 3n + 1 3n2 + 1
9. Test the convergence/divergence of the following sequences by using algebra of limits
for sequences.
P (n + 1)
(i) xn = where P (t) = 5t4 + t2 + 1
P (n)
an+1 + bn+1
(ii) For 0 < a < b, consider xn = .
an + b n
10. Determine whether the following sequences converges/diverges.
√ √ 2 2 1
(i) n + 1 − n (ii)n1/n (iii) (n!)1/n (iv) p , if p > 0.
n
11. For the given sequences {an }n≥1 and {bn }n≥1 , prove or disprove the following:
(i) {an bn }n≥1 is convergent, if {an }n≥1 is convergent.
(ii) {an bn }n≥1 is convergent, if {an }n≥1 is convergent and {bn }n≥1 is bounded.

1
12. If xn > 0 for all n ∈ N, then prove that xn → ∞ as n → ∞ if and only if → 0 as
xn
n → ∞.

13. If an → a, bn → b and an ≤ bn ∀n ∈ N, then prove that a ≤ b.

√
 
1 a
14. For a > 0, let S1 = a and Sn+1 = Sn + . Prove that {Sn } converges to a.
2 Sn

15. Prove that the following

√ sequences converges and find its limits.
(i) a1 = 1 and an+1 = 2 + an for all n ≥ 1.
1
(ii)a1 = 1 and an+1 = (2an + 3) for all n ≥ 1.
4
1 1 1
16. Prove that the sequence {xn }, where xn = + +...+ is convergent.
n+1 n+2 n+n
17. Prove that the following sequences are convergent by showing that they are monotone
and bounded.

1 1 1
(i) xn = 1 + + + . . . + , for n ≥ 1.
1! 2!  n! 
1 9
(ii) x1 > 0 and xn+1 = xn + , for n ≥ 1.
2 xn
 1 1 1
18. Prove that the sequence {xn } is divergent, where xn = 1 + + + ... + .
2 3 n
19. Using Squeeze theorem, prove that
 
1 1 1
(i) lim + + ... + = 0.
n→∞ n2 (n + 1)2 (n + n)2
 
1 1 1
(ii) lim √ +√ + ... + √ = 1.
n→∞ n2 + 1 n2 + 2 n2 + n
20. Discuss the convergence of the following series:
∞
X √
(a) ( n2 + 1 − n).
n=1

21/100 31/100 41/100

(b) 1 + + + + · · · + ∞.
2 3 4
∞  
X 1 1
(c) sin 2
.
n=1
n n
∞  
X
−1 1
(d) tan .
n=1
n

∞
X xn
21. Discuss the convergence of the series , x, a > 0.
n=1
x n + an

∞
X
22. If un is a convergent series of non-negative terms such that un ̸= 1, then prove that
n=1
∞ ∞
X X un
u2n and are both convergent.
n=1 n=1
1 − un

23. Using the integral test, discuss the convergence of the following:
∞
X 1
(a) , p > 0.
n=2
n(log(n))p
∞
2
X
(b) ne−n .
n=1

24. Using D’Alembert’s ratio test, prove the following series are convergent:
∞
X n!
(a) .
n=1
nn
 ∞
X xn
(b) .
n=1
n!

25. Determine if each of the following series are absolutely convergent, convergent or di-
vergent:
∞
X (−1)n
(a) , p > 0.
n=1
np
∞
X (−1)n+2
(b)
n=1
n2
∞
X sin(n)
(c) .
n=1
n3

26. Using Cauchy’s root test, discuss the convergence of the following series:
∞
X √
(a) e− n n
r , r ≥ 0.
n=1
−1 −2 −3
22 2 33 3 44 4
  
(b) − + − + − + . . . + ∞.
12 1 23 2 34 3
27. For what values of x, do the following power series (a) converge conditionally and (b)
converges absolutely? Also, find the interval of convergence:
∞
X x2n−1
(a) (−1)n−1 .
n=1
2n − 1
∞
X (3x + 1)n+1
(b) .
n=1
2n + 2

28. Find the interval of convergence of the following series and within that interval find
the sum of the series as a function of x.
∞
X (x + 1)2n
.
n=1
4n

Part B: Limit, Continuity & Differentiability

1. Evaluate the limits of the following, if they exist:

1
−1 xm − 1 |x| |x|
(a) lim x3 2 (b) lim n , m, n ∈ N (c) lim− and lim+
x→−2 x − 8 x→1 x − 1 x→0 x x→0 x
2
(d) lim x[x] (e) lim x2 [x] (f) lim (−1)[x]−[x ] , where [x] is greatest integer ≤ x.
x→0 x→1 x→2
2. Evaluate the limits:
ex − e−x − 2log(1 + x)
(a) lim
x→0
 xsinx

1 1
(b) lim −
x→0+ x sinx
 1
sinx x
(c) lim
x→0+ x
3. Determine the domain of continuity of the following functions:
1
(a) f (x) = sin when x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0.
x
 x
 [x] ;
 if 1 ≤ x < 2
(b) f (x) = 1; if x = 2
 √

6 − x; if 2 < x ≤ 3.
1
(c) g(x) = .
2 − 4 cos(3x)
2
ex +1
(d) h(x) = .
ex − 2e1−x
4. Using ϵ − δ definition, prove the continuity of the following functions:
(a) f (x) = cos x, for all x ∈ R.
 
2 1
(b) f (x) = x cos , if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0.
x
 
1
(c) f (x) = x sin , if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0.
x

5. Let f : R −→ R be defined by 
1 if x ∈ Q
f (x) = ,
0 if x ∈ Qc

where Q denote the set of rational numbers. Using ϵ − δ definition of limit, prove that
the limit of f (x) does not exist at any point in R.
  
 r 1
x sin , x ̸= 0
6. Prove that the function f (x) = x is
0, x=0


(a) continuous from the right at 0 ⇔ r > 0.

(b) differentiable from the right at 0 ⇔ r > 1.
′
(c) differentiable at 0 but f is not continuous at 0, when r = 2.
 7. Find the domain of continuity and differentiability of the following functions and find
its derivative.
(a) f (x) = | sin x| (b) g(x) = x − [x] (c) h(x) = 2x + |x + 1|.

8. Let c ∈ R and a real function f be such that f ′′ is continuous on some neighbourhood

of c. Prove that
f (c + h) − 2f (c) + f (c − h)
lim = f ′′ (c).
h→0 h2
asinx − sin2x
9. Find a such that lim = β, where β is some finite value.
x→0 tan3 x
aex + be−x + 2sinx
10. Find a and b such that lim = 2.
x→0 sinx + xcosx
11. Find the derivatives of the following.
2x 2
(a) y = (b) y = tan−1 (ex ).
1 + x2
12. Using the MVT, prove that
(a) | sin a − sin b| ≤ |a − b|, for all a, b ∈ R.
v−u v−u
(b) 2
< tan−1 v − tan−1 u < , if 0 < u < v.
1+v 1 + u2
′ ′
13. Let a > 0 and f be continuous on [−a, a]. Suppose that f (x) exists and f (x) ≤ 1, for
all x ∈ (−a, a). If f (a) = a and f (−a) = −a, show that f (0) = 0.

14. Find the points of relative (local) extrema of the following functions on the specified
domain.
2
(a) f (x) = x|x2 − 12|, for −2 ≤ x ≤ 3 (b) g(x) = 1 − (x − 1) 3 , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

15. Suppose, f (x) is continuous on [1, 2] and differentiable in (1, 2) such that f (2) = −5
and |f ′ (x)| ≤ 2. Then determine the largest possible value of f (1).
∞
X ∞
X
n
16. Show that if two power series an x and bn xn are convergent and equal for all
n=1 n=1
values of x in an open interval (−c, c), then an = bn for all n.

17. Find the Taylor’s series generated by f at x = a, where f (x) = 2x and a = 1.

1
18. Find the Maclaurin series for the function f (x) = .
1−x
 π
19. Find the third degree Taylor polynomial T3 (x) for f (x) = sin x centered at x = to
6
estimate sin(35o ) correct to five decimal places.

x x2 √ x
20. Use Taylor’s theorem to prove that 1 + − < 1 + x < 1 + , if x > 0.
2 8 2
21. Determine the Taylor’s Polynomial of the function f (x) = x − x3 at x = −2.

22. Determine the coefficient of x4 in the Maclaurin’s expansion of e2x about x = 0.