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Improvement in Food Resources

Class 9 science

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views10 pages

Improvement in Food Resources

Class 9 science

Uploaded by

ajayroy2791
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

EDUGUIDE
KALYANPUR,KHOWAI,TRIPURA
CONTACT NO: 7642028468
(AJAY ROY)
Class: ix, Science
Chapter: Improvement in Food Resources

IMPORTANT TERMS

1. FYM (Farm yard manure): The manure produced from Live - stock farm
waste.(Dung, urine etc.).
2. Composting: The process in which plant and animal wastes are decomposed in a pit
to produce manure is called composting.
3. Vermicompost: Compost prepared by using earthworms is called vermi- compost.
4. Fertilizers: They are commercially produced plant nutrients. They supply nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium ( NPK).
5. Genetic manipulation: The incorporation of desirable characters by various
methods in a species is called genetic manipulation.
6. Agronomy: It is the study of the cultivation of field crops and related topics e.g.
tallness,tillering and branching of crops.
7. Animal husbandry: It is the scientific management of farm animals including their
feeding, breeding, diseases control etc.
8. Broiler: Chicken raised for meat are called broiler.

QUESTIONS

9. Which revolution enhanced the betterment, utility and availability of milk?


Ans: white Revolution.
10. Name four kharif season crops and four rabi season crops.
Ans: Kharif season crops- paddy, maize, cotton, moong.
Rabi season crops- gram, mustard, peas and linseed.
11. What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables?
Ans: Cereals- Carbohydrates
pulses- proteins fruits and
vegetables - vitamins, minerals along with small quantities of protein, carbohydrates
and oil also.
12. Define hybridisation. What are its types?
Ans: Hybridisation refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.
Types of Hybridisation:
1. Intervarietal, i.e., crossing between different varieties.
2. Interspecific, i.e., crossing between two different species of the same genus.
3. Intergeneric, i.e., crossing between different genera.
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13. Write the differences between Kharif and rabi crops.


Ans:
Kharif crops Rabi crops

1. These are grown in rainy season 1. Rabi crops are grown in winter
from the month of June to season from November to april
October.

2. Paddy, maize, cotton, black 2. Wheat, gram, peas, mustard and


gram and green gram are kharif linseed are rabi crops.
crops.
14. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?
Ans: Biotic factors such as diseases, insects and nematodes, and abiotic factors
such as drought, salinity, water logging, heat, cold and frost cause stresses on the
crop plants. This results in decrease of crop production.
15. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements?
Ans: Desirable agronomic characteristics in crop plants help give higher yield. It
varies from crop to crop.
16. What do you understand by: (a) green revolution, (b) blue revolution, (c) white
revolution, (d) yellow revolution.
Ans: (a) Food grain production.
(b) Fish production
(c) Milk production.
(d) Oil production.
17. What is called silver revolution?
Ans: Production of eggs and poultry.
18. What is called the golden revolution?
Ans: Production of honey and horticulture.
19. What is sustainable agriculture?
Ans: Continuous effort for efficient management of resources for agriculture to meet
the changing human needs, along with maintaining or enhancing the quality of
environment and conserving natural resources is called sustainable agriculture.
20. What are macro and micro nutrients of plants? Name two of each kind.
Ans: Micronutrients: Nutrients which are utilized by plants relatively in large
quantities are called Micronutrients.
For example: Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Micronutrients: Nutrients which are utilized by plants relatively in small quantities
are called Micronutrients.
For example: Zinc, Copper.
21. What are macronutrients and why are they called macronutrients?
Ans: They are the chemical elements required by plants such as carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. They are called
macronutrients because they are required in large quantities.
22. How do plants get nutrients?
Ans: Plants need 16 nutrients. Out of these 16 elements, plants get two nutrients
(carbon and oxygen) from air, one nutrient ( hydrogen) from water and rest of 13
nutrients from the soil.
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23. What is manure?


Ans: Manure is the substance rich in organic matter and it also supplies small
quantities of nutrients to soil.
24. What are the three different kinds of manures?
Ans: i. Compost: The manure prepared by decomposing farm waste, livestock
excreta, plant wastes, sewage etc. in a pit is known as compost.
ii.Vermicompost: The compost prepared by using earthworms which hasten
the process of decomposition of plant and animal refuse is known as vermicompost.
iii. Green manure: The manure prepared from some green plants, like sun
hemp by mulching them into the soil by plough is called green manure.
25. What is fertilizer? Name two fertilizers.
Ans: Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. They supply nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium. They are used to ensure good vegetative growth, giving
rise to healthy plants.
Example: Urea, NPK.
26. Differentiate between manure and fertilizers.
Ans:
Fertilizers Manure

1.They are in concentrated form. These 1.Manure is an organic substances


are manufactured in factories. obtained from decomposition of
vegetables and animals waste.

2.Microbes are not needed for its 2. Microbes are needed to degrade the
production. organic substances.

3.They are easy to transport. 3. Difficult to transport.

4.Easy to store and apply to crops. 4. Difficult to store and apply to crops.

5.They do not restore soil texture 5. It restore soil texture.

6.They do not improve water holding 6. It improves water holding capacity


capacity and amount of trapped air in and amount of trapped air in the soil.
the soil.

27. Write two advantages of chemical fertilizers over manure.


Ans: Advantages of chemical fertilizers over manure:
i. Chemical fertilizers are easy to store, transport and apply to crops. Manure is
voluminous and not easy to store and transport.
ii. Being soluble in water, chemical fertilizers are readily absorbed by the crop.
iii. Chemical fertilizers are nutrient specific and can be selected according to specific
nature of the soil.
28. Mention any four ways by which soil fertility can be replenished or gained.
Ans: Replenishment of soil fertility: Soil fertility can be gained by following
methods,
i. To leave the land fallow or free for some time so that the soil regains nutrients by
the action of microorganisms.
ii. Application of chemical fertilizers which provide readily available nutrients.
4

iii. Application of manure obtained by decomposition of vegetable and animal


wastes.
iv. Crops rotation also helps in replenishment of nutrients in the soil. Leguminous
plants grown in between two alternative crops of cereal enrich the soil by fixing
atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
29. What is the harm of excessive use of chemical fertilizers?
Ans: Use of chemical fertilizers certainly increases the crop yield. But their excessive
use is very harmful. Excessive amount of these chemicals leached away through
irrigation and rainfall to rivers, lakes and streams. They pollute these water bodies
and disturb the natural ecosystem.
30. What is green manure? How is it helpful in enriching the soil?
Ans: Some crops like sun hemp, guar etc are grown. After some time these plants
are mulched by ploughing them into soil. These green plants turn into green
manures. Green manure helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.
31. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility.
Ans: Same as 26 no question.
32. What are the advantages of mixed cropping?
Ans: Advantages of mixed cropping: The advantages of mixed cropping are,
i. There is no risk of crop failure, when two crops of different nature are
simultaneously grown as a mixed crop, then risk of total crop failure reduces.
ii. Variety in produce, as two or more crops are grown simultaneously, the produce
also contains variety.
iii. Increase in yield, mixed cropping results in increase of yield.
iv. Improvement of soil fertility, growing two crops on the same patch of lands
improves soil fertility.
v. Minimises damage by the pests, a particular type of insect- pest weeds and
diseases infect crops of a particular group more easily. In mixed cropping we grow
crops of different types, so chance of pests infestation are much reduced.
33. What is intercropping?
Ans: Growing two or more crops simultaneously in a same field in definite row pattern
is known as intercropping.
5

34. Differentiate between intercropping and mixed cropping.


Ans:
Intercropping Mixed cropping

1. Plants of main crop are grown in rows 1.Plants of component crops are not
followed by one, two, three separate grown in a set pattern of rows.
row of other component crop or crops.
Thus, there is set pattern of rows.

2.Fertilizers can be applied as per need 2.Fertilizers cannot be applied to each


of each component crop component crop as per their
requirement.

3.Pesticides can be applied to individual 3.Pesticides cannot be applied easily to


crop as per its need . individual crop.

4.Component crops can be separately 4.Component crops cannot be


harvested and threshed easily. separately harvested and threshed
easily.

5.Intercropping increases productivity 5.It minimize risk of crop failure.


for unit area

35. Define crop rotation?


Ans: The growing of different crops on the same field or a piece of land in a
pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
36. What is green revolution? Which is the main crop associated with green revolution?
Ans: Bumper production of cereals (grains) by using high yielding varieties higher
dose of fertilizers and better modes of irrigation is known as green revolution.
Dwarf varieties of wheat.
37. Who is the architect of green revolution in India?
Ans: Prof, M.S. Swaminathan.
38. What is irrigation? How irrigation plays important role in crop production?
Ans: Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their
water requirements.

Irrigation plays a vital role in crop production by:


Ensuring Water Supply: Provides consistent water to crops, especially in dry or
drought-prone areas.
Improving Yield: Enhances crop growth and productivity by meeting water needs.
Supporting Multiple Crops: Enables year-round cultivation, including off-season
crops.
Reducing Risk: Mitigates the impact of irregular rainfall on agriculture.
Nutrient Absorption: Helps plants absorb nutrients more effectively.
Soil Health: Prevents soil cracking and maintains moisture balance.
39. How are cultivation practices and crop yield related to weather?
Ans: (a) Most of the agriculture in India is rain-fed. The success of crops in most
areas is dependent on timely monsoons and sufficient rainfall spread through most of
the growing season. Untimely rainfalls well the crop and crop yield.
6

(b) Since weather conditions such as drought and flood situations are
unpredictable, Varieties that can be grown in diverse climatic conditions are useful.
40. What is genetic manipulation? How is it useful in agricultural practices?
Ans: The incorporation of desirable characters by various methods such as
hybridization, mutation, polyploidy DNA recombination technology etc. is called
genetic manipulation.
Genetic manipulation is useful in,
(i) Increasing yield of crops.
(ii) Increasing disease resistance in plants.
(iii) Introducing plants to new places.
(iv) Selecting plants with desirable characters and then propagating them.
41. What is hybridisation? How is it done?
Ans: It is a process of cross-breeding. In these two varieties of a crop, each
processing at least one desired character, Are selected, for example, one with high
yield and another one with disease resistance character. The two varieties with
desired character are cross-bred to incorporate the desired characters in one variety.
42. What are pesticides?
Ans: pesticides are chemicals used to control weeds, insects, rodent, fungi and
diseases of plants. They include weedicides, insecticides and fungicides.
43. Why pesticides should be used judiciously?
Ans: excessive use of pesticides causes and environmental pollution. They are
leached to water resources and enter in the body of aquatic flora and fauna. Through
food chains this harmful chemical in the bodies of birds, other animals, even human
beings and harms them.
44. Give any four methods for pest control.
Ans: some methods of control pests are:
i. Use of resistant varieties.
ii. Optimum time of sowing the crops.
iii. follow crop rotation and cropping system.
iv. Deep ploughing of the field in summers to destroy undesirable weeds and
pathogens.
45. What are weeds? How do they harm crop plants?
Ans: Weed are unwanted plants that grow in the cultivated field.
Harmful effects: i. Weed compete for food, space and light with main crop plants.
ii. Weeds germinate and grow faster, and they flower and mature earlier than the
cultivated crop. Thus weeds take up all the nutrients from soil. The main crop will be
weak and yield will be much less.
46. In what ways insect-pests attack plants?
Ans: Usually insect-pest attacks plans in three ways:
i. They cut root, stem and leaf. Example weevil attack wheat crop.
ii. Suck cell sap from various parts. Example aphids feed on mustard plants.
iii. Bore into stem and fruits example top borer and shoot border larvae and
caterpillars.
47. What are pathogens? Give two examples of diseases caused by these pathogens.
Ans: pathogens are bacteria, fungi and virus which cause disease in plants. They are

🐦
transmitted in plants through water, air, soil and seeds.
example of diseases: Rust in wheat, blast in paddy/stem rot in pigeon pea/wilt in
chickpea.
7

48. What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?
Ans: There is about 9.3% annual loss of grain during storage. the causes of loss of
grains are:
i. Biotic factors- Such as insects, fungi, bacteria rodents(rat), mites, birds etc.
ii. Abiotic factors- Such as inappropriate moisture content and temperature in the
place of storage.
49. Give preventive measures to control the storage of grain.
Ans: Preventive and control measures are used before grains are stored for future
use. They include strict cleaning of the produce before storage, proper drying of the
produce first in sunlight and then in shade, and fumigation using chemicals that can
kill pests.
50. Define the term animal husbandry in your own words.
Ans: Animal husbandry is the branch of science which is related to proper
management of shelter, nutrition, disease control, proper utilisation and breeding of
domestic animals.
51. What is a drought animal?
Ans: Milk-producing females used for farm labour are called draught animals.
52. Give two examples of milch animals.
Ans: cows, buffaloes, goats and camels.
53. What are the three indigenous breeds of dairy cows?
Ans: i. Red Sindhi cows are medium sized and red in colour with dark and light red
shades.
ii. Sahiwal breed is large and with heavier built. It is superior to other dairy cows.
iii. Gir cows are native breed of gir forest in Gujarat. They are medium sized and
fairly good milk yielders.
54. Name two drought animals.
Ans: Horse, ox, mule.
55. What is lactation period?
Ans: Lactation period means the period of milk production after the birth of a calf.
56. Name two examples of exotic breeds of cows which are selected for long lactation
period.
Ans: Jersey and Brown Swiss.
57. Why should a cattle breeder choose to cross-breed a Jersey cow with a red Sindhi?
Ans: Jersey cow has long lactation period but are not very efficient disease resistant.
Red sindhi has excellent resistance to disease, so they are selected to cross breed to
get animals which are resistant to diseases and have long lactation period.
58. Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breeds and why?
Ans: Artificial Insemination.
Reason: i. Semen of bull can be obtained and transported to remote parts of the
country. It is because semen can be frozen and can be stored for a long period.
ii. By artificial insemination many cows can be fertilized by the semen collected from
one bull.
59. What are additive feeds? What are its functions?
Ans: Additive feeds contain antibiotics, minerals and hormones. They are given to
dairy animals to promote the growth of the animals facilitated good yield of milk and
protect them from diseases.
60. Name four common infectious diseases of cattle.
Ans: Foot and mouth diseases, Anthrax, Rinderpest, Cow pox or black quarter.
8

61. What is the position of India in poultry farming?


Ans: 5th largest country in the world.
62. What are the two major Purposes of poultry farming?
Ans: Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production and
chicken meat.
63. What desirable traits are focused to develop by cross-breeding indigenous and exotic
breeds of fowl?
Ans:i. Number and quality of chicks.
ii. Dawrf broiler parent for commercial chik production.
iii. Summer adaptation capacity/tolerance to high temperature.
iv. Low maintenance requirements.
v. Reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with ability to utilize more fibrous
cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by products.

🐔
64. White leghorn is an exotic variety of which animal?
Ans: Poultry bird (fowl).
65. What are (i) White revolution (ii) Blue revolution (iii) silver revolution?
Ans: (i) White revolution:- increase in milk production by rearing of cattle scientifically
using hybridisation and care of their health, shelter, nutrition, etc.

(ii) Blue revolution:- increase in production of fish and shellfish by better techniques
of aquaculture/culture fishery.

(iii) Silver revolution:- increase in production of eggs by cross breeding between


selected breed of poultry and proper care of their health, food and shelter.
66. What is the difference between broilers and layers?
Ans: Broilers are raised for meat whereas an egg laying poultry is called egg or layer.
67. What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?
Ans: Common dairy and poultry farming practices are:-
i. Proper cleaning.
ii. Proper shelter with roof and ventilation.
iii. Sanitation and spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals.
iv. Balanced food with required additives.
v. Appropriate vaccination.
68. What is the position of India in total fish production?
Ans: 7th position in the world.
69. What are the types of fisheries?
Ans: Based on the water sources of fish production, they are of following two types:
Marine( oceanic) fisheries & Inland fisheries.
70. Name four sea fish varieties preferred as table fish.
Ans: Pomphrets, Mackerels, Tuna, sardines or Bombay duck.
71. What are the advantages of composite fish culture?
Ans: The combination of 6 species of fish in composite fish culture is highly
advantegous because (i) these fishes do not compete for food among themselves as
they are having different types of food habits,(ii) secondly food available in all the
parts/zones of the pond is utilised due to different food habits.
9

72. State one problem with composite fish culture system.


Ans: one problem with composite fish culture is that many of these fishes breed only
during monsoon. The fish seed collected can be mixed with that of other species.
Thus a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good quality seeds.
73. Name the major popular indigenous species of fish which are cultivable.
Ans: Catla, rohu and mrigal.
74. What is Hypophysation? What are its advantages?
Ans: The extraction of hormones from the pituitary glands of donor fishes and
injecting the same to carps in captivity(hatchery and pond) is known as
hypophysation.
Advantages:
i. Carps breed in rivers and not in captivity by hyphophysation carps can be made to
breed in captivity.
ii. We get healthy and pure seeds for fish farming.
iii. This ensures supply of pure seeds of fish in desired quantity.
75. How are fish obtained?
Ans: Fish are obtained from natural resources. This method of obtaining fishes is
called capture fisheries. Fish is also obtained by fish farming.
76. What is honey?
Ans: it is a dance sweet liquid,containing 20-40% sugars, 60- 80% moisture,
0.22-0.3% minerals, 0.2-0.5% vitamins, enzymes and Pollen.
77. Name the indigenous and exotic varieties of honey-bees used for commercial
production of honey.
Ans: Indigenous varieties of bee:-
i. Apis cerana indica (Indian bee).
ii. Apis dorsata.(Rock bee)
iii. A florae.(Little bee)
Exotic variety:- Apis mellifera.(Italian bee)
78. Name the groups of bee found in a beehive.what are the functions of each?
Ans: A honey bee colony consists of one queen, 40,000 to 1,00,000 workers and a
few hundred drones.
i. Queens: Its responsibility is to lay eggs. It lays both fertilized and unfertilized eggs
during the season.
ii. Drone: They are males and develop from unfertilized eggs. They remain in the
colony to sleep and eat honey. After mating they are made to leave the hive to save
honey from them.
iii. Workers: They are females which developed from fertilized eggs but they cannot
reproduce. They work as indoor duties during first half of their life. Field workers
performed duties outside the colony. As workers they collect nectar, Pollen propolis.
79. Which species of honey bee is commonly used for commercial honey production
throughout the country?
Ans: An Italian bee variety Apis mellifera.
80. What are the desirable characters of bee varities suitable for honey production?
Ans: i. Good honey collection capacity.
ii. Prolific queen production with less swarming.
iii. Ability to protect itself from enemies.
10

81. Name a rabi season corp.


Ans: Wheat.
82. The kharif season extends from?
Ans: June to October.

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83. Catla, Rohu and Mrigals constitute-
Ans: Fresh water fish .
84. Which one is known as rock bee?
Ans: Apis dorsata.
85. What is corp rotation?
Ans:Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops in the same field at
different times to maintain soil fertility.
86. Which is the main source of irrigation in India?
Ans:The main sources of irrigation in India are canals, wells, and tube wells.
87. Which crop is known as the 'king of cereals'?
Ans: Rice is known as the 'king of cereals'.
88. What is aquaculture?
Ans: Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, and
plants.
89. What are the advantages of intercropping and crop rotation?
Ans: Advantages of Intercropping: In intercropping two or more crops are grown
simultaneously on the same field in a definite row pattern. This practice reduces
interspecific competition for same type of nutrients. In this way both crops can give
better yield.
Advantages of crop rotation: i. Crop rotation makes the soil fertile and helps in
increasing crop yield.
ii. It decrease the demand of nitrogenous fertilizers. Leguminous plants grown during
crop rotation help in fixing atmospheric nitrogen and enrich the soil with nitrogen
compounds.
iii. Rotation of crops helps in pest control. Pests do not find their favourite crop in the
next season and find it hard to survive.
90. How do storage grain losses occur?
Ans: Reasons of storage grain losses:-
i. Degradation in quality,
ii. Loss in weight,
iii. Poor germinability,
iv. Poor Marketability,
v. Discolouration of produce.

*The end*

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