GE 1 - UNDERSTANDING  True Hermaphrodites:

individuals who possess both

THE SELF
testicular and ovarian tissues
The Origin of Man’s First Sense of (which is rare in nature).
Identity
Cryptorchidism
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE A condition where one or both testicles
BETWEEN SEX and fail to move into the scrotum. (NOTE:
GENDER? Can cause sterility)

THE DIFFERENCE? In the instance of Genetics:

 Sex is your biological aspect—  If a male possesses an extra

it’s what you’re born with. female chromosome (X), their
 Gender is your social aspect— testes shrink (atrophy). This
something that you discover in causes them to be sterile.
the end.  If a female lacks a male
Together, they work hand in hand in chromosome (Y), she will look
the person’s overall development in normal but would have no
his quest to find himself/herself. ovaries.

UNDERSTANDING SEX GONADS  If a male would lack an X

Chromosome, he would die
 Reproductive glands (testis for during development.
males and ovaries for females)
that produce the gametes Phimosis
(sperm and egg cells). The inability to retract the skin
 The formation of primary (foreskin or prepuce) covering the
reproductive ducts is dependent head (glans) of the penis due to its
on the presence of testosterone. narrowing.
 Any intervention with the
normal pattern of sex hormone PUBERTY: A Stage of
production in the embryo can Transformation
result in strange abnormalities. 1) It is the period of life wherein
HERMAPHRODITISM the reproductive organs grow to
their adult size and become
It is a condition wherein a male/female functional under the influence of
has both reproductive organs. This is rising levels of gonadal
due to an inadequate production of hormones (testosterone in
testosterone in males or when a males and estrogen in females).
genetic female is exposed to 2) This is where your secondary
testosterone. characteristics arise, with
 Pseudohermaphrodites: implications (e.g., limitations
individuals having accessory and responsibilities to yourself).
reproductive structures that do NOTE: Menarche - first episode
not match their gonads. of a woman’s menstruation.
 3) After this time, reproductive Human Sexual Behavior : Where
capability continues until old do you find your connections
age in males and menopause in with?
females.
1. Human sexual behavior defined
DISEASES associated with the as any activity—solitary,
Reproductive System between two persons, or in a
group—that induces sexual
 Vaginal Infections (Females)
arousal (Gebhard, RH. 2017).
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
 Inflammatory Conditions 2. Solitary behavior emphasizes
(Males): self-gratification (i.e.,
1) Prostatitis masturbation).
2) Urethritis 3. Socio-sexual Behavior
emphasizes a strong connection
3) Epididymitis
between two or more partners.
4) Orchiditis (swelling of the This can be hetero or homo
testes) depending on the preference. It
does not always coincide with
 Neoplasms (Tumors) sex (petting). If it advances, it
Moving towards the “End Times” can lead to sexual activity ((i.e.
of your Development... coitus - the insertion of the
male reproductive structure into
Here are a few things you should the female reproductive organ.)
know:
1. Menopause occurs at the age of PHYSIOLOGY OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
50 (in most cases).
Sexual response follows a pattern of
2. Production of estrogen ceases sequential stages or phases when
causing women to experience sexual activity is continued:
its after-effects.
1. Excitement Phase
3. Men slowly decline in the
-Caused by the following
production of testosterone but
factors:
can still have the ability to bear
children. 1. Increase in pulse and
blood pressure which
EROGENOUS ZONES
then causes Increased
 Erogenous zones refer to parts skin temperature,
of the body that are primarily flushing, and swelling of
receptive and increase sexual all distensible body parts
arousal when touched in a (Male reproductive
sexual manner. Structure; Female
 Some common places would be Breasts).
mouth, breast, genitals, anus. 2. More rapid breathing, the
However, it can vary from secretion of genital fluids,
person to person.
 and a general increase in Other Components
muscle tension.
 The hypothalamus and the
3. Eventual increase moves
limbic system are the parts of
to the next stage
the brain believed to be
2. Plateau Phase responsible for regulating
the sexual response (no
-it is generally of brief duration.
specific sex center).
if stimulation is continued,
 There are two sexual response
orgasm usually occurs.
patterns for every individual one
3. Sexual Climax for mounting (masculine)
behavior and one for mounted
Caused by the following factors: (feminine) behavior (affected by
1. A feeling of abrupt, sex hormones).
intense pleasure  Sexual responses can be
2. A rapid increase in pulse influenced by reflexes.
rated and blood pressure.
3. Spasms of the
4. Pelvic muscles causing Sexual Problems
contractions of the
Physiological
female reproductive
organ and ejaculation by -Caused by the abnormal development
the male. of the genitalia/a certain part of
5. It is also characterized by neurophysiology:
involuntary vocalizations.
 vaginal infections,
4. Resolution Phase  retroverted uteri
 prostatitis
-Return to a normal state. Men
 adrenal tumors
require rest, while women may
 diabetes
have repeated orgasms without
 senile changes of the vagina
rest periods.
 cardiovascular problems
Nervous System Factors
Psychological and Social Problems
The Autonomic System
 Commonly caused by socially
 involved in controlling the Induced inhibitions, maladaptive
involuntary responses. attitudes, ignorance. and sexual
 In the presence of stimulus, the myths held by society.
efferent  Premature emission of
 Cerebrospinal nerves transmit semen is a common problem
the sensory messages to the - the natural result of excessive
brain which will interpret the tension in a male who has been
sensory message and dictate sexually deprive.
what will be the immediate and  Erectile impotence is almost
appropriate response of the always of psychological origin in
body. males under 40; in older males,
 physical causes are more often 4. Unusual or odorous
involved. vaginal discharge.
 Ejaculatory impotence - 5. Unusual vaginal bleeding.
which results from the inability 6. Pain during sex.
to ejaculate in coitus, can be 7. Sore, swollen lymph
due to trauma or fear of nodes, particularly in the
contamination. groin but sometimes
 Vaginismus is a strong spasm more widespread.
of the pelvic musculature 8. Lower abdominal pain.
constricting the female 9. Fever
reproductive organ so that 10.Rash over the trunk,
penetration is painful or hands or feet.
impassible.
Here is a List…
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1. Chlamydia
(STDs)
2. Gonorrhea
 Infections transmitted from an 3. Syphilis
infected person to an uninfected 4. Chancroid
person through sexual contact. 5. Human Papillomavirus
 Caused by bacteria. viruses. or 6. Herpes Simplex Virus
parasites. 7. Trichomonas Vaginalis
 Are a significant global health
NATURAL Modes of Contraception
priority because of their
overwhelming impact on  Abstinence
women and Infants and their -refraining from sexual
inter-relationships with HIV and intercourse.
AIDS.  Calendar Method
 Can lead to long-term health -withholding from coitus during
problems. usually in women and the days that the
infants (pelvic inflammatory woman is fertile.
disease, infertility, ectopic  Basal Body Temperature
pregnancy etc.) -Before the day of ovulation and
 One of the leading STDs during ovulation. BBT falls at
worldwide is AIDS. which is 05°F; The woman must record
caused by HIV or Human her temperature every morning
Immunodeficiency Virus. before any activity.
 Cervical Mucus Method
Characteristics of STIs (Sexually
-The change in the cervical
Transmitted Infections)
mucus during ovulation is the
1. Sores or bumps on the basis
genitals or in the oral or for this method. During
rectal area. ovulation, the cervical mucus is
2. Painful or burning copious, thin, and watery.
urination.  Sympothermal Method
3. Discharge from the penis. -A combination of both BBT and
CMM.
  Ovulation Detection prevents fertilization by creating
-an over-the-counter kit that can a local sterile inflammatory
predict ovulation through the condition to prevent
surge of Luteinizing hormone implantation of the zygote.
(LH)that happens 12 to 24 hours  Chemical Barrier
before ovulation -spermicides, vaginal gels and
 Coitus Interrupts creams, and glycerin films are
-Man withdraws upon used to cause the death of
ejaculation to emit semen sperms.
outside.  Diaphragm
-it is a circular, rubber disk that
ARTIFICIAL Modes of
fits the cervix and should be
Contraception
placed before coitus.
 Oral Contraceptives  Cervical Cap
-the pill, oral contraceptives -The cervical cap is made of soft
that contain synthetic estrogen rubber and fitted on the rim of
and progesterone the cervix.
 Transdermal Patch  Male Condoms
-The transdermal patch contains -The male condom is a latex or
both estrogen and synthetic rubber sheath that is
progesterone. placed
 Vaginal Ring on the erect male reproductive
it surrounds the cervix, and is a organ
silicon ring is inserted into the before penetration into the
female reproductive organ and female reproductive organ to
remains there for three weeks trap the sperm during
and then removed on the fourth ejaculation.
week as menstrual flow would  Female Condoms
occur. -Female condoms are made up
 Subdermal Implants of latex rubber sheaths that are
-two rod-like implants inserted pre-lubricated with spermicide.
under  Surgical Methods
the skin of the female during -During vasectomy, a small
her menses or on the seventh incision is made on each side of
day of her menstruation to the scrotum. The vas deferens is
make sure that she will not get then tied, cauterized, cut, or
pregnant. plugged to block the passage of
 Hormonal Injections the sperm. Tubal ligation is done
-injection that causes changes through a small incision under
in the endometrium and cervical the woman’s umbilicus that
mucus and can help prevent targets the fallopian tube for
ovulation. cutting, to inhibit the passage of
 Intrauterine Device both the sperm and the ova.
-a small, T-shaped object that is
inserted into the uterus via the THE MATERIAL SELF
female reproductive organ. It
“We regard our possessions as parts of -Our parents and siblings hold
ourselves. We are what we have and another great important part of
what we possess.” – Belk (1988) our self. What they do or
become affects us. When an
The Material Self
immediate family member dies,
-according to James primarily is about part of our self dies, too. When
our bodies, clothes, immediate family their lives are in success, we
and home. We are deeply affected by feel their victories as if we are
then things because we have put the one holding the trophy. In
much investment of ourselves to their failures, we are put to
them. shame or guilt. When they are
in disadvantage situation, there
 Body is an urgent urge to help like a
-"Intentionally, we are investing voluntary. instinct of saving
in our body. We are directly one's self from danger. We place
attached to this commodity that huge investment in our
we cannot live without. We immediate family when we see
strive hard to make sure that them as the nearest replica of
this body functions well and our self.
good. Any ailment or disorder  Home
directly affects us. We do have -Home is where the heart Is. It is
certain preferential attachment the earliest nest of our selfhood.
or intimate closeness to certain Our experiences inside the
body parts because of its value home were recorded and
to us." marked on particular parts and
 Clothes things in our home. There was
-Lotze in his book. Microcosmus, an old cliche' about rooms: 'if
stipulates. that "any time we only walls can speak." The
bring an object into the surface home thus is an extension of
of our body, we invest that self. because In it, we can
object into the consciousness of directly connect our self.
our personal existence taking in
its contours to be our own and
making it part of the self."
(Watson 2014) The fabric and
Spiritual Self
style of the clothes we wear -The most intimate version of the self
bring sensations to the body to because of the satisfaction
which directly affect our experienced when thinking of one's
attitudes and behavior. ability to argue and discriminate, of
Thus, clothes are placed in the one's sensibility and conscience, and
second hierarchy of material of our unconquerable will (James,
self. Clothing is a form of self- 1890) is purer than all other
expression. We choose and sentiments of satisfaction. (Green,
wear clothes that reflect our self 1997)
(Watson 2014)
 Immediate Family
  Dependence upon a belief
system that is usually expressed
in the language of myth
Religion  Is symbolic in relation to its
reference
It is a set of cultural beliefs and
practices that usually includes some or
all of the basic characteristics (Stein,
World Religions
2011):
Buddhism
 A belief in the anthropomorphic
supernatural being, such as “Wisdom and Understanding”
spirit and gods.
 A focus on the sacred where • Buddhism believes that life is not
sacred refers to a feeling of a bed of roses. Instead, there are
reverence and awe. suffering, pain, and frustrations.
 The presence of supernatural • It becomes a habit known as the
power or energy that is found reactive cycle of wanting and
on supernatural beings as well hating, like and dislike, and craving
as physical beings and objects. and aversion.
 The performance of ritual
activities that involves the • This reactive cycle can be broken
manipulation of sacred object to through the practice of mediation,
communicate to supernatural acquiring more wisdom and deeper
beings and/or to influence or understanding, and, acceptance of
control events. things as they are,
 The articulation of worldview
Two types of meditation practice:
and moral codes through
narratives and other means. 1. Samatha - mindfulness of
 Provide the creation and breathing and development of
maintenance of social bonds loving kindness - (Metta Bhavana).
and mechanism of social control
2. Vipassana - practices aim at
within a community; provide
developing insight into reality.
explanation for unknown and a
sense of control for individuals. • Acquiring wisdom is by studying
Buddha's teaching - the Dharma:
Rituals: What we do…
the non-violence principle.
-Ritual is the performance of
ceremonial acts prescribed by a
tradition or sacred law (Britannica Christianity
2017). Here are some of the
fundamental characteristics: “Love for God and Neighbor”

 A feeling or emotion of respect, • Christians believe in the TRINITARIAN

awe, fascination, or dread in GOD: God the Father, God the Son,
relation to the sacred and God the Holy Spirit
• Eternal life after death is achieved “Willing Submission to God”
through faith in Jesus Christ - who is
• Muslims believe in Allah which is
God made flesh for the salvation of
their "One God".
mankind; so that whoever believes
him will not perish but will have • They have a strong sense of
Eternal Life. community which is known as
"ummah" and awareness of their
• The Bible - which is their main
solidarity with all Muslims worlwide.
source of faith, is a selection of books
that is divided into two parts the Old • Muslims believe that Mohammed is
Testament and the New Testament. the last and final prophet sent by God.
• The Sacraments of Baptism and • Mohammed was born in Mecca in
Communion are practiced by all 570 CE and received revelations from
Christian Churches wherein Baptism God through the Angel Gabriel over' a
symbolizes birth in the Christian World period of 23 years.
while Communion acts as a
remembrance to Christ's sacrifice. • The Holy Book of Islam is called the
Quran Which was taught to be recited
EMPHASIS: Love of God and Love of in Arabic because any translation is
Neighbor seen as inadequate.
• Christmas Day and Easter • Muslims believe in the five Pillars of
Sunday/Resurrection Sunday are Islam: Shahadah which means "There
important Christian Celebrations. is no God but the one true God and
Mohammed is his messenger."; Salat -
Hinduism
the prayer that is practiced five times
“Life, Death and Rebirth” a day; Zakat the monetary offering for
the benefit of the poor; Hajj - the
• No-single founder or leadeR.
yearly pilgrimage to Mecca; and Sawm
They believe in this cycle of Life, - the fasting.
Death and Rebirth (Reincarnation so to
• Two major traditions: Eidul-Fitr,
speak) which is governed by Karma.
which is the celebration of the end of
• Karma is the determinant or a Ramadan and Eidul Adha, which is
concept where the reincarnated life is celebrated in the completion of the
based on how the past life was spent pilgrimage at Mecca.
(Cycle is always repetitive).
Judaism
• Vedas is the sacred scripture, of the
“Yahweh Bless you and Keep You!”
Hindus as well as Mahabharata and
Ramayana. • The Jews believe in the God of
Abraham, the same God that liberated
• Diwali is the festival of lights while
the Hebrew slaves from Egypt and led
Navrati is the festival of nine nights,
them to the Promised Land through
which celebrates the victory of good
the leadership of Moses and later,
over evil.
Joshua.
Islam
• They believe that the Messiah will A few salient points to remember...
still come.
 The name of the Philippines was
• Their sacred scripture is The Torah or dedicated to a king in Spain,
The Law. King Philip II, after it was
colonized.
• Here are the major festivals:
 We were colonized by three
1. Rosh Hashanah - the New Year nations – Spain (333 years),
America (48 years), and Japan
2. Yom Kippur the Day of Atonement (3 years).
3. Pesach Passover  Foreign culture has left a dent
on what naturally a Filipino
4. Shavuot - Pentecost would be.
5. Sukkot Tabernacles. The Jewish
Sabbath begins on Friday evening at
sunset and is an important time when FILIPINO BEHAVIOR AND
families gather for the Shabbat Meal. PERSONALITIES
HOSPITABLE

Logotherapy “Serving what is best for others!”

This is a theory proposed by Dr. It is here that Filipinos always make

Viktor Frankl - a psychiatrist and the best for whoever they
considered as the Father of encounter with. Sometimes, they
Logotherapy, that states that “man’s might have the feeling doing
primary motivational force is search something beyond just to show
for meaning.” Here are some of the that they can give.
basic concepts:
RESPECT FOR ELDERS!
 Life has meaning in all
“Mano po! Lolo! Lola! Ate! and
circumstances
Kuya!”
 Main motivation for our living is
our will to find meaning in life. Filipinos are known to be very
 Freedom to find meaning. respectful as they have high regard
for those older than them. Not just
to the elderly in age, but those who
Sources of Meaning are older regardless if blood
relative or acquiantance!
What drives us?
CLOSE FAMILY TIES
 Purposeful Work
 Courage in the Face of Difficulty A Family that prays together, stays
 Love together! Due to our Eastern
heritage, Filipinos are known to
THE FILIPINO SELF stick with their families in
everything in life. Whether it be
good or bad times, family is the
HISTORY number one thing that is in a
 Filipino’s Heart! So much so that COLONIAL MENTALITY
even when after getting married,
This is regarded as the lack of
some still live with their
patriotism and the attitude where
grandparents or relatives.
Filipinos favor foreign products
CHEERFUL PERSONALITY more than their own. But it doesn’t
only pertain to just products, it
“Sa hirap at ginhawa!”
could be the way you look.
Filipinos have a habit of smiling a
MAÑAÑA HABIT
lot. In fact, regardless of what
circumstance in life, it is found that This is the Filipino Term for
Filipinos choose to see the good procrastination. This is a poor habit
side of life and smile through the of Filipinos that results in heavy
pain -most of the time, it can act as workloads.
a defense mechanism.
NINGAS KUGON
SELF-SACRIFICE
The word “Ningas” is a Filipino term
“Para sa’yo and laban nato!” for “flame” while “Kugon” is a
Filipino Term for Cogon Grass that
Filipinos are known to be those that
burns easily. What’s the connection
are willing to go beyond what they
with this? It talks about the attitude
can do in order for them to help
of Filipinos in which they quickly
those in need. Whether it be family
lose eagerness in a project that
or friends, Filipinos value the moral
started especially in cases when
of generosity.
difficulties seem to come in.
BAYANIHAN!
PRIDE
“Sama-sama tayo at walang mag-
Most Filipinos hold on to their pride
iiwanan!”
as if they are more precious than
The Filipinos always value the spirit keeping good relationship with
of cooperation and communal unity family and loved ones. When two
with one another. It is about parties are not in good terms. They
helping without expecting find it so hard to apologize and wait
something in return. In other until the other party asks, for an
words, we are ready to help when apology first.
someone is in need.
CRAB MENTALITY
BAHALA NA!
This is a toxic trait among Filipinos
It is not that the Filipino is lazy like where one resents the
the one mentioned in the story of achievement of another, instead of
Juan Tamad, but Filipinos are known feeling happy for that person. Just
to surrender all of their problems like crabs in a container. they pull
and worries to God. It is an each other down and ruin each
expression of Faith that has other’s reputation rather than
brought contribution to the value of bringing them. up, resulting to no
Filipino resiliency! progress.
FILIPINO TIME It is actually the sum of all our
characteristics and our
Filipinos have this common attitude
interactions while partial
of arriving late at commitments,
identity is a subset of
dinner, or parties-especially if they
characteristics that make up our
are meeting someone close to
identity. Meanwhile. Persona is the
them. They tend to not observe
partial identity we create that
punctuality altogether
represents ourselves in a specific
situation.

HOW ARE WE REMEMBERED? SELF-REPRESENTATION AND

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
TOP MARKERS
 Self-presentation is the “process
Here are what we Filipinos are of controlling how one is
known for: perceived by other people" and
 Proverbs or Salawikain is the key to relationship
 Superstitions inception and development.
 Myths and Legends  Anything posted online should
 Heroes and Icons be considered “public” no
matter what our “privacy”
settings are.
 Belk (2013) explained that
WHAT SHOULD WE DO?
sharing ourselves is no longer
 Be an Active Filipino Citizen new and has been practiced as
 Study the Philippine History soon as human beings were
 Support Local Products formed.
 Speak the Filipino Language
GENDER AND SEXUALITY
THE DIGITAL SELF ONLINE
A few points to understanding
HERE ARE SOME KEY POINTS THAT common termsin this sub-section:
EXPLAIN DIGITAL TRENDS:
 Sex is the biological state that
 ALMOST 2/3 OF THE WORLD correspondsto what we might
HAS A CELLPHONE call a “man” or a “woman.”
 MOST OF THE WORLD’S WEB  Gender is the social
TRAFFIC COMES FROM PHONES understanding of howsex should
 MORE THAN HALF OF ALL be experienced and how
MOBILE CONNECTIONS ARE sexmanifests in behavior,
BROADBAND personality,preferences,
 MORE THAN ONE IN THE FIVE capabilities, and so forth.
OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION  According to the disembodiment
SHOPPED ONLINE IN THE PAST hypothesis, Internet users are
30 DAYS free to actively choose which
gender or sexuality they are
WHAT IS ONLINE IDENTITY?
going to portray with the
 possibility of creating alternate
identities (Wynn and Katz
1997).
 Social media sites like Twitter
and YouTube have led to the
emergence of a “free culture”

RULES WHEN ON THE NET!

 Stick to safer sites.
 Guard your passwords
 Limit what you share.
 Remember that anything you
put online or post on a site is
there forever, even if you try to
delete it.
 Do not be mean or embarrass
other people online.
 Always tell if you see strange or
bad behavior online.
 Be choosy about your online
friends.
 Be patient.