UP TET & CTET

efMe#ekeâ hee$elee hejer#ee

ENGLISH
F]peer mš[er veesšdme
keâ#ee I mes V kesâ efMe#ekeâeW nsleg

mebheeove SJeb mebkeâueve

English hejer#ee efJeMes<e%e meefceefle
Deebleefjkeâ meppee
yeeueke=â<Ce, Ûejve efmebn
mebheeokeâerÙe keâeÙee&ueÙe
ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme
12, ÛeÛe& uesve, ØeÙeeiejepe-211002 (G. Øe.)
cees. : 9415650134
Email : [email protected]
website : www.yctbooks.com
ØekeâeMeve Iees<eCee
mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Deevevo kegâceej cenepeve ves ™he efØebefšbie Øesme, ØeÙeeiejepe mes cegefõle keâjJeekeâj,
ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme 12, ÛeÛe& uesve, ØeÙeeiejepe-2 kesâ efueS ØekeâeefMele efkeâÙee~
Fme hegmlekeâ keâes ØekeâeefMele keâjves ceW mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Éeje hetCe& meeJeOeeveer yejleer ieF& nw
efHeâj Yeer efkeâmeer $egefš kesâ efueS Deehekeâe megPeeJe SJeb menÙeesie meeoj Dehesef#ele nw~ cetuÙe : 250/-
efkeâmeer Yeer efJeJeeo keâer efmLeefle ceW vÙeeefÙekeâ #es$e ØeÙeeiejepe nesiee~
 CONTENT
■ UP TET English (I-V) veJeerve hejer#ee hee"dÙe›eâced..................................................................................3
■ COMPREHENSION : UNSEEN PASSAGE ................................................................................. 4-8
• Comprehension of Prose................................................................................................................4
■ THE SENTENCE ......................................................................................................................... 9-23
• SUBJECT and PREDICATE........................................................................................................9
• KIND of SENTENCES ................................................................................................................12
■ PARTS OF SPEECH ................................................................................................................... 24-52
• KINDS OF NOUN........................................................................................................................24
• PRONOUN ...................................................................................................................................25
• ADJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................26
• VERB ............................................................................................................................................28
• ADVERB ......................................................................................................................................33
• PREPOSITION ............................................................................................................................34
• CONJUNCTION .........................................................................................................................39
• INTERJECTION ........................................................................................................................41
■ TENSES ......................................................................................................................................... 53-61
■ ARTICLES.................................................................................................................................... 62-70
■ PUNCTUATION .......................................................................................................................... 71-72
■ WORD FORMATION ............................................................................................................... 73-100
• SYNONYMS.................................................................................................................................74
• ANTONYMS ...............................................................................................................................75
• ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION ................................................................................................76
• A Study of .....................................................................................................................................78
• The Formation of Words .............................................................................................................79
• Phrasal Verb .................................................................................................................................80
• Idiom and Phrases .......................................................................................................................82
• Commonly Misspelled Words .....................................................................................................85
■ ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE ........................................................................................... 101-119
• Direct and Indirect Narration...................................................................................................105
• TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES ...............................................................................111
■ SINGULAR AND PLURAL .................................................................................................... 120-121
■ GENDER ................................................................................................................................... 122-124
■ FIGURES OF SPEECH, RHYME SCHEME AND LITERARY GENRE ........................ 125-128

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 efMe#ekeâ hee$elee hejer#ee (šerF&šer)
ENGLISH veJeerve hee"dÙe›eâce (18-09-2018)
ØeeLeefcekeâ mlej (keâ#ee I mes V) SJeb GÛÛe ØeeLeefcekeâ mlej (keâ#ee VI mes VIII) kesâ efueS)
UP TET New Syllabus (I-V) CTET (I-V) and (VI-VIII)
Yee<ee–II : ENGLISH 30 ØeMve II. Language I. 30 Questions
(a) Language Comprehension 15 Questions
(keâ) efJe<eÙe-Jemleg–
Reading unseen passages- two passages one prose
• Unseen Passage or drama and one poem with questions on
• The Sentence comprehension, inference, grammar and verbal
(A) Subject And Predicate (B) Kinds of Sentences ability (Prose passage may be literary, scientific,
• Parts of Speech narrative or discursive)
Kinds of Noun (b) Pedagogy of Language Development
Pronoun 15 Questions
Adverb • Learning and acquisition
Verb
Preposition • Principles of language Teaching
Conjunction • Role of listening and speaking; function of
• Tenses – Present, Past, Future • Articles language and how children use it as a tool
• Punctuation • Word Formation • Critical perspective on the role of grammar in
• Active and Passive Voice • Singular and Plural learning a language for communicating ideas
verbally and in written form.
• Gender
• Language Skills
UP TET New Syllabus (VI-VIII) • Evaluating language comprehension and
ENGLISH 30 ØeMve proficiency: speaking, listening, reading and
writing
(keâ) efJe<eÙe-Jemleg :
• Teaching- learning materials: Textbook, multi-
• Unseen Passage media materials, multilingual resource of the
• Noun and its Kinds classroom
• Pronoun and its Kinds • Remedial Teaching
III. Language - II 30 Questions
• Verb and its Kinds (a) Comprehension 15 Questions
• Adjective and its Kinds & Degrees Two unseen prose passages (discursive or literary
• Adverb and its Kinds or narrative or scientific) with question on
comprehension, grammar and verbal ability
• Preposition and its Kinds (b) Pedagogy of Language Development
• Conjunction and its Kinds 15 Questions
• Intersection • Learning and acquisition
• Singular and Plural • Principles of language Teaching
• Subject and Predicate • Role of listening and speaking; function of
language and how children use it as a tool
• Negative and interrogative sentences
• Masculine and Feminine Gender
• Critical perspective on the role of grammar in
learning a language for communicating ideas
• Punctuations verbally and in written form;
• Suffix with Root words • Challenges of teaching language in a diverse
classroom; language difficulties, errors and
• Phrasal Verbs disorders
• Use of Somebody, Nobody, Anybody • Language Skills
• Part of Speech • Evaluating language comprehension and
• Active voice and Passive voice proficiency: speaking, listening, reading and
writing
• Antonyms & Synonyms
• Teaching – learning materials: Textbook, multi-
• Use of Homophones media materials, multilingual resource of the
• Use of request in sentences classroom
• Silent Letters in words • Remedial Teaching
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01.
COMPREHENSION
Introduction–Comprehension is the ability to Ans : (b) In the given passage 'icy' ‘yeheâeauee’ Skeâ
understand completely and be familiar with a situation Adjective nw pees meb%ee Continent–ceneÉerhe, keâer efJeMes<elee yelee jne
facts etc. The purpose of comprehension is to prepare
students to grasp the meaning of passage accurately and nw~
to develop students ability to answer the questions 2. The word ‘desert’ in the passage is a
clearly and correctly. (a) noun
Some Important Steps for Reading (b) pronoun
Comprehension– (c) verb
(1) Read the questions first. (ØeMveeW keâes OÙeeve mes heÌ{W) (d) verbal
(2) Read the passage. (ieÅeebMe keâes heÌ{W) Ans : (a) Fme Passage ceW desert (ce™mLeue) Skeâ Noun nw~
(3) Vocabulary Test (underline tough words and 3. The word ‘windiest’ in the passage is a
grasped the accurate meaning of words). (keâef"ve MeyoeW keâes (a) second form of verb
efÛeefvnle keâj Gvekesâ DeLe& keâes mhe<š keâj ueW) (b) superlative form of adjective
(4) Theme of passage/Exact meaning of passage. (c) superlative from of adverb
(d) positive form of noun
(ieÅeebMe keâer efJe<eÙe Jemleg Deewj ieÅeebMe keâe GefÛele DeLe& mhe<š keâj ueW~)
(5) Practice a lot from different fields like, Ans : (b) 'Windiest' Meyo Adjective keâe Superlative form nw~
Economy, Social issues, Science and technology, wind – Positive form
Historical stories etc. (efJeefYevve #es$eeW mes mebyebefOele ieÅeebMeeW pewmes Winder – Comparative form
windiest – Superlative form
DeLe&Meem$e, meeceeefpekeâ cegös, efJe%eeve, lekeâveerkeâer keâer DeÛÚs mes DeYÙeeme
4. Has Antarctica always been fixed in the South
keâj ueW~) Pole?
COMPREHENSION OF PROSE (a) Yes
Directions : Read the given passage carefully and (b) No
answer the questions (Question No. 1 to 5) that follow (c) May be
by selecting the most appropriate option. (d) Not given in the passage
Passage-1 Ans : (b) Has Antarctica always been fixed in the south
Antarctica is an icy continent in the South Pole. It is pole (keäÙee Debšeke&âefškeâe meowJe oef#eCe OeÇgJe hej efmLele jne nw) veneR
covered by permanently frozen ground, is surrounded by
water and is about 1.5 times longer desert is in Ùen yeeo ceW South pole hej Shift ngDee nw~ osKeW Passage efkeâ
Antarctica. 98% of the land is covered with a continental line no. 16.
ice sheet; the remaining 2% of land is barren rock. 5. Who are the earliest known inhabitants of
Antarctica has about 87% of the world’s ice. The South Antarctica?
Pole is the coldest, windiest and driest place on Earth. (a) American scientists
The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was at (b) Indian scientists
the South Pole; it reached as low as -128.6 oF or -88.0 (c) Dinosaurs
o
C. On an average most of the Antarctica gets less than 2 (d) It has always been a desert
inches of snow each year. Although scientific Ans : (c) Antarctica (Debšeke&âefškeâe) ceW jnves Jeeues meyemes ØeLece
expeditions visit Antarctica, there are no permanent ØeeCeer Dinosaurs Les~ Debeflece mes otmejer hebefòeâ osKeW~
human residents. This is because of the extreme weather, Directions : Read the given passage carfully
which includes freezing temperature, strong winds and and answer the questions (Question Nos. 6 to 10) that
blizzards. There are about 4000 seasonal visitors to follow by selecting the most appropriate option?
Antarctica. Antarctica hasn’t always been located at the Passage-2
South Pole. It has drifted, like the other continents and The first thing which a scholar should bear in mind
has ranged from the Equator during the Cambrian period, is that a book ought not to be read for mere amusement,
about 500 million years ago to the South Pole. During half educated persons read for amusement and are not to
the time of the dinosaurs, Antarctica was more temperate be blamed for it; they are incapable of appreciating the
and housed dinosaurs and many other life-forms. Now deeper qualities that belong to a really great literature.
there is very little indigenous life. But a young man who has passed through a course of
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 University training should discipline himself at an early
1. The word ‘icy’ in the passage is a/an day never to read for mere amusement. And once the
(a) noun habit of discipline has been formed, he will find it
(b) adjective impossible to read for mere amusement. He will then
(c) adverb impatiently throw down any book from which he cannot
(d) homonym of ‘ice’ obtain intellectual food, any book which does not make
an appeal to the higher emotions and to his intellect. But
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on the other, the habit of reading for amusement 10. The word ‘unemployed’ in the passage means
becomes with thousands of people exactly the same kind (a) jobless
of habit as wine-drinking to opium-smoking; it is like a (b) in search of employment
narcotic, something that helps to pass the time, (c) not working
something that keeps up a perpetual condition of (d) unused
dreaming, something that eventually results in destroying UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017
all capacity for thought, giving exercise only to the Ans : (d) Fme Passage kesâ Devegmeej unemployed keâe DeLe&
surface parts of the mind and leaving the deeper springs
Unused– efpemekeâe ØeÙeesie ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nes, nesiee~
of feelings and the higher faculties of perception
unemployed. Directions: Read the given passage carefully and
UPTET 2017 answer the questions (Question No. 11 to 15) that
6. The writer believes that half-educated persons follow by selecting the most appropriate option.
are not able to Passage-3
(a) enjoy wine-drinking Helicopters are very different from airplanes. They
(b) enjoy dreaming can do three things that airplanes cannot do. First, when
(c) think properly airplanes move upward, they must also move forward,
(d) appreciate hidden qualities of admirable but helicopters can move straight up without moving
literature ahead. Second, helicopters can fly backward, which
Ans : (d) In the given passage writer believes that half airplanes cannot do. Third, helicopters can use their
educated persons are not able to appreciate hidden rotors to hover in the air, which is impossible for
qualities of admirable literature. airplanes. Helicopters can perform actions that airplanes
uesKekeâ keâe efJeMJeeme nw efkeâ DeeOes efMeef#ele ueesie meeefnlÙe kesâ Deevleefjkeâ cannot, they are used for different tasks. Since
helicopters can take off without moving forward, they do
iegCee keâer ØeMebmee keâjves ÙeesiÙe veneR nesles nQ~ not need a runway for take off. They are used in
7. The word ‘narcotic’ in the passage means congested areas where there is not room for airplanes or
(a) great literature in isolated areas, which do not have airports. Because
(b) intoxicant they can hover, they are used on fire-fighting missions to
(c) cheap books drop water on fires. They are used in logging operations
(d) intellectual exercise to lift trees out of forests. Helicopters are used as air
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 ambulances to airlift patients out of situations, which are
Ans : (b) Narcotic – ceeokeâ heoeLe& difficult to reach by conventional ambulances. The
Intoxicant – veMeerues heoeLe& police use helicopters to follow suspects on the ground or
Dele: Narcotic keâe mener DeLe& Intoxicant kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee to search for cars on the ground. Of course, helicopters
have military uses because of their design and
jne nw~ capabilities.
8. The phrase ‘the higher faculties’ in the passage UPTET 2017
means 11. The word ‘congested’ in the passage means
(a) different departments in the University (a) the place is roomy
(b) different ways of enjoying things (b) the place has no place
(c) mental powers of a high order for (c) the place can be accessed by police vans
understanding great literature (d) the place has so much of smoke due to fire
(d) superficial part of the mind Ans : (b) congested – yengle Yeer[ Ì –YeeÌ[ Jeeuee mLeeve~ Fme Meyo
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 kesâ DeLe& keâes efJekeâuhe (b) the place has no place kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ
Ans : (c) 'The Higher faculties' keâe DeLe& efJekeâuhe (c) efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Mental powers of a high order for understandig great
literature. the place has no place keâe DeLe& nw ‘mLeeve peneB LeesÌ[e Yeer peien
ceeveefmekeâ #ecelee keâer GÛÛe DeJemLee efpemeceW ceneve meeefnlÙe keâes mecePee ve nes
’ ~
peeÙes~ 12. A helicopter can hover while an airplane
cannot, according to the passage. ‘Hover’ in the
9. The word ‘eventually’ in the passage means passage means
(a) after some time (a) stay at one place in the air
(b) at last (b) move straight up in the air
(c) never (c) go backward in the air
(d) initially (d) fly sideways
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 Ans : (a) Hover keâe celeueye nJee ceW Skeâ ner mLeeve hej efškesâ
Ans : (b) Option (b) is correct. jnvee~ Fmekeâe meceeveeLeea efJekeâuhe (a) stay at one place in the air
Eventually – Devlele: kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
After some time – kegâÚ meceÙe yeeo 13. Point out the grammatical category of the word
At last – Devle ceW ‘perform’ in the passage.
Never – keâYeer veneR (a) Noun (b) Verb
Initially – ØeejefcYekeâ (c) Adverb (d) Helping verb
Dele: Eventually keâe meceeveeLeea Meyo At last nesiee~
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Ans : (b) Perform– efkeâmeer keâeÙe& keâes keâjvee~ Ùen Skeâ Verb 18. What does the expression ‘pillar-box’ stand
(ef›eâÙee) nw Dele: efJekeâuhe (b) mener nw~ for?
(a) A box attached to the pillar
14. Why is a helicopter used as an ambulance? (b) A box in the pillar
(a) Its movement can be manoeuvred easily. (c) Box office
(b) It crosses all difficulties of traffic. (d) A pillar-type postbox
(c) It reaches the inaccessible places easily. Ans : (d) Pillar-box keâes A pillar-type postbox keân mekeâles
(d) It can fire- fight. nQ~ So option 'd' is correct.
Ans : (c) Why is a helicopter used as an ambulance? 19. Who is the person likely to take more time to
nsueerkeâehšj keâe ØeÙeesie ScyegueWme kesâ ™he ceW keäÙeeW efkeâÙee peelee nw? Fme do work?
ØeMve keâe Gòej efJekeâuhe (c) It reaches the inaccessible places (a) A busy man
easily. Ùen Deemeeveer mes ve hengBÛeves Jeeues mLeeveeW hej Yeer Deemeeveer mes (b) An elderly person
hengBÛelee nw~ (c) A man of leisure
(d) An exhausted person
15. Point out the grammatical category of the word Ans : (c) Who is the person likely to take more time to
‘very’ in the passage. do work? keâewve mee JÙeefòeâ keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ efueS DeefOekeâ meceÙe ueslee
(a) Adverb (b) Adjective
(c) Noun (d) Verb nw ? Fmekeâe Gòej efJekeâuhe (c) A man of leisure DeLee&le Deejece
Ans : (a) Very – yengle
hemevo JÙeefòeâ~
Ùen Skeâ Adverb nw pees efkeâ Skeâ Adjective, different keâer 20. Point out the most appropriate explanation of
the sentence. “Work expands so as to fill the
efJeMes<elee yelee jne nw~ time available for its completion”.
Directions: Read the given passage carefully and (a) The more work there is to be done, the more
answer the questions (Question Nos. 16 to 20) that the time needed.
follow by selecting the most appropriate option. (b) Whatever time is available for a given amount
Passage-4 of work, all of it will be used.
Work expands so as to fill the time available for its (c) If you have more time, you can do more
completion. The general recognition of this fact is work.
shown in the proverbial phrase, “It is the busiest man (d) If you have some important work to do, you
who has time to spare”. Thus, an elderly lady at leisure should always have some additional time.
can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece. Ans : (b) Option 'b' is correct
An hour will be spent in finding the postcard, another Whatever time is available for a give amount of work,
hunting for spectacles, half an hour to search for the all of it will be used.
address, an hour and a quarter in composition and twenty Directions : Read the passage and answer the
minutes in deciding whether or not to take an umbrella questions that follow (Q. No. 21 to 27) by selecting the
when going to the pillar-box in the street. The total effort most appropriate option.
that would occupy a busy man for three minutes, all told, Passage-5
may in this fashion leave another person completely Scientists are extremely concerned about the
changes taking place in our climate. The changes are said
exhausted after a day of doubt, anxiety and toil. to be alarmingly rapid and the result of human activity
UPTET 2017 whereas in the past it had been natural and much slower.
16. What is the total time spent by the elderly lady The major problem is that the planet appears to be
in writing a postcard? warming up (global warming). This is occurring at a rate
(a) Three minutes unprecedented in the last 10,000 years. The implications
(b) A full day are very serious. Rising temperatures could give rise to
(c) Four hours and five minutes extremely high increase in the incidence of floods and
(d) Half an hour droughts, having effect on agriculture.
Ans : (b) What is the total time spent by the elderly It is thought that this unusual warming of the Earth
lady in writing a postcard (yetÌ{er ceefnuee kesâ Éeje Skeâ has been caused by greenhouse gases, such as carbon
Postcard efueKeves ceW efkeâlevee meceÙe KeÛe& efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ dioxide, being emitted into the atmosphere by car
engines and modern industrial processes. Such gases not
lees option no. (b) A full day– hetje efove nesiee~ passage keâer only add to the pollution of the atmosphere, but trap the
5th hebefòeâ Fmekeâer JÙeeKÙee keâjlee nw~ heat of the sun leading to the warming up of the planet.
17. What happens when the time to be spent on It has been suggested that industrialized countries
some work increases? would try to reduce the volume of greenhouse gas
(a) The work is done smoothly. emissions and plant more trees to create 'sinks' to absorb
(b) The work is done leisurely. greenhouse gases.
(c) The work consumes all the time. UPTET 2016
(d) The work needs additional time. 21. The change taking place in our climate have
become:
Ans : (c) What happes when the time to be spent on (a) a matter of celebration for the scientists.
some work increase? peye efkeâmeer keâeÙe& hej KeÛe& efkeâÙee ieÙee meceÙe (b) a matter of worry for the scientists.
yeÌ{lee nw lees keäÙee neslee nw? (c) something that does not have any serious
Fmekeâe Gòej efJekeâuhe (c) the work consumes all the time– implication.
keâeÙe& hetje meceÙe Kehele keâj ueslee nw~ (d) something to be whiled away by the scientists.

6
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes Passage keâer ØeLece hebefòeâ ØeMve keâe Gòej osves Directions (Q. 28 to 32) : Read the following
kesâ efueS GheÙeg&òeâ nw Dele: Option 'b' a matter of worry for the passage carefully and answer the questions given below
it.
scientists nw~ Passage-6
22. The 'antonym' of the underlined word 'increase' Vedanta is systematic and formulated knowledge of
is life and living. It reveals your real self. It explains your
(a) increment (b) reduction true nature and your relationship with the world. You are
(c) smaller (d) rapid essentially divine no matter what you appear to be a
Ans : (b) sinner or a saint. Divinity is the care of your personality.
Increase – yeÌ{evee With this knowledge you can live a life of perfect
Increment – yeÌ{vee harmony, peace and bliss.
Reduction – keâceer, Ieševee, The goal of all religions is one and the same in
Latin, remains back, again : ligare means to blind to
Smaller – Úesše unite. Etymologically religion means that which binds
Rapid – MeerIeÇ one book to the origin. The Sanskrit word yoga is
Dele: Increase keâe efJeueesce (Antonym) Reduction nesiee~ derived from its root, which means “to join, to unite”. So
23. The climatic changes taking place today are all religious practices known as different yogas are
different from earlier changes as directed to this union to one’s real self. So also does
(a) Today they are slower and more natural. Vedanta help your regain your original being. Further
(b) Today they are much faster and caused by the more Vedanta excels in its scientific. It expounds the
humans. truth systematically and logically. It’s truth is its
(c) Today they do not threater the humans because authority. It belongs to one and all with ought distinction
of their speed. of caste creed, colour, community on country. Vedanta
(d) Today men are affected by them easily. has their love a universe appeal to all the lovers of truth.
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes Passage keâer leermejer hebefòeâ efoÙes ieÙes ØeMve keâer 28. What does religion literally mean?
(a) People of the community
mener JÙeeKÙee keâjves ceW GheÙegòeâ nw, Dele: option 'b' Today they (b) People of different domain
are much faster and caused by the humans. (c) That which binds a man back to its origin
24. Increase in global temperatures may result in (d) None of these
(a) rains Ans : (c) That which binds a man back to its origin.
(b) destruction of crops 29. Vedanta gives–
(c) death of animals (a) Scientific explanation of your original self
(d) a long period without rains (b) Systematic and logical explanation of truth
Ans : (d) Passage keâer omeJeeR hebefòeâ efoÙes ieÙes ØeMve keâer mener Gòej (c) No distinction among caste, creed, colour
osves kesâ efueÙes GheÙegòeâ nw Deewj exact explain keâjlee nw~ So option community and country
'd' a long period without rains mener nesiee~ (d) All of the above
25. The underlined word 'slower' in the passage is Ans : (d) All of the above.
(a) Noun (b) Verb 30. What is true regarding religion, according to the
(c) Adjective (d) Adverb passage?
(a) All religion given divergent view about your
Ans : (c) 'slower' efoÙes ieÙes passage ceW Climate keâer efJeMes<elee real self
yelee jner nw~ Dele: option (c) adjective nesiee~ (b) All religion give the same view about your real
26. Greenhouse gases refer to self
(a) emission of gases by the cars alone. (c) All religion disagree on several points
regarding your real self
(b) emission of gases by the industries alone.
(d) None of these
(c) trapping of heat of the sun by the earth
Ans : (b) All religion give the same view about your
increasing temperatures alone. real self.
(d) carbon dioxide being produced from any 31. What is true regarding the passage?
source (a) A sinner does not posses divinity
Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes passage keâer hebefòeâ mebKÙee 12, ØeMve keâe mener (b) A saint does not posses divinity
Gòej mhe° keâjlee nw~ Dele: efoÙee ieÙee option 'd' carbon dioxide (c) Both a sinner and a saint posses divinity
(d) None of these
being produced from any source.
Ans : (c) Both a sinner and a saint posses divinity.
27. The underlined word 'sinks' in the passage
32. The knowledge of divinity leads–
refers to (a) A deceiving knowledge of peace
(a) absorption of greenhouse gases by industries. (b) A confusing knowledge of peace, bliss and
(b) reduction of greenhouse gases by industries. harmony
(c) industrialized countries. (c) A perfect knowledge of peace, bliss and
(d) the plantation for absorbing harmful gases. harmony
Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes passage ceW 'sinks' Meyo keâe celeueye option (d) None of these
Ans : (c) A perfect knowledge of peace, bliss &
'd' the plantation for absorbing harmful gases mener nw~ harmony.
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 Direction: Read the passage given below and 35. The word ‘destined’ means:
answer the questions (33-40) by selecting the (a) Decided (b) Declined
correct/most appropriate options. (c) Departed (d) Fated
Passage-7 Ans : (d)
The other day I received an unusual and very Destined – YeeiÙe ceW efueKee ngDee, efveOee&efjle
gratifying gift : I was given a tree, or, rather. I was given Decided – efveMÛeÙe
half a dozen trees, which would be planted on my behalf. Declined – vekeâejvee, cevee keâjvee
I had been invited to give a talk to an organization. After Departed – ØemLeeve keâjvee
such events, the speaker is usually given a token gift.
Fated – YeeiÙe Yejesmes, YeeiÙe ceW efueKee ngDee~
Sometimes the gift is that of a pen, or something useful.
Dele: Destined keâe mener DeLe& Fated nesiee~
Often, the gift is in the form of a plaque or similar
commemorative token. However well-meant, such gift 36. Name the part of speech of the underlined word
in the following clause.
are destined the gather dust in forgotten corners. Which
Which is why I was agreeably surprised.
is why I was agreeably surprised to be given a scroll (a) Adjective (b) Pronoun
which attested that, in a designated plantation established (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
for the purpose six trees would be added in my name, as
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW Which, Pronoun keâe keâece keâj
part of green movement being sponsored by the
jne nw~
organization.
In an increasingly environmentally conscious world, 37. Identify the part of the following sentence which
the gift of a living tree or plant makes for a perfect has an error in it.
present. The tradition of giving receiving gifts has Your claim ought (1) to succeed in that case (2)
increasingly become a highly involved marketing the damages (3) will be substantial (4).
exercise. Apart from festivals like Diwali, Holi, (a) (1) (b) (2)
Christmas, Eid and others a whole new calendar of (c) (3) (d) (4)
celebratory events has been created to promote the Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe DeLe& keâer Âef° mes Passive voice ceW
giving of gifts : Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, Teacher’s nesvee ÛeeefnS Dele: ought to, passive voice ceW change neskeâj
Day, Valentine’s Day and so on and on. ought to be nesiee~ Dele: mener JeekeäÙe Your claim ought to be
What do you give to people, friends, relatives, succeed in that case the damages will be substantial.
spouses, children, parents, employees, clients, well-
38. The writer was thrilled when he was given
wishers who have more or less everything, or at least (a) Six trees (b) A plaque
everything that you could afford to give them as a gift, (c) A pen (d) A tree
Another shirt or kurta? Another bottle of scent or after
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes passage keâe line no. 7 efoÙes ieÙes ØeMve keâer
shave? Another box of chocolates? Another any other?
CTET 2018 GheÙegòeâ JÙeeKÙee keâjlee nw~ Dele: option (b) a plaque mener Gòej
33. What do you not very much care for it when you nesiee~
receive a shirt or a kurta as a gift? 39. What usually happens to the gifts he/she
(a) You already have so many of them
receives?
(b) You don’t like the colour
(a) He gives them away as gifts to others
(c) You were not asked about your choice
(d) The giver had to spend a lot of money (b) They are put away and forgotten
(c) He keeps them religiously as mementoes
Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes passage keâer Debeflece mes otmejer hebefòeâ, efoÙes ieÙes
(d) He uses them if he needs them
ØeMve keâer option (a) you already have so many of them.
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes passage ceW GheÙeg&òeâ ØeMve keâe Gòej option
mener nesiee~
34. The word ‘gratifying’ means (b) ceW mhe° neslee nw~ Dele: mener Gòej They are put away and
(a) Satisfying (b) Giving forgotten.
(c) Fortifying (d) Annoying 40. The gift received by the writer was:
Ans : (a) (a) Environment friendly
Gratifying – meblegef° (b) Very expensive
Satisfying – meblegef° (c) Gathering dust in a corner
Giving – osvee (d) A marketing exercise
Fortifying – cepeyetle Ùee megÂÌ{ keâjvee Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes Passage keâe hebefòeâ mebKÙee 13 ØeMve keâer mener
Annoying – Ie=Cee keâjvee Gòej Øemlegle keâjlee nw~ Dele: mener Gòej The gift received by the
Dele: Gratifying keâe mener DeLe& Satisfying oMee&lee nw~ writer was environmetal friendly.

8
02.
THE SENTENCE
(A) SUBJECT and PREDICATE
(B) KIND of SENTENCES
Subject and Predicate
The Sentence
A group of words that expresses a complete
statement and a meaningful question etc. and contain a
subject and a verb is called sentence.
meeLe&keâ MeyoeW kesâ Ssmes mecetn keâes JeekeäÙe keânles nQ pees efkeâmeer YeeJe
Ùee efJeÛeej keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves keâer Âef° mes hetCe& nes~ Table 2
PARTS OF SENTENCE (Subject keâes mecePeves kesâ efueS Skeâ DevÙe Table Yeer osefKeS)
JeekeäÙe kesâ oes Yeeie nesles nQ–
Subject (keâòee&) Part : peye nce efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg keâe SN Subject Predicate Remark
.
veece uesles nQ, lees Gmes Subject keânles nQ~
Predicate (efJeOesÙe) Part : peye nce efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg 1. Dogs bark. ÙeneB Subject
kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW kegâÚ keânles nQ, lees Jen Predicate neslee nw~ 'Dogs' Noun nw~
Examples : 2. She labours hard. ÙeneB Subject 'She'
(a) Ram reads a book.
(b) She sings a song. Pronoun nw~
ØeLece JeekeäÙe ceW Ram leLee otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW She keâòee& 3. The poor are sad. ÙeneB The poor–
(Subject) nQ leLee reads a book Deewj sings a song efJeOesÙe
Subject kesâ ™he ceW
(Predicate) nQ~
SUBJECT Adjective nw, pees
Subject parts keâes mecePeves kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele tables keâes Noun keâer YeeBefle
OÙeevehetJe&keâ heÌ{W– ØeÙegòeâ nw~
Table 1 4. Smoking is a bad ÙeneB Smoking–
SUBJECT PREDICATE habit. Gerund nw pees
(A) Kishan plays.
Neha weeps. Subject kesâ ™he ceW
(B) He played. Noun keâer YeeBefle
She wept. ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
(C) Smoking is injurious. 5. To err is human. To err ÙeneB
(D) To walk is useful.
Infinitive nw pees
veesš–Category A ceW Kishan Deewj Neha (Subject) Noun nQ~
Subject kesâ ™he ceW
Category B ceW he Deewj she (Subject) Pronoun nQ~
ØeÙegòeâ nw~
Category C ceW smoking (Subject) Gerund nw~
6. To find is easy. To find fault MeyoeW
Category D ceW to walk (Subject) Infinitive nw~
fault keâe Skeâ mecetn nw pees
Table 1 mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ Subject kesâ mLeeve hej Skeâ ner
Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ FvnW Head word Ùee Main word Subject kesâ mLeeve
keâne peelee nw~ hej Noun keâer lejn
ØeÙegòeâ nw~
efve<keâ<e&–Subject kesâ mLeeve hej Head Word kesâ ™he ceW
Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Gerund, Infinitive leLee MeyoeW kesâ
mecetn keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw pewmee efkeâ Table 2 kesâ efJeefYeVe
GoenjCeeW mes mhe° nw~
9
 Table 3 GheÙeg&òeâ Table 5 ceW Head Word keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjves kesâ efueS
Subject Predicate Determiner, Adjective leLee Adjectival Phrase keâe
S. Qualifier Head Word GefÛele ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~ Adjective phrase keâe ØeÙeesie Head
No. (Noun)
Word kesâ yeeo neslee nw~
1. A boy runs.
2. That man laughs.
Fve GheÙeg&òeâ Tables keâe DeOÙeÙeve keâjves mes efvecveefueefKele yeeleW
3. Few girls danced.
hetCe& ™he mes mhe° nesleer nQ efpevekeâes OÙeeve ceW jKevee DelÙevle
4. Many boys played.
DeeJeMÙekeâ nw–
Subject Skeâ nesves keâer efmLeefle ceW Head word–Noun,
1.
Table 3 ceW Subject kesâ oes Yeeie nQ–Skeâ Qualifier leLee otmeje
Pronoun, Gerund Ùee Infinitive nes mekeâlee nw~
Head Word~ Fme oMee ceW Head Word ceW Noun Deelee nw~ Subject keâer JÙeeKÙee nesves hej Subject meowJe Noun nesiee~
2.
• A, that, few leLee many meYeer qualifier nQ pees Head 3. Subject keâer JÙeeKÙee Skeâ Meyo Éeje nesves hej Ùen Subject kesâ
words kesâ "erkeâ henues ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes ieÙes nQ~ henues ØeÙeesie nesiee Deewj Fmes Qualifier keânWies~
Subject keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjves kesâ efueS Fmemes hetJe& oes Meyo ØeÙegòeâ
• boy, man, girls leLee boys–Head Words nQ pees Noun 4.
neWies lees henues Meyo keâes Determiner Deewj otmejs keâes
nQ~ Qualifier keânWies~ Fme oMee ceW Qualifier meowJe Adjective
• Qualifier kesâ meeLe head word kesâ ™he ceW meowJe noun Ùee nesiee~
pronoun keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw 5. Subject keâer Deewj DeefOekeâ JÙeeKÙee keâjves kesâ efueS Ùeefo
Table 4 Adjective Phrase keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees Fmes Subject kesâ yeeo
Subject Predicate ØeÙeesie keâjWies~
S. Determiner Qualifier Head efveÙece–Determiner Deewj Qualifier keâe ØeÙeesie Subject
No. Word
(Head Word) mes henues Deewj Adjectival Phrase keâe ØeÙeesie
1. A blind man walks.
2. The beautiful girl danced. Subject (Head Word) kesâ yeeo neslee nw~
3. The old lady cried. meb#eshe ceW JeekeäÙe keâe ›eâce Fme Øekeâej nesiee–
4. These pretty babies play. Sentence = Determiner + Adjective + Noun +
Adjective Phrase + Predicate
GheÙeg&òeâ Table 4 ceW Determiner Deewj Qualifier cegKÙe Meyo
efJeMes<e
(Head Word) keâer JÙeeKÙee keâj jns nQ~ Ssmeer oMee ceW Head Word
kesâ hetJe& ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeuee Meyo Adjective neslee nw~ 1. ÙeneB Ùen Yeer OÙeeve osvee nw efkeâ Gerund (Verb + ing) Deewj
Infinitive (to + Verb) Yeer Subject kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie nes
Note–peye Head Word mes henues Skeâ Meyo nes, lees Gmes
mekeâles nQ~ keâYeer-keâYeer Fvekeâer JÙeeKÙee kesâ efueS DevÙe MeyoeW keâe
Qualifier keânWies Deewj peye oes Meyo neWies lees Adjective Meyo keâes
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Ùes Meyo Fvekesâ Object Ùee Modifier nesles nQ~
Qualifier keânWies leLee Adjective kesâ henues ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues Meyo
efvecveefueefKele Table keâes OÙeeve mes osKeW–
keâes Determiner keânWies~
Table 6
• A, The, The leLee These–Determiner nQ~ S. Subject Predicate
• blind, beautiful, old leLee pretty–Adjective nQ~ No.
Head Word Modifier
• man, girl, lady leLee babies–Head Word nQ~ Object
Table 5 1. Walking in the is useful.
Subject Predicate morning
S. Dete Qualifier Head Adjectival 2. Swimming in the river is a good
N rmin (Adjective Word Phrase exercise.
o er ) Noun
3. To obey our teachers is our duty.
1. The old lady in the is wise. 4. To get good marks is my aim.
room GheÙeg&òeâ Table 6 ceW Walking (Walk + ing) Deewj
2. His elder brother in is a Swimming (swim + ing) Gerund nw peyeefkeâ To obey Deewj To
Kolkata Professo get oesveeW Infinitive nQ~
r.
Table 7
3. A black bird sitting in flew S. No. Subject Predicate
the tree away. Gerund (Verb + ing)
4. Those pretty flower in the withered 1. Singing bpleases me.
s vase .
2. Waiting tires me.
5. My elder brother in is an 3. Working keeps us healthy.
Mumbai actor. 4. Smoking is harmful
5. Saving pays.
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 Table 8 Table 2 ceW–
S. Subject Predicate • reads, cooks, writes leLee brought–ef›eâÙee (Verb) nQ~
No.
Infinitive (To + Verb) • the newspaper, food, a letter leLee a radio–keâce&
1. To work hard should be our aim. (Object) nQ~
2. To work is to worship. Table 3
3. To save for the future is always useful. Subject Predicate
4. To free India was our motto. Verb Indirect Direct
5. To pay the taxes is our duty. Object Object
6. To serve the poor is to serve God. 1.The told me a story.
efveÙece–'It' Deewj 'There' keâe ØeÙeesie Yeer Subject keâer lejn neslee grandmother
nw~ Ssmeer oMee ceW It keâe ØeÙeesie Impersonal Ùee Neutral Deewj 2.The gave him a pen.
There keâe ØeÙeesie Introductory Adverb keâer lejn neslee nw~ Table principal
9 kesâ GoenjCeeW keâes OÙeeve mes heefÌ{S– 3. They gave her a book.
Table 9 4. He wrote her a letter.
S. Subject Predicate 5. She gave me a flower.
No. GheÙeg&òeâ Table 3 ceW Predicate part ceW ef›eâÙee kesâ meeLe oes
1. It is very pleasant today. objects efoS ieS nQ, henuee object 'person' Deewj otmeje 'thing' nw
2. It is hot today. DeLee&led person keâes Indirect Object Deewj thing keâes Direct
3. It is Sunday. Object keâne peelee nw~ veesš–Direct object ceW efvepeeaJe Jemleg ner
4. It will soon be day. ncesMee veneR nes mekeâleer, Ùen mepeerJe Yeer nes mekeâleer nw~ pewmes–
5. It is 200 miles from Sohan gave me a puppy. (direct object)
Allahabad to Kanpur.
6. There are twenty students in GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe keâes Passive Voice ceW Fme lejn efueKeWies–
my class. A puppy was given to me by Sohan Ùee
7. There was a cat on the table. I was given a puppy by Sohan.
8. There is a girl under the tree. Fmekes â Deefleefjòeâ efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes Yeer OÙeevehetJe&keâ heefÌ{S–
9. There is a car coming.
10. There lived a woman in a My mother gave a frock to Mala.
village. Shweta sent a magazine for me.
It kesâ kegâÚ DevÙe GoenjCe Yeer osefKeS– Thej efueKes ieÙes JeekeäÙe Active Voice ceW nw~ Frock Deewj
1. It is very difficult to teach English. magazine Meyo gave and sent ef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ Object nQ~ Mala
2. It is true that he always speaks truth.
3. It is good being a student. Deewj me mes henues Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie nw~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie
PREDICATE Objective Case ceW Indirectly efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ To Deewj for
Subject parts ceW oer ieF& tables mes Skeâ yeele lees mhe° nesleer nw Preposition keâe ner ØeÙeesie Fme Øekeâej neslee nw~
efkeâ Predicate ceW Dekesâuee Verb Yeer neslee nw Deewj Verb kesâ meeLe Table 4
DevÙe Meyo Yeer nesles nQ~ Fme Øekeâej Verb kesâ meeLe ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues Subject Predicate
DevÙe MeyoeW keâes Object Ùee Complement keânles nQ~ efvecveefueefKele Verb Object (Gerund)
tables keâes OÙeevehetJe&keâ heefÌ{S– 1. He likes eating fish.
Table 1
Subject Predicate 2. I do not like gossiping.
1. Kishan plays. 3. You did not like playing chess.
2. Ram sings. 4. Mohan dislikes gambling.
3. She runs. GheÙeg&òeâ Table 4 ceW Predicate keâes oes YeeieeW ceW yeeBše ieÙee nw
4. They laugh. DeLee&led Verb + Gerund. ÙeneB Gerund keâe ØeÙeesie Object keâer lejn
5. We read.
ÙeneB Fme Table 1 ceW Predicate ceW kesâJeue Verb (ef›eâÙee) keâe keâÙee ieÙee nw, Verb Deewj Object (Verb + ing) efceueekeâj
ef
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Plays, sings, runs, laugh leLee read ef›eâÙee Predicate yeveeÙee ieÙee nw~
(verbs) nQ~ Fme efmLeefle ceW ØeÙeesie keâer ieF& verb intransitive verb Eating fish, gossiping, playing chess, gambling–
kesâ ™he ceW keâer ieF& nw~ Gerund kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ nQ, pees Object nQ~
Table 2 Table 5
Subject Predicate Subject Predicate
Verb Object
Verb Object (Infinitive)
1. My father reads the newspaper. 1. We want to work.
2. Your sister cooks food.
3. She writes a letter. 2. Raja liked to walk.
4. I brought a radio. 3. You like to play chess.
GheÙeg&òeâ leeefuekeâe Table 2 ceW Predicate ceW Skeâ Ùee Skeâ mes 4. They decided to leave.
DeefOekeâ Meyo nQ~ Fve MeyoeW ceW Skeâ ef›eâÙee (Verb) nw Deewj otmeje Meyo GheÙeg&òeâ Table 5 ceW Predicate part ceW Verb keâe Object,
keâce& (Object) nw~ Fme efmLeefle ceW ØeÙegkeäle verb intransitive verb Infinitive (to + Verb) nw~ Verb Deewj Infinitive mes efceuekeâj
kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie keâer ieF& nw~ Predicate yeveeÙee ieÙee nw~
11
 Table 6 Subject Predicate
Subject Predicate Verb Object/Complement
Verb Object Complement 1. Shravan was an obedient son.
Noun/Noun 2. Ram was a king.
phrase GheÙeg&òeâ Table 8 ceW Verb Deewj Complement nQ~ henues
1. The made me the monitor. JeekeäÙe ceW Adjective Deewj otmejs ceW Noun keâes Predicate portion
teacher (Noun)
2. The choose him their leader.
ceW jKee ieÙee nw~ Fme lejn kesâ Complements keâes Subjective
people (Noun) Complement keânles nQ~
3. We named the boy Moti. (Noun) [veesš–Ùen DeJeMÙe OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS efkeâ Verb (is, are,
4. They elected him the leader of am, was, were) kesâ yeeo JeekeäÙe keâes hetje keâjves kesâ efueS
the party. Complement keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw Deewj Transitive Verbs Deheves
(Noun phrase) meeLe Object uesleer nQ~]
5. We choose him captain of the Complements leerve Øekeâej kesâ nes mekeâles nQ–
team. (Noun
phrase) • Noun Complement. pewmes –He is a boy.
GheÙeg&òeâ Table 6 ceW Predicate ceW Verb, Object leLee • Adjective Complement. pewmes– You are happy.
Complement nw~ Verb, Object Deewj Complement efceuekeâj • Adverb Complement. pewmes– She is there.
Predicate portion yevee jns nQ~ Complement ceW Noun Ùee veesš–Underlined words, hetjkeâ (Complements) nQ~
Noun phrase nw~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ Complement keâes Objective Table 9
Complement keânles nQ~ Subject Predicate
Table 7 Verb Complement (Noun)
Subject Predicate 1. She is a nurse. leeefuekeâe ceW
Verb Object Complement 2. Ram was a doctor. ØeÙegòeâ meYeer
Adjective/ 3. They were teachers. Complements
Adjective 4. we are students. (Noun) nQ~
phrase Past 5. I am a boy.
participle 6. She is a girl.
1. The judge found you innocent. Table 10
(Adjective) Subject Predicate
2. The news made him happy. Verb Complement (Adjective)
(Adjective) 1. She is intelligent. leeefuekeâe ceW
3. You found him guilty. 2. You are smart. ØeÙegòeâ meYeer
(Adjective) 3. I am dull. Complements
4. He felt himself tired. (Past 4. He is brave. (Adjective)
participle) 5. Mohan is happy. nQ ~
5. She wanted the work completed. 6. Rakesh is sad.
(Past participle) Table 11
6. We heard the song sung. (Past Subject Predicate
participle) Verb Complement (Adverbial)
7. They have much for their old 1. The girls are in the library. leeefuekeâe ceW
saved money age. (Adjective
phrase)
2. You are there. ØeÙeg òeâ meYeer
3. I am here. Complements
GheÙeg&òeâ Table 7 ceW Predicate ceW Verb, Object Deewj 4. The were in the class. (Adverbials)
Complement nw~ Verb, Object Deewj Complement mes efceuekeâj students nQ~
Predicate portion yevee nw~ Complement ceW Adjective, 5. The cat was on the table.
Adjectival phrase Ùee Past Participle nes mekeâlee nw~ Fme Øekeâej 6. The rat was under the
kesâ Object Yeer Objective Complement keânueeles nQ~ chair.
Table 8
KIND OF SENTENCES
Kinds of Sentences (JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Øekeâej) 2. Jes JeekeäÙe pees ØeMve keâjles nQ GvnW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe keânles nQ (A
sentence that asks a question is called an
There are five kinds of sentences. (JeekeäÙe heeBÛe Øekeâej kesâ nesles
Interrogative sentence.)~
nQ)– Examples:
1. Jes JeekeäÙe pees keâLeve keâjles nQ Ùee metÛevee osles nQ meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe (a) Where do you live? (b) Will you sing a song?
keâns peeles nQ (A sentence that makes a statement is 3. Jes JeekeäÙe pees DeeosMe osles nQ GvnW DeeosMemetÛekeâ JeekeäÙe keânles nQ
(A sentence that expresses command is called an
called an Assertive sentence.)~
Imperative sentence.)~
Examples: Examples:
(a) Ram reads a book (b) She goes to school. (a) Shut the door. (b) Make a drink for me.

12
 4. Jes JeekeäÙe pees ùoÙe kesâ iecYeerj YeeJe JÙeòeâ keâjles nQ GvnW (iii) Where does he go in the morning?
efJemceÙemetÛekeâ JeekeäÙe keânles nQ (A sentence that (iv) How are you?
expresses strong feelings is called an (B) meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee mes ØeejcYe nesves Jeeues ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe
Exclamatory sentence.)~ (i) Are you playing here?
Examples: (ii) Is he a good man?
(a) How fine the day is!
(b) Bravo! you have done well (iii) Does he sing a song?
5. Jes JeekeäÙe pees ceve keâer FÛÚeDeeW Je YeeJe keâes JÙekeäle keâjles nQ (iv) Do you come here daily?
FÛÚeJeeÛeer JeekeäÙe keânueeles nQ (A sentence that express Note–Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe efnvoer DevegJeeo keâjves hej ØeeÙe:
wish or desire is called Optative sentence.)~ keäÙee Meyo henues ner Deelee nw~ Thej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe efnvoer
JeekeäÙeeW kesâ ØekeâejeW kesâ efvecveefueefKele Ûeeš& ceW OÙeevehetJe&keâ osefKeS– DevegJeeo osKeW–
(i) keäÙee legce ÙeneB Kesue jns nes?
(ii) keäÙee Jen Skeâ DeÛÚe ueÌ[keâe nw?
(iii) keäÙee Jen ieevee ieelee nw?
(iv) keäÙee legce ÙeneB Øeefleefove Deeles nes?
3. Imperative Sentences–
efpeve JeekeäÙeeW mes DeeosMe, efJeveÙe, efveJesove, megPeeJe Ùee ØemleeJe
efoÙee peelee nw GvnW Imperative Sentences keânles nQ; pewmes–
(i) Sit down here.
(ii) Shut the door.
(iii) Please, give me a cup of tea.
(iv) Work carefully.
veesš–Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW cegKÙe ef›eâÙee henues ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer
1. Assertive Sentences–oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
nw leLee You Meyo efÚhee jnlee nw~
(A) Affirmative Sentences–Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpevemes mekeâejelcekeâ
metÛevee Øeehle nesleer nw GvnW Affirmative Ùee Positive 4. Exclamatory Sentences–
Sentences keânles nQ, pewmes– efpeve JeekeäÙeeW mes ùoÙe keâer iecYeerj YeeJeveeSB Ùee Godieej Øekeâš nesles
(i) The earth moves round the sun. nQ, Ssme JeekeäÙeeW kesâ Devle ceW Exclamation (!) symbole keâe
(ii) He always speaks the truth. ØeÙeesie pe™j ngDee jnlee nw, GvnW Exclamatory Sentences
(iii) You are reading a book.
(iv) She has done her work. (efJemceÙemetÛekeâ JeekeäÙe) keânles nQ; pewmes–
(B) Negative Sentences–efpeve JeekeäÙeeW mes vekeâejelcekeâ metÛevee (i) Alas! he is dead.
efceueleer nw, GvnW Negative Sentences keânles nQ; pewmes– (ii) Nonsense!
(i) I do not go to school. (iii) How beautiful the rain is!
(ii) She does not play here. (iv) What an idea!
(iii) Leela does not cook food. Note–Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâer henÛeeve Ùen nw efkeâ Fvekesâ Devle ceW
(iv) Mohan did not attend his classes.
Note–Negative Sentences ceW do not, does not, cannot,
Ùee ceOÙe ceW efJemceÙemetÛekeâ efÛeÖ (!) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
could not, never Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ nw~ Skeâ, oes Meyo Ùee efyevee ef›eâÙee kesâ Yeer JeekeäÙe yeve peelee
2. Interrogative Sentences– nw~ GoenjCe (ii) leLee (iv) osKeW~
ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW (Interrogative Sentences) ceW ØeMve hetÚs 5. Optative Sentences–
peeles nQ~ FvnW question form Yeer keânles nQ; pewmes– efpeve JeekeäÙeeW mes ceve keâer FÛÚeÙeW Je YeeJe JÙekeäle nesles nQ GvnW
(i) What is your name? Optative Sentence (FÛÚeJeeÛeer JeekeäÙe) keânles nQ, pewmes–
(ii) Where do you live?
(iii) Will she come here? (i) May god bless you.
(iv) Have you done your work? (ii) May you live long.
Note–Fme Øekeâej kesâ ØeMveeW ceW JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ keâe (iii) May you become rich.
efÛeÖ (Sign of Interrogation) (?) ueieevee DeeJeMÙekeâ jÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej JeekeäÙe leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
neslee nw~
1. Simple Sentence (mejue
JeekeäÙe/meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe)–
Interrogative Sentences–oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
(A) ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Meyo pewmes–who, which, where, when, why,
Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpemeceW Skeâ ner ef›eâÙee SJeb Skeâ ner keâlee& neslee nw
how Deeefo mes DeejcYe nesves Jeeues ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe–Fve JeekeäÙeeW Ùee efpeve JeekeäÙeeW ceW Skeâ ner GösMÙe SJeb Skeâ ner efJeOesÙe neslee nw, Jes
ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Meyo kesâ yeeo meeceevÙele: meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe mejue JeekeäÙe Ùee meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe keânueeles nQ~
keâer peeleer nw; pewmes– A simple sentence is the most basic sentence
(i) Who is your class teacher? which has just one independent clause including one
(ii) What is your father? subject and one predicate.
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Examples– Type 3 An unreal past Past perfect
1. He ate ice cream. condition and its
2. He went to the beach probable result in the
3. I see you behind the cotton candy machine. past (Skeâ DeJeemleefJekeâ
Deleerle keâer efmLeefle Deewj
2. Compound sentence (efceefßele JeekeäÙe)– Deleerle ceW Fmekeâe
Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpemeceW Skeâ cegKÙe Ùee ØeOeeve JeekeäÙe nes Deewj mebYeeefJele heefjCeece)
DevÙe Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe nes Ùee efpeve JeekeäÙeeW ceW Skeâ cegKÙe GösMÙe Deewj Zero Conditional–Skeâ Ssmeer DeJemLee, efpeve JeekeäÙeeW ceW
cegKÙe efJeOesÙe kesâ DeueeJee Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ meceeefhekeâ ef›eâÙeeÙeW nesleer nQ~ meeJe&Yeewefcekeâ melÙe Ùee meeceevÙe melÙelee pewmes Jew%eeefvekeâ leLÙe FlÙeeefo nesles
A compound sentence means a combination of nQ GveceW MetvÙe DeJemLeeÙeW (Zero conditions) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
compound and the mix sentence. The compound Ssmeer DeJemLee ceW oesveeW JeekeäÙe Simple present tense ceW jnles nQ~
sentence has two or more complete sentences or the mix Zero conditional–
sentences at least contains one complete sentence.
Examples– if-clause Main clause
1. The Teacher returned the answer sheet after (Condition) (Result)
she noticed the error. If + simple present Simple present
2. You will be punished by the teacher because if you eat hot food It burns your
you break the rules. mouth
3. Did Asha listen to me and kept playing in the
rain whole day? • Zero conditional JeekeäÙeeW ceW main clause (result) ceW keâYeer
Yeer YeefJe<Ùe keâeue (will/shall) keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjles nQ~
3. Complex Sentence (mebÙegkeäle JeekeäÙe)– • if clause (conditional part) Ûeens JeekeäÙe kesâ ØeejcYe ceW nes Ùee
Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW ceW oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ mejue JeekeäÙe yeeo ceW, oesveeW ceW Fmekeâe DeLe& meceeve neslee nw~
mecegÛÛeÙeyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙeeW mes pegÌ[s nesles nQ~ Example - If you eat fast food, It makes you fatty.
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains Type 1 Conditional–Fme Øekeâej kesâ conditional sentences
an independent clause and one or more dependent keâe ØeÙeesie Asking/Talking kesâ meboYe& ceW keâjles nQ~
clause.
Examples– Type 1 conditional sentence structure-
1. Although Dinesh had some doubts, she if-clause Main clause
found the courses very useful. (Condition) (Result)
2. The president choose people who would help If + present Shall/will also
him make good decisions. (can/should/must/
3. Whoever signs the lease is responsible for ought to)
the rent. pew mes – If we work very hard, we will be surely rewarded.
Conditional Sentences If I lose my job, I will find another.
Basic structure of type 1 conditional–
Conditional Sentences ceW cegKÙele: oes clauses nesles nQ, henuee (i) Be (is/am/are) in if clause-
Condition or if clauses Deewj otmeje main clause. henuee part Structure-
otmejs part kesâ conditions (if, suppose, when etc.) keâe ØeYeeJe Ùee if + subject (Noun/Pronoun etc) + is/am/are +
Result Øemlegle keâjlee nw~ complement subject (Noun/Pronoun etc) + will/shall +
Types of Conditional sentences : V1
Conditional Usage If clause verb Exam- If I am well, I shall meet you.
Sentence tense (ii) (Has/Have in if-clause)
type Structure-
If + subject + has/have + words + subject +
Zero Universal truths Simple will/shall/future or must/should/can/ought + to
(meeJe&Yeewefcekeâ melÙe) present Exam-If I have a bike, I will receive you daily.
(iii) Simple present in if-clause-
Type 1 A possible condition Simple Structure-
and its probable present
If + subject + simple present + subject + will/shall + or
result (Skeâ mebYeeefJele
can/must/should/ought to
DeJemLee Deewj Gmekeâe pewmes- If he goes early, he will catch the timely train.
ØelÙeeefMele heefjCeece) • If-clause ceW 'will/shall' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
Type 2 (iv) Present Progressive (in If-clause)
A hypothetical Simple
Structure-
condition and its present
If + subject + is/am/are + v ing + subject + will/shall or
probable result (Skeâ can/must/should/ought to
heefjkeâefuhele DeJemLee Deewj Exam- If I am doing my job honestly, I will win employ
Gmekeâe ØelÙeeefMele of the year.
heefjCeece) veesš–If-clause Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW 'will be/shall be' keâe ØeÙeesie veneR
neslee nw~
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(v) Present perfect (if-clause) veesš–meeceevÙele: 'am not' keâe contracted form ‘veneR’ neslee nw~
Structure-
If + subject + has/have + v3rd + subject + will/shall uesefkeâve Question tag ceW aren't keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
future. pewmes- I am well, aren't I?
Exam- If we have arrived there in time we will enjoy
picnic and weather both. 2. Collective Noun keâe ØeÙeesie Singular form ceW neslee nw,
(vi) Present perfect Progressive- Fvekesâ Question tag ceW singular verb SJeb singular pronoun
Structure-
if + subject + has/have + been + ving + since/for + time keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ pewmes-
+ subject + will/shall (future) The Jury has taken its decision, hasn't it?
Exam- If I have been going there, I will obtain 3. (a) Everyone, everybody, no one, none, each, every
everything. FlÙeeefo form ceW singular nw uesefkeâve Fvekesâ ceOÙe Question tag ceW
veesš–efkeâmeer Yeer If-clause ceW shall/will (future) keâe ØeÙeesie veneR yengJeÛeve keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, SJeb singluar verb, singular
keâjles nQ~
pronoun keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes-
Type 2 conditional
Type 2 conditional sentence ceW if-clause kesâ meeLe 'would' keâe None of your friends likes her, do they?
ØeÙeesie keâYeer veneR keâjles nQ~ Everybody can speak English, can't they?
Structure
if-clause Main clause Everyone has come, haven't they?
(Condition) (Result) (b) Deiej JeekeäÙe ceW 'something', 'nothing', 'anything' Deeefo mes
If + simple past + Would/could/might pewmes uncountable SJeb non-living keâe ØeÙeesie subject kesâ ™he ceW
+ V1
Example- If you taught Ram, Ram would nes lees question tag ceW singular verb SJeb singular pronoun
succeed. (it) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes–
Could in If-clause- Something is missing, isn't it?
If + subject + could + v1 + subject + would + v1
Exam- If I could see you now, you would laugh your Nothing has happend, has it?
head off.
Type- 3 conditionals : 4. uesefkeâve Deiej Collective Noun DeefveefMÛele nes (nw keâer veneR) leye
Type-3 conditional sentence ceW would have/will have/ Plural verb SJeb Plural pronoun ØeÙegkeäle nesiee~ pewmes–
shall have + v1 keâe ØeÙeesie If-clause Jeeues JeekeäÙe ceW veneR keâjles nQ~ The committee are divided in their opinion, won't they?
Structure
if-clause Main clause Result The audience have taken their seats, haven't they?
Conditional
5. kegâÚ Meyo pewmes hardly, seldom, scarcely FlÙeeefo DeLe& ceW
If + past + perfect Subject + would
have/should vekeâejelcekeâ nesles nQ Dele: Question tag positive neWies~ pewmes–
have/could He hardly does any work, does he?
have/might have +
V3rd You are seldom absent, are you?
Example- If I had two pen, I would have
given you both. 6. Deiej sentence keâer Meg™Deele 'Let us/Let's' mes efkeâÙee peeS lees
Could have in if-clause Question tag 'shall we' nesiee~ pewmes–
= Subject + could have + v3rd + subject + would have + Let us go to party tonight, shall we?
v3rd
Exam- If he could have stopped, there would not have 7. (a) Imperative sentences ceW Dee«en Ùee keâesF& keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ
been an accident. efueS Question tag ceW 'won't you?' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes–
1. Go out, won't you?
Question Tag
efkeâmeer Yeer JeekeäÙe kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Skeâ Úesše mee ØeMve pees Gme 2. Open the cup board, would you?
JeekeäÙe mes mebyebefOele neslee nw 'Question tag' keânueelee nw~
b. Negative imperative JeekeäÙeeW ceW 'will you?' keâe ØeÙeesie
Eample-She does not come, does she?
'Question tag' kesâ ™he ceW neslee nw~ pewmes–
Rahul is reading, Is not he? Don't worry, will you?
1. Important Rules For Question Tag
c. There Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW Question tag Yeer there ner neslee nw~
• JeekeäÙe SJeb Question Tag Skeâ ner tense ceW nesves ÛeeefnS~ pewmes– There is no water, is there?
• Question Tag ceW ncesMee Pronoun keâe ØeÙeesie ner neslee nw~
• Deiej JeekeäÙe Positive nes lees 'Question tag' negative nesvee 8. Little SJeb few Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW Question tag positive ceW
ÛeeefnS Deewj Deiej JeekeäÙe 'negative' nes lees 'Question tag' neslee nw~ pewmes–
positive neslee nw~ 1. Few people turned up for the show, did they?
• Negative Question Tag ceW helping verb Deewj not kesâ
contracted form keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ pewmes- doesn't, hasn't etc. 2. Little hope is left now, is it?

15
 Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe A black bird is sitting in the tree
Exercise ceW A black bird pees auxiliary verb kesâ henues ØeÙeesie ngDee nw,
1. I don't write letter, am I? Auxiliiary verb kesâ henues Deeves Jeeuee Meyo Ùee JeekeäÙe subject
(a) Do I? (b) am not I? neslee nw~
(c) Aren't I? (d) have you? 11. I like eating fish, the word 'fish' is?
Ans : (a) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Negative sentence ceW nw, Dele: (a) Verb (b) Subject
Question tag positive nesiee~ JeekeäÙe Present Indefinite (c) Predicate (d) Determiner
Tense ceW nw, Dele: Question tag Yeer Present Indefinite ceW Ans : (c) Fish Yeer Main Verb, like kesâ yeeo DeeÙee nw Deewj
nesiee~ Dele: mener JeekeäÙe I don't write letter, do I? main verb kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Meyo Ùee JeekeäÙe Predicate neslee
2. She doesn't drive carelessly, do she? nw~
(a) don't we? (b) does she? 12. Find out predicate in the following sentence.
(c) didn't it (d) Has he? The hour/to prepare/lessons/has arrived.
Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Present Indefinite keâe Negative (A) (B) (C) (D)
sentence nw Dele: Question tag, postitive nesiee~ Dele: mener Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW auxiliary verb 'has' kesâ yeeo
JeekeäÙe She doesn't drive carelessly, does she? arrived DeeÙee nw Dele: Auxiliary verb kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee Meyo
3. Let's go out for a walk? would you? Ùee JeekeäÙe Predicate neslee nw~
(a) will you? (b) should they? 13. In the complete subject, the subject-word is
(c) shall we? (d) could it? qualified by an adjective or Adjective
Ans : (c) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe let mes Meg™ nw~ Dele: Question tag equivalent called its–
(a) Enlargement (b) Attribute
postive nesiee~ Dele: mener JeekeäÙe Let's go out for a walk, shall (c) Predicate (d) Both (a) and (b)
we? Ans : (d) In the complete subject, the subject–word is
4. Little could be done, can it? qualified by an adjective or adjective equivalent called
(a) can it? (b) could it? its Enlargement and Attribute.
(c) aren't there (d) do they?
Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe modal verb kesâ past form ceW nw Direction : Select the type of sentence shown in
Dele: Question tag Yeer past keâe ner nesiee~ Dele: mener JeekeäÙe– each question.
Little could be done, could it?
14. How gracefully she played!
5. The Jury was unanimous in its decision, was it? (a) Imperative (b) Exclamatory
(a) wasn't it? (b) haven't they? (c) Declarative (d) Optative
(c) don't we? (d) wasn't they? Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Exclamatory sentence nw~
Ans : (a) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe past tense kesâ positive form ceW nw~ 15. Please, pass the glass.
Dele: Question tag, Negative ceW nesiee~ Dele: mener JeekeäÙe– The (a) Optative (b) Imperative
Jury was unanimous in its decision, was't it? (c) Declarative (d) Exclamatory
Direction: Find out the correct sentence form Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Imperative sentence nw~
6. May God help him 16. Why didn't you come to office yesterday?
(a) Optative (b) Exclamatory (a) Interrogative (b) Assertive
(c) Declarative (d) Interrogative (c) Exclamatory (d) Declarative
Ans : (a) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe optative sentence nw~ Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW Question word Deewj Gmekesâ yeeo
7. You never want to join my political party. Auxiliary verb DeeÙee nw Dele: JeekeäÙe Interrogative sentence
(a) Negative (b) Interrogative nw~
(c) Optative (d) Exclamatory 17. The Taj Mahal is built in memory of Mumtaj.
Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW Never keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw, FmeefueÙes (a) Assertive (b) Negative
JeekeäÙe Negative ngDee~ Dele: JeekeäÙe negatve sentence nesiee~ (c) Interrogative (d) Exclamatory
8. Which can be placed in the place of subject? Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW ve ner ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Meyo Deewj vee ner
(a) Pronoun (b) Gerund veekeâejelcekeâ Meyo Fmlesceeue ngDee nw Dele: JeekeäÙe Assertive
(c) Infinitive (d) All Above Sentence nw~
Ans : (d) Subject kesâ mLeeve hej Pronoun, Gerund Deewj 18. Really! he is ten years old.
Infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (a) Imperative (b) Exclamatory
So option 'd' is correct. (c) Declarative (d) Optative
9. Find out which is the parts of Predicates? Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW Exclamation word Deewj
(a) Adjective (b) Determiner Exclamation efÛevn (Really!) keâe Fmlesceeue ngDee nw Dele: JeekeäÙe
(c) Complement (d) Qualifier
Exclamatory nw~
Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes option ceW mes Predicate part ncesMee
auxiliary verbs kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeuee JeekeäÙe neslee nw~ Dele: efkeâmeer 19. Complete the following sentence.
Yeer JeekeäÙe keâe Complement, predicate neslee nw~ Will you ______ a car, If you ______ any money?
(a) have, did not have
10. A black bird is sitting on the tree. The word ‘A
Black Bird” is a/an (b) owned, had not
(a) Subject (b) Predicate (c) buy, don't have
(c) Determiner (d) Complement (d) have sold, had
16
Ans : (c) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Conditional Sentence nw Dele: mener Ans. (a) : Option 'a' is correct.
JeekeäÙe– Will you buy a car, If you don't have any money. What a piece of work is man.
Exclamatory sentence–This type of sentence deals
20. If the result of the admission test _____ today, with exclamation, a statement that conveys excitement
she _____ a telegram. or emotion abruptly.
(a) will be announced, will send 27. Point out the complex sentence.
(b) was announced, would send (a) They are very wise people.
(c) is announced, will send (b) You know me well.
(d) Declared, could send (c) She does not sing.
Ans : (c) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Conditional Sentence nw Dele: mener (d) One who does not live one's country is a
JeekeäÙe– If the result of the admission test is announced wretched person.
today, she will send a telegram. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Dele: option 'c' mener nw~ Ans. (d) : Correct option is 'd'.
21. Complete the following sentence by One who does not live one's country is a wretched
person.
appropriate words.
If you worked hard, you ______. Complex sentence–This type of sentence has two or
(a) will pass (b) would pass more sentence, combined one to another, It also has two
(c) would have passed (d) had been passed or more transitive verb.
28. The sentence, “This is the house in which I was
Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Conditional Sentence nw Dele: born”, is
mener JeekeäÙe– If you worked hard, you would pass. (a) a simple sentence
22. Complete the following sentence. (b) a compound sentence
If we _____ a lottery, we will buy a car. (c) a complex sentence
(a) will win (b) have won (d) a compound-complex sentence
(c) won (d) win UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017
Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Conditional Sentence nw Dele: Ans. (c) : “This is the house in which I was born” Ùen
mener JeekeäÙe– If we have won a lottery, we will buy a car. Skeâ complex sentence nw~ complex sentence Ssmes
23. Choose the correct sentence : sentence nesles nw efpemeceW Skeâ Independent clause Deewj Skeâ
(a) Please describe about the story dependent clause nesles nQ~
(b) Please describe the story. 29. Join the following sentences to make a simple
(c) Please describe of the story. sentence:
(d) Please describe to the story. The coffee isn’t too strong. It won’t keep us
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 awake.
Ans. (b) : Please describe the story. (a) The coffee isn’t too strong to keep us awake.
Here 'Describe' contained no preposition. So describe (b) The coffee isn’t too strong and will not keep
about, describe to are wrong. us awake.
24. Choose the correct pronoun to complete the (c) The coffee isn’t too strong so it won’t keep us
following sentence : awake.
This dress is ......... and that one is mine. (d) The coffee isn’t too strong so as to keep us
(a) our book awake.
(b) yours UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017
(c) your Ans. (a) : Simple Sentence Ssmes sentence nesles nw efpemeces
(d) your book kesâJeue Deewj kesâJeue Skeâ Finite verb nesleer nw Deewj Ssmee kesâJeue
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 efJekeâuhe (a) ceW efoÙee ieÙee nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (a) mener nw~
Ans. (b) : Option 'b' is correct.
This dress is yours and that one is mine. 30. Pick out the compound sentence.
Yours – Possessive pronouns (a) To add to their troubles the servant ran away.
(b) Having no money with me, I could not give
25. Which of the following sentences is negative? the beggar anything.
(a) I come from a rich family. (c) I loved him because he was my friend.
(b) You can do all this in no time. (d) The servant ran away and added to their
(c) He does not listen to me. troubles.
(d) They are very gentle people. UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Ans. (c) : I loved him because he was my friend Skeâ
Ans. (c) : Option 'c' is correct.
He does not listen to me. compound sentence nw~ compound sentence Ssmes
Negative sentence–If Not/Never comes in a sentence sentence nesles nw efpemeces oes Independent Clause efkeâmeer
then sentence is negative sentence. conjunction mes pegÌ[s ngÙes nes~
26. Which of the following sentence is exclamatory? 31. Phonetic aspect of language deals with
(a) What a piece of work is man. (a) writing
(b) What do you know about ancient India. (b) reading
(c) Which is your favourite book. (c) sound, spelling and pronunciation
(d) His crueltly knew no bounds. (d) understanding
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
17
 Ans : (c) Phonetic aspect of language deals with I. The stadium is so large that it can seat more
sound, spelling and pronunciation. than two hundred spectators.
32. Choose the incorrect part of the sentence. II. Mohan is willing to adjust his tour
The man/standing next to/the pillar is/my older programme accordingly.
brother. (a) Accommodate (b) Hold
(a) The man (b) standing next to (c) Arrange (d) Give place
(c) the pillar is (d) my older brother UPTET (I-V) June 2013
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 Ans : (c) The word which has the same meaning is
Ans : (d) Elder is used only for person and is now Arrange.
confined to member of same family. Hence option (d) 40. Find out the grammatically correct sentence
is incorrect. (a) This is the road to go
Correct sentence– The man standing next to the pillar (b) Let us aim to do good
is my elder brother. (c) Take down his address in your copy
33. Choose the best word to complete the sentence. (d) I wrote to him yesterday
He was tired and ill and ......... on the stairs and UPTET (I-V) June 2013
fell all the way down. Ans : (d) The grammatically correct sentence is 'I
(a) stumbled (b) stuck wrote to him yesterday'.
(c) stumped (d) steered 41. Complete the sentence with appropriate word
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 Your hand writing should be
Ans : (a) He was tired and ill and stumbled on the (a) Intelligent (b) Intelligible
stairs and fell all the way down. (c) Intellectual (d) Introvert
Stumble means to step awkwardly while walking or UPTET (I-V) June 2013
running and fall or begin to fall. Ans : (b) Your hand writing should be
34. Find out the part which has an error in the intelligible.
following sentence. 42. Find out the incorrect sentence
They invited Jaya and I / to the function / to be (a) The apples are grown in many different
held in the next month. countries
(a) They invited Jaya and I (b) Books are essential to a student
(b) to the function (c) Chess is a game which requires great patience
(c) to be held in the next month (d) The Sharmas live at Elgin Road
(d) No error UPTET (I-V) June 2013
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 Ans : (d) The incorrect sentence is 'The Sharmas live
Ans : (a) Pronouns are used in objective case when at Elgin Road'. In this sentence 'The' should be
they are used as object in a sentence. Hence option (a) removed to make it correct.
is incorrect. Pronoun I should be used as 'me'. 43. Find out the incorrect Sentence
Correct sentence– They invited Jaya and me to the (a) Is this my pen, or is it yours?
function to be held in the next month. (b) We got at dawn and had breakfast at eight to o'
35. Choose the correct word from the words given clock
below to complete the sentence. (c) We have a holiday on Christmas
The soldiers ............. through the town. (d) Come back in an hour's time
(a) walked (b) marched UPTET (I-V) June 2013
(c) ran (d) suggested Ans : (d) The incorrect sentence is 'come back in an
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 hour's time'.
Ans: (b) The soldiers marched through the town. In this sentence Apostrophe (s) from hour's should be
36. Find out the incorrect sentence. removed.
(a) The quality of the mangoes was not good 44. Choose the best option to complete the given
(b) You, he and I am good friends sentence
(c) The 'Arabian Nights' is still a great favourite There aren't ................people here
(d) Each of the scholars has done well (a) much (b) many
Ans: (b) use 'are' instead of 'am'. (c) a lot (d) some
37. Find where the error is in the sentence. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
I am reaching (a) / school (b) / in time (c) / Ans : (b) 'Many' is used for countable noun. Hence
everyday. (d) option (b) is correct. In given sentence 'people' word
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 is countable.
Ans: (a) It should be 'I reach school in time everyday'. Correct sentence– There are not many people here.
38. As unstable as............... 45. Choose the best option to complete the given
(a) water (b) mule
(c) mercury (d) air sentence
Ans : (c) As unstable as mercury. You should...............your home work.
(a) make (b) do
39. In the given two sentences, select from the (c) work (d) give
answer choice the word which has the same
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
meaning and can be used in the same context as
Ans : (b) You should do your home work.
the underlined part of both the sentences
18
46. Choose the best answer 53. Pick out the comparative form of the sentence.
What is your city like? He is as wise as Soloman
(a) I have no idea (b) It's small, but nice (a) Soloman is wiser than he is
(c) I like it a lot (d) I don't like it (b) Soloman is not wiser than he is
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 (c) He is wiser than Soloman
Ans : (b) The best answer is 'It's small, but nice'. (d) Soloman is the wisest among them
47. Which of the following sounds is not associated Ans : (b) efnvoer kesâ efpeme JeekeäÙe ceW Flevee-efpelevee keâe ØeÙeesie nes
with the sound of a bell? Jen Positive degree leLee peneB pÙeeoe keâe ØeÙeesie nes JeneB
(a) Chime (b) Jingle Comparative degree neslee nw~ 'wise' Positive degree keâe
(c) Ring (d) Dang
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 adjective nw efpemeceW er peesÌ[ves mes nceW Comparative degree
Ans. (d) : efoS ieS efJekeâuheeW ceW 'Dang' Meyo bell mes mebyebefOele 'wiser' Øeehle nesleer nw~ Dele: efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuheeW ceW kesâJeue
veneR nw, peyeefkeâ DevÙe leerveeW efJekeâuhe bell mes mebyebefOele nw– efJekeâuhe (b) ner mener nw~ Soloman is not wiser than he is.
Dang - used to express anger. efoÙes ieÙes DevÙe efJekeâuhe ieuele nQ~
48. Choose the correct sentence. 54. Complete the following sentence by using
(a) The committee were one on this point. correct alternative.
(b) The committee was one on this point. Walk carefully lest
(c) The committee was divided on this point. (a) you may fall down
(d) The committee have one on this point. (b) you should fall down
Ans. (b) : efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuhees ceW mes kesâJeue efJekeâuhe (b) The (c) you will fall down
committee was one on this point. Megæ nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW (d) you can fall down
committee Skeâ collective noun nw efpemekesâ Devegmeej was mener nw~ Ans: (b) 'lest' is followed by 'should'. Hence the
correct sentence is Walk carefully lest you should fall
Note : peye Committee keâe ØeÙeesie menceefle (efkeâmeer efyevog/efJe<eÙe) kesâ down.
sense ceW nes lees Fmes singular ceevee peelee nw, hejvleg Ùen divided 55. Point out the correct word to bring out the
(Demenceefle) kesâ sense ceW nes lees Fmes Plural ceevee peelee nw~ meaning in the sentence:
49. Select the sentence in which the article has been Women have always dressed to _____figure
wrongly used. flaws.
(a) He is a MA. (a) disfigure
(b) Twelve inches makes a foot. (b) show
(c) A pupil should obey his teacher. (c) exhibit
(d) He is a European. (d) camouflage
Ans. (a) : He is a MA ceW Article ‘A’ keâe ØeÙeesie ieuele ngDee UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016
nw~ Fmekesâ henues An keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee~ Ans : (d) Option (d) is correct in the blank of the
50. Point out the word that has been wrongly used sentence. Camouflage means – away of hiding
in this sentence: something by painting it or covering it with leaves or
If you lose your passport in a foreign country it branches to make it harder to see. Hence option (d) is
will effect you badly- correct.
(a) lose (b) effect Correct sentence:
(c) badly (d) foreign Women have always dressed to camouflage figure
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016 flaws.
Ans : (b) ‘effect’ word is wrongly used in the present 56. Find out the grammatically correct sentence.
sentence. There should be ‘affected’ in place of ‘effect’. (a) Politics are the subject which is taught at
Hence option. (b) Correct sentence – If you lose your degree level
passport in a foreign country it will affect you badly. (b) It is you who are responsible for the downfall
51. Point out the error in the following incorrect (c) I, you and he is good friend
sentence: (d) Ganga is a famous river of India
I can learn poems more easy than speeches. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014
(a) I can (b) learn poems Ans: (b) In the first sentence, 'is' should be used after
(c) more easy (d) than speeches 'politics'. In the third sentence, 'are' should be used
Ans : (c) Option (c) is incorrect (more easy) there instead of 'is' and in the fourth sentence, use 'The
should be – easier. Ganga' instead of 'Ganga'.
Correct sentence – 57. Point out the correct sentence of the following.
I can learn poems easier than speeches. (a) He and I was very good friends once upon a time
52. Tick the correct option to complete the sentence: (b) The committee were divided in their decision
The Prime Minister held ______. (c) Every student should do one’s duty
(a) a press conference at airport.
(b) a press conference at the airport. (d) Each boy and each girl have done their work
(c) press conference at the airport. Ans: (b) ‘Committee’, being plural, would be
(d) press conference at airport. followed by ‘were’. So the correct sentence would be–
Ans : (b) On grammatical point of view option (b) a The committee were divided in their decision.
In sentence (a) ‘He and I’ would be followed by
press conference at the airport is correct. ‘were’, In sentence (c), Every student should do his
So the correct sentence– duty would be correct. In sentence (d), ‘Each’ would
The Prime Minister held a press conference at the air be followed by supporting verb ‘has’ and not ‘have’.
port. Hence option (b) is correct.
19
58. Choose the correct sentence. 65. Choose the correct word order
(a) You should either come today or tomorrow. (a) Music jack loves
(b) I had scarcely reached home when it started (b) Music loves Jack
raining heavily. (c) Jack loves music
(c) I had no sooner finished my studies when I got (d) jack music loves
a job. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
(d) He is cleverer than me. Ans : (c) Basic sentence pattern (S+V+O) follows
Ans: (b) In sentence (a), you should come either option (c). Jack loves music.
today or ‘tomorrow’. 66. Which statement is correct?
In sentence (c), ‘than’ would be used instead of Statement I We considered the matter farther.
‘when’. Statement II We considered the matter further.
In sentence (d), ‘I’ would be used instead of ‘me’. (a) Both I and II (b) Only I
Sentence (b) is correct. Hence option (b) is correct. (c) Only II (d) Neither I nor II
59. Find out the grammatically wrong sentence Ans : (c) ‘Farther’ is used with physical distance and
(a) She takes her dog out for a walk ‘further’ with non-physical distance. ‘Matter’ is a non-
(b) He teaches in a school physical entity, so, ‘further’ (st. II) is correct. Hence
(c) She go to the market for vegetables option (c) is correct.
(d) They live in Allahabad 67. Choose the correct sentence
Ans: (c) In sentence (c) ‘go’ should be replaced with (a) Of water take this glass
‘goes’. Hence option (c) is correct. (b) Take glass of this water
60. Choose the correct word to complete the (c) Take this glass of water
following sentence: (d) Take this water of glass
He insisted _____ seeing the documents. Ans : (c) Take this glass of water, is the correct
(a) on (b) to sentence. Hence option (c) is correct.
(c) in (d) by 68. Choose the correct word order.
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016 (a) She speaks always the truth
Ans : (a) In the blank preposition ‘on’ is appropriate (b) She always speaks the truth
because verb ‘Insist’ always followed by preposition (c) She speaks the truth always
‘on’ Hence option (a) (d) Always she speaks the truth
So the correct sentence is – Ans : (b) Correct word order is 'She always speaks
He insisted on seeing the documents. the truth'.
61. Find out the grammatically wrong sentence 69. Choose the correct sentence
(a) He feels bad about the defeat (a) It is strange that you don’t know swimming
(b) All the boy scouts wear half-pants (b) It is strange that you don’t know how to
(c) He hopes to secure good marks swim!
(d) Gavaskar is the Bradman of India (c) It is strange that you don’t know how to
Ans : (d) Proper nouns don’t need determiners, so, swimming!
‘the’ will not be used with Bradman in option (d).
Hence option (d) is correct. (d) It is strange that you don’t know to swim
62. Find out the grammatically wrong sentence Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW hej OÙeeve osves mes Ùen mhe° neslee
(a) Let me put my sign here nw efkeâ kesâJeue efJekeâuhe (b) ceW efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe ner Skeâcee$e Megæ
(b) These cattle are mine JÙeekeâjCe hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ know verb kesâ yeeo Ùeefo otmeje verb
(c) He examined the book closely
(d) He has no knowledge of and no interest in music ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw lees yeerÛe ceW Question word how keâe ØeÙeesie
Ans : (a) In sentence (a), ‘sign’ should be replaced by DeefveJeeÙe& nw~ Ùen efveÙece kesâJeue JeekeäÙe (b) ceW ner hetCe& nw~ It is
‘signature’. strange that you don’t know how to swim!
So, Let me put my signature here. Hence option (a) is
correct. 70. Choose the correct sentence
(a) Everyone knows that he is nothing else but a
63. Certain parts of the following sentences have
been underlined and marked. Select the part cheat.
containing an error (b) Everyone knows that he is nothing else than a
This is not (a) / the first time (b) / I am hearing of cheat.
(c) / your insubordination (d) (c) Everyone knows that he is nothing else
Ans : (c) In part (c) use ‘I hear of’ instead of ‘I am except a cheat.
hearing of’. Hence option (c) is correct. (d) Everyone knows that he is nothing but a
64. Choose the correct word order cheat.
(a) I lent my pencil him Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes ÛeejeW JeekeäÙeeW kesâ DeOÙeÙeve mes Ùen mhe° nw efkeâ
(b) My pencil I lent him
(c) My pencil him I lent
kesâJeue (a) ceW efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe Megæ ™he mes ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
(d) I lent him my pencil efveÙecele: Nothing else kesâ yeeo kesâJeue but veecekeâ Conjunction
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 keâe ner ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Fme efveÙece keâe heeueve kesâJeue efJekeâuhe (a) ceW
Ans : (d) Basic sentence pattern (S+V+O+ Other ner ngDee nw~ Everyone knows that he is nothing else but a
words) follows option (d). cheat.
20
71. There is nothing quite miserable than illiteracy Ans : (b) Basic sentence pattern of interrogative
in youth. sentence is (wh + hv + sub. + mv + o) so correct word
(a) as miserable order will be– why did she leave so early?
(b) very miserable 76. Pick out the correct sentence
(c) more miserable (a) There are shop near my house
(d) No improvement (b) There is shops near my house
Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& – ‘‘kegâÚ Yeer DeefOekeâ og:KeoeÙeer (c) There are a shop near my house
veneR ÙegJeeDeeW ceW DeefMeef#ele nesves keâer leguevee ceW’’~ ÙeneB JeekeäÙe keâer jÛevee (d) There is a shop near my house
Comparative degree ceW nw efpemekesâ efueÙes miserable adjective Ans : (d) The correct sentence will be : There is a
kesâ henues more keâe ØeÙeesie DeefveJeeÙe& nw~ Dele: more miserable keâe shop near my house. Hence option (d) is correct
ner ØeÙeesie nesiee~ 77. If Radhika had received an invitation, she would
have gone to the party. The above sentence tells
72. The sky was overcasted with clouds.
us that Radhika.
(a) had overcast
(a) did not receive the invitation
(b) was overcast
(b) had received the invitation
(c) was overcasting
(c) is waiting for the invitation
(d) No improvement
(d) did not want to got the party
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe kesâ jsKeebefkeâle Yeeie cebs DeMegefæ nw~ ÙeneB
Ans : (a) Hence the above sentence tells that Radhika
JeekeäÙe ceW verb kesâ ieuele form keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw, overcast verb did not receive the invitation because it is clear from
keâer leerveeW form Skeâ meceeve jnleer nw~ Dele: JeekeäÙe cebs overcasted the sentence that if Radhika had received an
kesâ mLeeve hej overcast keâe ner ØeÙeesie nesiee~ invitation, she would have gone to the party.
Direction Choose the appropriate word group 78. There is no doubt that the Pacific is
for the underlined words in above sentence. (a) (b)
73. My grandfather is ninety but he is ‘as fit as The largest of all other oceans
fiddle’. (c) (d)
(a) as slim as a fiddle Ans : (d) No need to write 'other' in option (d). Hence
(b) good at fitting up fiddles option (d) is correct.
(c) in very good physical condition 79. With a lot of persuasion the villagers agreed to
(d) of the fiddling type (a) (b)
Ans: (c) ‘As fit as fiddle’ (musical instrument) means participate in the family welfare programme
in very good physical condition. Hence option (c) is (c) (d)
correct.
Ans : (a) Here the option (a) of the given sentence has
74. Which one of the following has a correct an error. In this part the preposition 'with' is replace by
sentence pattern? 'after'. Hence the part (a) is after a lot of persuasion.
(a) She put all the books on the table
80. Pick out the compound sentence.
(b) She all the books on the table put
(a) To add to their troubles the servant ran away.
(c) She put on the table all the books
(b) Having no money with me, I could not give
(d) She on the table put all the books the beggar anything.
Ans : (a) Correct sentence pattern is : She put all the (c) I loved him because he was my friend.
books on the table. (d) The servant ran away and added to their
75. Choose the correct word order? troubles.
(a) Why she did leave so early? Ans. (c) : I loved him because he was my friend Skeâ
(b) Why did she leave so early? compound sentence nw~ compound sentence Ssmes
(c) Why did so early she leave? sentence nesles nw efpemeces oes Independent Clause efkeâmeer
(d) Why so early did she leave? conjunction mes pegÌ[s ngÙes nes~

21
81. Which of the following combination is found in 88. What type of sentence is the following?
the structure of English language? What worries me most, is the falling standard of
(a) Subject–object–verb (b) Verb–object–subject education in India.
(c) Subject–verb–object (d) Object–verb–subject (a) Imperative (b) Optative
Ans : (c) Subject + verb + object is the basic structure (c) Assertive d) Interrogative
of English language. Hence option (c) is correct. Ans : (c) Given sentence is Assertive sentence.
82. The following is a conditional sentence 89. A sentence is divided into four parts (A), (B),
(a) I have to go to work (C) and (D). Point out the part that has an
(b) If the sea is stormy, the waves are high error:
(c) Shut the door (A) You are learning English
(B) for the last one year
(d) It’s a sunny day, isn’t it?
(C) but you show
Ans : (b) ‘If’ indicates condition in sentence. Hence (D) no improvement at all.
option (b) is correct. (a) A (b) B
83. The sentence ‘I don’t know what he said,’ is ….. (c) C (d) D
(a) compound (b) complex Ans. (a) : Fme JeekeäÙe kesâ efJekeâuhe (A) ceW $egefš Øeoeve keâer ieÙeer nw~
(c) simple (d) None of these
Ùeneb you are learning English kesâ mLeeve hej you have been
Ans : (b) The sentence I don’t know what he said, is
learning English keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee~ keäÙeesefkeâ Deeies For +
an example of a complex sentence (having one
independent and one dependent clause). Hence option Period of time efoÙee ieÙee nw efpemekeâe ØeÙeesie (Present perfect
(b) is correct. continuous tense) ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Dele: hetCe&le: Megæ JeekeäÙe
84. His father is the Chairman. Fme Øekeâej nesiee~ You have been learning English for the
The underlined phrase is last one year but you show no improvement at all.
(a) Subject (b) Subject complement 90. Point out the portion having a mistake
(c) Object complement (d) Object The poors are always helped by them
Ans : (b) The underlined phrase is a subject A B C
complement as it follows the linking verb 'is'. Hence who are kind and generous
option (b) is correct. D
(a) A (b) B
85. They make him the Chairman every year.
(c) C (d) D
The underlined phrase is
(a) Subject (b) Subject complement Ans : (a) 'The poor' means poor people, so we should
used only 'poor' not 'poors'. Hence option (a) is
(c) Object (d) Object complement
correct.
Ans : (d) The underlined phrase 'the Chairman" Correct sentence is – The poor are always helped by
follows the object 'him', so, it is an object them who are kind and generous.
complement. Hence option (d) is correct.
91. Identify where the collective form is an error:
86. Provided he is feeling better he can leave the A
hospital. (a) host of angels
The underlined clause is (b) congress of baboons
(a) adverbial clause of concession (c) clutch of ducks
(b) adverbial clause of condition (d) shoal of fish
(c) adverbial clause of purpose
Ans : (c) clutch of ducks, collective noun keâe word veneR
(d) adverbial clause of manner
nw~
Ans : (b) Adverb clauses of condition are introduced
by the sub-ordinating conjunctions if, whether, 92. Choose the part where there is an error in the
provided. Here in this sentence provided is a given sentence.
conjunction. I went to the library to get
(a) (b)
87. The girl is now a student at a large university.
as many information as I could.
The underlined words in the above sentence (c) (d)
form the
Ans : (c) ‘information’ is uncountable, so, ‘much’
(a) object (b) object complement
would be used instead of ‘many’. So option (c) is
(c) subject (d) subject complement
wrong. Hence option (c) is correct.
Ans : (d) Underlined word – 'a student' is used as the
93. He had made/(a) a list/(b) of all the things/(c) he
complement of subject 'The girl'. Hence option (d)
wants to buy./(d)
subject complement.
Subject complement – "A subject complement is the Ans : (d) It should be 'wanted' in place of 'wants'
adjective, noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb. following the rule of consistency of tense.

22
94. How much/(a) fingers/(b) do you have/(c) in 103. Students are (a) / judged (b) / on the basis (c) /
your hands?/(d) from their personality. (d)
Ans : (a) 'Much' is used for uncountable noun while Ans : (d) In part (d) ‘from’ should be replaced by ‘of’
'many' is used for countable noun. Here in the given their personality. Hence option (d) is correct.
sentence fingers are countable. So use of many is 104. Teachers were (a) / ask to (b) / speak extempore
correct. Correct sentence – How many fingers do you (c) / on one of the given subjects. (d)
have in your hands. Ans : (b) In part (b) ‘ask’ should be replaced by
95. Ravi entered/(a) in the classroom/(b) without/(c) ‘asked’ to. Hence option (b) is correct.
seeking permission./(d) 105. The nurse made (a) / the baby (b) / sleep. (c) / No
Ans : (b) When 'enter' word is used for place, no error (d).
preposition is followed by enter. Hence option (b) is Ans : (d) The sentence is correct.
correct. 106. The flowers (a)/smell (b)/sweetly. (c)/no error (d).
Correct sentence– Ravi entered the classroom without
Ans : (c) Sweet is correct because it is subject
seeking permission.
complement.
96. It takes/(a) a lot of practice/(b) to play/(c) the
Subject complement is adjective. Hence option (c) is
violin well./(d)
incorrect.
Ans : (b) Part (b) of sentence contains error.
Correct sentence– The flowers smell sweet.
It would be 'practise' in place of 'practice'.
97. Ravi forgot (a)/ how much (b)/ he pay (c)/for the 107. John Keats was one of the (a) / greatest (b) / poet
watch. (d) (c) / No error (d).
Ans : (c) In place of pay, paid should be used because Ans : (c) In place of 'poet' 'poets' must be used one of
in part (a) past tense has been used, hence sentence take plural noun after it.
will be in past tense. 108. I saw an (a) / one (b) / eyed. (c) / No error. (d).
98. His sister Beena (a)/ is the more intelligent (b) / Ans : (a) Article 'a' is used before a word beginning
student (c) / in her class. (d) with consonant or consonant sound.
Ans : (b) Instead of more, most should be used. Here in given sentence word 'one' start with vowel
Because in superlative degree comparison is made sound but sound is in consonant (Je) so use of article
between two or more people and one is the best in the 'a' is correct.
work.
Correct sentence– I saw a one eyed.
99. There were (a) / ample time (b) / to get (c) / to
109. Neither Rahul (a)/nor Karim(b)/have done his
the airport. (d)
home work. (c)/No error.(d)
Ans : (a) In place of were, was should be used
because subject is in singular form. Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe kesâ part (c) ceW verb keâe ieuele mJe™he
100. Maya has (a) / not been going (b) / to school (c)/ Øekeâš efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ efveÙecele: Neither mes Meg™ JeekeäÙe ceW Fmekesâ
since a week. (d) conjunction nor kesâ yeeo Deeves Jeeues subject kesâ Devegmeej ner
Ans : (d) Since is used for 'point of time' while 'for' is verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw nor kesâ yeeo singular noun nw Dele:
used for 'period of time'. In the given sentence – a
verb Yeer singular nesiee~ Megæ JeekeäÙe Neither Rahul nor
week is period of time. Hence there should be used
'for' instead of 'since'. Karim has done his home work.
Correct sentence– Maya has not been going to school 110. Sixty five years (a)/have passed (b)/since India
for a week. Hence option (d) is correct. became free. (c)/No error (d)
101. Shahjahan built (a)/ the Taj Mahal (b) / in Ans : (d) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe JÙeekeâjCeerÙe mebjÛevee keâer Âef° mes
memory of (c)/ her queen Mumtaj. (d) GheÙegòeâ nw FmeceW keâesF& $egefš veneR nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (d) No error keâe
Ans : (d) In place of 'her', 'his' must be used because
ØeÙeesie nesiee~
subject is in masculine gender and its possesive case
will also be in masculine form. 111. Find out the error in the following sentence.
102. There are fifteen (a) / top class institutions (b) / What to speak of milk (a) / even water was (b) / not
of hotel management (c) / at India. (d) available there. (c) / No error (d)
Ans : (d) In part (d) ‘at’ should be replaced by ‘in’ Ans : (a) Here preposition 'about' is appropriate in
India. Hence option (d) is correct. place of preposition 'of'. Hence option (a) is correct.

23
03.
PARTS OF SPEECH
4. Material Noun (OeelegJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)
A. NOUN – KINDS OF NOUN 5. Abstract Noun (YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)
1. Proper Noun (JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)– efkeâmeer efJeMes<e JÙeefòeâ,
keâF& DeLe&hetCe& MeyoeW mes efceuekeâj Skeâ JeekeäÙe yevelee nw~ JeekeäÙe ceW
Jemleg DeLeJee mLeeve kesâ veece keâes Proper Noun (JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)
ØeÙegòeâ MeyoeW keâes Gvekesâ ØeÙeesie kesâ Devegmeej Dee" YeeieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele keânles nQ; Brijesh, Sita, India, Indore, January, Monday,
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, Ùes Yeeie Parts of Speech keânueeles nwb~ Ùes Diwali, The Ganga, The Ramayana, The Himalaya, The
efvecveefueefKele nQ– Indian Ocean, The Taj Mahal, Deeefo~
1. Noun (meb%ee) Proper Noun kesâ mecyevOe ceW kegâÚ peeveves ÙeesiÙe yeeleW–
2. Pronoun (meJe&veece) (a) Proper Noun keâe henuee De#ej meowJe Capital letter mes
3. Adjective (efJeMues<eCe) efueKee peelee nw;
4. Verb (ef›eâÙee) pewmes– Ajay, Bhopal, The Amar Ujala.
5. Adverb (ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe) (b) Proper Noun kesâ henues ‘a’ Ùee ‘an’ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR
6. Preposition (mecyevOemetÛekeâ DeJÙeÙe) neslee~ uesefkeâve veoer, heJe&le ßesefCeÙeeW (mountain ranges),
7. Conjunction (mecegÛÛeÙeyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe) mecegõ KeeÌ[er, Øeefmeæ hegmlekeâeW, FceejleeW, meceeÛeej-he$eeW leLee
8. Interjection (efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe) kegâÚ jepÙeeW kesâ veeceeW kesâ henues `The' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
1. NOUN ( meb%ee ) nw, pewmes – The Punjab, The Hindustan Times, The
Red Fort, The Mahabharata, The Bay of Bengal,
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, The Atlantic.
place or thing. (efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ, mLeeve, Jemleg, iegCe, keâeÙe& DeLeJee
DeJemLee keâe yeesOe keâjeves Jeeues Meyo meb%ee keânueeles nQ~) 2. Common Noun (peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)– efpeme meb%ee Meyo
(1) JÙeefòeâ keâe veece (Name of a person)– Rakesh, mes efkeâmeer Skeâ Jeie& Ùee peeefle kesâ ØelÙeskeâ JÙeefòeâ, Jemleg DeLeJee mLeeve keâe
Sudha. yeesOe neslee nw, Gmes Common Noun (peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) keânles nQ,
(a) Rakesh is reading a book.
(b) Sudha is a beautiful girl. pewmes – King, Town, Book~ Fmeer Øekeâej festival, day, boy,
(2) mLeeve keâe veece (Name of a place)– Kanpur, Town. country, state, newspaper, building, ocean, mountain,
(a) Kanpur is a big city. river, girl Deeefo Common Noun (peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) nw~
(b) He lives in a town.
3. Collective Noun (mecetnJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)–efpeme meb%ee Meyo keâe
(3) Jemleg keâe veece (Name of a thing)– chair, book.
(a) This is a new chair. JÙeefòeâÙeeW, ØeeefCeÙeeW DeLeJee JemlegDeeW kesâ mecetn kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw,
(b) This is my book. Gmes Collective Noun (mecetnJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) keânles nQ; pewmes– band,
(4) iegCe keâe veece (Name of a quality)– beauty, truth.
heap, crowed, flock, library, fleet, team, bunch, troop, class,
(a) The Taj Mahal is famous for its beauty.
army.
(b) I love truth.
(5) keâeÙe& keâe veece (Name of an action)– work, choice. 4. Material Noun (OeelegJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)–Fme Øekeâej kesâ meb%ee
(a) This work is very easy. Meyo mes efkeâmeer Ssmes heoeLe& keâe yeesOe neslee nw efpememes otmejer JemlegSb yeve
(b) She made a choice.
mekesâ, Gmes Material Noun (heoeLe&JeeÛekeâ) meb%ee keânles nQ~ meb#eshe ceW
(6) DeJemLee keâe veece (Name of state)– Childhood,
poverty. efkeâmeer Oeeleg, Keefvepe heoeLe& FlÙeeefo kesâ veece keâes Material Noun
(a) Gaurav was very clever in his childhood. keânles nQ; pewmes– cotton, rice, wheat, coal, wood, iron, Gold.
(b) Poverty is a curse.
KINDS OF NOUN 5. Abstract Noun (YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)–efpeme meb%ee Meyo mes
Noun efvecveefueefKele heebÛe Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– efkeâmeer iegCe, keâeÙe& DeLeJee DeJemLee keâe yeesOe neslee nw Deewj efpemes ÚgDee
1. Proper Noun (JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) (touch) veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ pewmes– truth, youth,
2. Common Noun (peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee) manhood, wisdom, bravery, greed, doubt, childhood,
pain, hope, poverty, courage, Honesty etc.
3. Collective Noun (mecetnJeeÛekeâ meb%ee)
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 2. Interrogative Pronoun (ØeMveJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece)–pees
B. PRONOUN Pronoun (meJe&veece) ØeMve hetÚves keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw Gmes
Interrogative Pronoun (meJe&veece) keânles nQ, Ùes Pronoun
which, what, whom, whose, who Deeefo nw; pewmes–
A Pronoun is a word which is used in place of a
(a) Who came here?
Noun. (pees Meyo JeekeäÙe ceW Noun (meb%ee) kesâ mLeeve hej ØeÙegòeâ nseles
(b) Whose pen is this?
nQ, GvnW Pronoun (meJe&veece) keânles nQ) (c) Whom do you want?
KINDS OF PRONOUN (d) What is this?
Pronoun (meJe&veece) ome Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ - (e) Which is your pen?
(1) Personal Pronoun GheÙeg & òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW who, whose, whom, what,
(2) Interrogative Pronoun Interrogative Pronouns nQ~
(3) Relative Pronoun 3. Relative Pronoun (mecyevOeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece) – pees
(4) Demonstrative Pronoun Pronoun oes JeekeäÙeeW keâes peesÌ[lee nw leLee Deheves mes henues Deeves Jeeues
(5) Distributive Pronoun
(6) Indefinite Pronoun Noun Ùee Pronoun mes mecyevOe yeleelee nw, Relative Pronoun
(7) Reflexive Pronoun (mecyevOeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece) keânueelee nw~ efpeme Noun Ùee Pronoun kesâ
(8) Emphatic Pronoun meeLe Relative Pronoun mecyevOe Øekeâš keâjlee nw,Jen Gmekeâe
(9) Reciprocal Pronoun Antecedent neslee nw~ Ùen Yeer OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS efkeâ Relative
(10) Exclamatory Pronoun
Pronoun keâe Number leLee Gender meowJe Gmekesâ
1. Personal Pronoun (heg®<eJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece)– eqpeme Antecedent kesâ Devegmeej neslee nw~ GoenjCe –
Pronoun (meJe&veece) ceW efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ, heMeg DeLeJee Jemleg keâe yeesOe (1) I have lost the cycle which you gave me.
neslee nw, Gmes Personal Pronoun (heg®<eJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece) keânles nw; (2) This is the boy who crossed the river.
pewmes– I, You, he, she, they. (3) Where is the book that I gave you?
Personal Pronoun leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– (4) I know the man whom you helped yesterday.
(a) First Person (Gòece heg®<e)– Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie yeele keânves GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW which, who that, whom (pees Italics
Jeeues JÙeefòeâ keâs efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw, pewmes– I (ceQ), We (nce)~ letters ceW Úhes nQ) Relative Pronoun nQ Deewj cycle, boy, book
(b) Second Person (ceOÙece heg®<e)– Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie yeele leLee man (pees Italic letters cebs Úhes nQ) Fvekesâ Antecedents nQ~
megveves Jeeues JÙeefòeâ kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes– You (legce)~ 4. Demonstrative Pronoun (mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece)–pees
(c) Third Person (DevÙe heg®<e)– Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Gme JÙeefòeâ, Pronoun efkeâmeer keâer Deesj mebkesâle keâjlee nw, Gmes Demonstrative
mLeeve, heMeg leLee Jemleg kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw efpemekesâ efJe<eÙe ceW keâesF& Pronoun (mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece) keânles nQ~ Ùes Ûeej nw– this, that,
yeele keâner peeleer nw; pewmes– He, she, it, they. these, those GoenjCe–
Personal Pronoun kesâ Number, Gender leLee Case keâer (1) Those are your students.
peevekeâejer kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele leeefuekeâe keâe DeOÙeÙeve keâerefpeS– (2) These are my pens.
Person Numb Gender Nomina Object Posse- (3) That is your book.
(heg®<e) er (efuebie) -tive ive ssive (4) This is my house.
(vecyej (keâlee&) (keâce&) (mecyevOe) GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW this, that, these, those Demonstrative
First
Person
Singul
ar
Common
''
I Me My,
mine
Pronouns nw pees ›eâceMe: house, book, pens leLee Students keâer
Plural " We us Our, Deesj mebkesâle keâjles nQ~
ours
Second Singul " You You Your,
5. Distributive Pronoun (efJelejCeelcekeâ meJe&veece)– pees
Person ar " yours Pronoun JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes ieÙes JÙeefòeâÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW ceW mes
plural You You Your,
yours
ØelÙeskeâ keâes metefÛele keâjlee nw, Gmes Distributive Pronoun keânles nQ;
Third Singul Masculine He Him His pewmes–
Person ar Feminine She Her Her, (1) Any of these five girls may take it.
Plural Neuter It It hers
Common Its (2) Each of us can play a part in building new India.
They them Their, (3) Neither of the two came here.
theirs
(4) Take either of these two pens.
mebkesâle–(1) Deepekeâue Thou, thee, thy, thine keâe ØeÙeesie
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Each, Any, Neither, Either Meyo
veneR neslee~ Distributive Pronouns nQ~
(2) You keâe ØeÙeesie Singular Deewj Plural oesveeW ceW neslee nw~ veesš (Note)–Ùeneb Ùen Yeer mhe° nw efkeâ either Deewj neither
uesefkeâve Verb meowJe Plural number ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~ keâe ØeÙeesie oes kesâ efueS, each keâe ØeÙeesie oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ kesâ
(3) It keâe ØeÙeesie Úesšs peeveJejeW leLee JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS efkeâÙee efueS, any keâe ØeÙeesie oes mes DeefOekeâ kesâ efueS Negative Sentence
peelee nw~ ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
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 6. Indefinite Pronoun (Deefve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece)– eqpeve 10. Exclamatory Pronoun (efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ meJe&veece) –
Pronouns mes efkeâmeer efveef§ele JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg keâe yeesOe veneR neslee Jes peye JeekeäÙe ceW ‘what’ keâe ØeÙeesie efJemceÙe Ùee Dee§eÙe& Øekeâš keâjves kessâ
Indefinite Pronouns (Deefve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece)–keânueeles nQ; pewmes– efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees Ùen Exclamatory Pronoun keânueelee nw;
(1) None of his brothers helped him. pewmes–
(2) Many of the students were absent.
(1) What! You have lost your bag.
(3) One must do one’s duty.
(4) Nobody came to see him. (2) What! He has failed.
(5) All were happy. Fve oesveeW JeekeäÙeeW ceW ‘what’ keâe ØeÙeesie efJemceÙe Øekeâš keâjves kesâ
(6) Some boys were playing in the park. efueS efkeâÙee ieÙee nw, Dele: oesveeW JeekeäÙe ceW ‘what’ Exclamatory
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW none, many, one, nobody, all, Some, Pronoun nw~
MeyoeW mes efkeâmeer efveef§ele JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg keâe yeesOe veneR neslee~ Dele: Ùes
meye Indefinite Pronouns (Deefve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece) nQ~ C. ADJECTIVE
7. Reflexive Pronoun (efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece) – efpeme
Pronoun mes keâeÙe& keâe ØeYeeJe keâlee& hej heÌ[vee Øekeâš neslee nw, DevÙe An Adjective is a word which is used to qualify a
efkeâmeer hej veneR, Gmes Reflexive Pronoun (efvepeJeeÛekeâ meJe&veece) Noun or Pronoun. (JeekeäÙe ceW pees Meyo efkeâmeer meb%ee (Noun)
keânles nQ~ Ùes Personal Pronoun ceW self Ùee selves peesÌ[keâj yeveeÙes DeLeJee meJe&veece (Pronoun) keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeles nQ, Adjective
peeles nQ; pewmes– themselves, itself, himself, yourselves, (efJeMes<eCe) keânueeles nQ~)
yourself, Ourselves, myself Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe ceW object keâer
KINDS OF ADJECTIVE
lejn neslee nw; pewmes–
Adjective (efJeMes<eCe) meele Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ-
(1) They dressed themselves carefully.
(2) We taught ourselves to swim. (1) Proper Adjective.
(3) She hurt herself. (2) Adjective of Quality.
(4) He hid himself in a cave. (3) Adjective of Quantity.
(5) You deceived yourself. (4) Adjective of Numer.
(6) I saw myself in the mirror. (5) Demonstrative Adjective.
GheÙe&g&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW myself, yourself, himself, herself, (6) Distributive Adjective.
ourselves leLee themselves, Reflexive Pronouns nQ~ (7) Interrogative Adjective.
8. Emphatic Pronoun (ÂÌ{leemetÛekeâ meJe&veece) – eqpeme
1. Proper Adjective (JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe)–JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ
Pronoun keâe ØeÙeesie ÂÌ{lee efoKeeves DeLeJee peesj [eueves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
peelee nw Gmes Emphatic Pronoun (ÂÌ{leemetÛekeâ meJe&veece) keânles nQ~ meb%ee (Proper Noun) mes yeves Adjective, Proper Adjectives
Reflexive Pronoun keâer lejn Emphatic Pronoun Yeer (JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) keânueeles nQ; pewmes–
Personal Pronoun ceW self Ùee selves ueieeves mes yeveles nw; pewmes– Rajasthani, Chinese, Indian, Russian, English,
himself, yourself, ourselves, myself Deeefo~ Japanese, Kashmiri.
GoenjCe– (1) Swiss watches are sold everywhere.
(1) They themselves came here. (2) They like French wine.
(2) She herself cooked the food. (3) Indian soldiers are brave.
(3) He himself will do it. (1) American goods are durable.
(4) You yourself should go there. GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW French, Indian, Swiss, American,
(5) I myself saw the thief.
Meyo Proper Adjectives nQ pees ›eâceMe: Soldiers, goods, wine
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW themselves, herself, himself,
yourself, myself Meyo Emphatic Pronouns nw~ Emphatic leLee watches keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeles nw~
Pronouns keâlee& kesâ "erkeâ yeeo Deeles nQ~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie meeceevÙeleÙee 2. Adjective of Quality (iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe)–efpeme
keâlee& (subject) kesâ case in Apposition keâer lejn neslee nw~ Ùeefo Adjective mes efkeâmeer Noun (meb%ee) keâe iegCe Je oes<e leLee jbie-™he
JeekeäÙe ceW mes nše Yeer efoÙee peeÙe lees Yeer JeekeäÙe mes hetCe& YeeJe Øekeâš neslee nw~ Øekeâš neslee nw, Gmes Adjective of Quality (iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe)
9. Reciprocal Pronoun (hejmhejmetÛekeâ meJe&veece)– pees keânles nQ; pewmes–
Pronouns hejmhej mecyevOe Øekeâš keâjles nQ, GvnW Reciprocal (1) Good boys obey their parents.
Pronouns keânles nQ~ Ùes oes nQ– (1) Each other, (2) One (2) Jawahar Lal Nehru was a great leader.
another, Fvekeâe DeLe& nselee nw, Skeâ otmejs keâer~ FveceW mes Each other (3) Rose is a beautiful flower.
(4) The boy is clever.
keâe ØeÙeesie oes kesâ efueS leLee One another keâe ØeÙeesie oes mes DeefOekeâ
(5) The cap is red.
kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes– (6) He is gentle.
(1) Mohan and Sohan love each other. GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Good, great, beautiful, clever, red leLee
(2) The students should help one another.
gentle Meyo ›eâceMe: boys, leader, flower, boy, cap leLee he
Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW each other leLee one another Meyo keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeles nQ, Gvekesâ iegCe leLee jbie-™he keâe JeCe&ve keâjles nQ~
Reciprocal Pronouns nQ~ Dele: Ùes Adjective of Quality (iegCeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) nQ~
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 3. Adjective of Quantity (heefjceeCeyeesOekeâ efJeMes<eCe)–pees 7. Interrogative Adjective (ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe)–pees
Adjective Jemleg keâer cee$ee Ùee heefjceeCe yeleeles nQ, GvnW Adjectives Adjective ØeMve hetÚves keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw Gmes Interrogative
of Quantity (heefjceeCeyeesOekeâ efJeMes<eCe) keânles nQ; pewmes–
Adjective (ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) keânles nQ; pewmes–
(1) She ate some rice.
(2) They have enough money. (1) What price did you pay for it?
(3) Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. (2) Which book do you want?
(4) Give me more water. (3) Whose cow is this?
(5) The tank contains much oil.
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW some, enough, little, more, much Meyo GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW what, which, whose ØeMve hetbÚves keâe keâeÙe&
›eâceMe: rice, money, knowledge, water leLee oil keâer cee$ee keâer keâjles nQ, Dele: Ùes Interrogative Adjectives nQ~
Deesj mebkesâle keâjles nQ~ Dele: Ùes Adjectives of Quantity veesš (Note)– Ùeneb hej OÙeeve jKevee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efkeâ peye
(heefjCeeceyeesOekeâ efJeMes<eCe) nQ~ what, which, whose kesâ legjvle yeeo Ùeefo keâesF& Noun Deelee nw
4. Adjective of Number (mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) – efpeme
Adjective mes efkeâmeer Jemleg keâer mebKÙee keâe yeesOe neslee nw, Gmes
lees Ùes Interrogative Adjectives nesles nQ~ uesefkeâve Fvekesâ legjvle yeeo
Adjective of Number (mebKÙeeJeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) keânles nw; pewmes– Ùeefo keâesF& Verb Deelee nw lees Ùes Interrogative Pronouns nesles nQ~
(1) They have two cows. Adjective–Adjective keâe ØeÙeesie efJeMes<eCe keâer efJeefYevve oMeeDeeW
(2) Many students went to see the match.
(3) A few mangoes are ripe. (pÙeeos, yengle pÙeeos, keâce, yengle keâce FlÙeeefo) keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjves kesâ
(4) She passed in Second division. efueS Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(5) There is only one doctor in the hospital.
(6) He wrote several books of grammar. efvecveefueefKele leeefuekeâeDeeW kesâ DeeOeej hej nce efJeefYevve Øekeâej kesâ
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW two, many, few, second, one, several efveÙeceeW keâes peeveWies efpevekesâ DeeOeej hej Adjective kesâ efJeefYevve
mebKÙee Øekeâš keâjles nQ, Dele: Ùes Adjective of Number Degrees (positive, comparative, superlative) keâe efvecee&Ce
(mebKÙeeJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) nw~
kewâmes keâjles nQ~
5. Demonstrative Adjective (mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe)–pees
Adjective Deheves legjvle yeeo ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes Noun (meb%ee) keâer Deesj
mebkesâle keâjles nQ, GvnW Demonstrative Adjective (mebkesâleJeeÛekeâ 1. Formation of Comparative & Superlative Degrees of
efJeMes<eCe) keânles nw; FmeceW This, That, These, Those Deeefo Adjectives by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive
Adjective Deeles nQ~ pewmes– degree.
(1) This house is good.
Positive Comparative Superlative
(2) That cow is yellow.
(3) These pens are mine. Bright Brighter Brightest
(4) Those toys are made of clay. Black Blacker Blackest
(5) Sandeep and Pawan live in the same house.
Bold Bolder Boldest
(6) Do not write such books.
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW This, that, these, those, same, such, Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Meyo ›eâceMe: house, cow, pens, toys, house leLee books Cold Colder Coldest
Noun keâer Deesj mebkesâle keâjles nQ, Dele: Ùes Demonstrative Fast Faster Fastest
Adjectives nQ~ Great Greater Greatest
6. Distributive Adjective (efJeYeeiemetÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe)–pees High Higher Highest
Adjective efkeâmeer Jeie& keâer ØelÙeskeâ Jemleg DeLeJee JÙeefòeâ keâes Øekeâš Kind Kinder Kindest
keâjlee nw, Gmes Distributive Adjective (efJeYeeiemetÛekeâ efJeMes<eCe) Long Longer Longest
keânles nQ~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie efJeMes<elee yeleeÙes peeves Jeeues Noun kesâ "erkeâ Rich Richer Richest
henues neslee nw; pewmes– Small Smaller Smallest
(1) Each boy got a prize. Strong Stronger Strongest
(2) Every student of my school knows me. Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
(3) Neither statement is true. Tall Taller Tallest
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW each, every, neither, Meyo ›eâceMe: boy,
Thick Thicker Thickest
student leLee statement keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeles nQ~ Ùes Distributive
Young Younger Youngest
Adjectives nQ~

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 2. By addition of '-r' and '-st' to the positive degree
ending in 'e' -
D. VERB
Positive Comparative Superlative
Brave Braver Bravest
Ssmes Meyo efpevemes efkeâmeer keâeÙe& keâe keâjvee Ùee nesvee heeÙee peeÙe
Fine Finer Finest
Verb (ef›eâÙee) keânueeles nQ~ Ùes Meyo efkeâmeer JÙeeqkeäle, mLeeve DeLeJee
Large Larger Largest
Jemleg kesâ yeejs ceW kegâÚ keânles nQ~
Nice Nicer Nicest A verb is a word used for saying something about
Pale Paler Palest some person, place or thing. – J. C. Nesfield
Simple Simpler Simplest 1. Ravi wrote a letter
Wise Wiser Wisest 2. My father was a player.
White Whiter Whitest 3. Saurav has helped me.
4. The sun shines brightly.
Noble Nobler Noblest
GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW šsÌ{s Úhes Meyo ef›eâÙeeSB nQ efpemeceW efvecve
3. peye Positive Degree keâe Meyo 'y' hej Kelce neslee nw Deewj 'y' kesâ
ef›eâÙeeDeeW keâes oMee&Ùee ieÙee nw~
henues consonant (JÙebpeve) nes lees 'y' 'i' ceW yeouelee nw Deewj 'i' kesâ
(i)Transitive Verb (mekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙee)–mekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙee Jen ef›eâÙee
yeeo 'er' Deewj 'est' pegÌ[ peelee nw~
nw, efpeme Meyo mes JeekeäÙe ceW keâeÙe& kesâ nesves Ùee keâjves keâe yeesOe neslee nw~
Positive Comparative Superlative
efpemeceW DeLe& keâes mhe<š keâjves kesâ efueS Skeâ mes pÙeeoe Meyo Ùee object
Costly Costlier Costliest
keâer pe™jle heÌ[leer nw~ pewmes– GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙe 1 ceW wrote transitive
Dry Drier Driest
verb nw~
Easy Easier Easiest
(ii) Intransitive Verb (Deke&âcekeâ ef›eâÙee)–Dekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙee Jen
Happy Happier Happiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest ef›eâÙee nw, efpeme Meyo mes JeekeäÙe ceW keâeÙe& kesâ nesves Ùee keâjves keâe yeesOe
Lazy Lazier Laziest mJeÙeb neslee nw, Ùes Ssmeer ef›eâÙee nw efpemekesâ DeLe& keâes mhe<š keâjves kesâ efueS
Mercy Mercier Merciest keâce& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR heÌ[leer nw~ pewmes- GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙe 4 ceW
'shines' nw~
(4) peye Positive Degree JÙebpeve (consonant) kesâ meeLe Kelce nes
Deewj Gmekesâ henues vowel (mJej) nes lees, comparative SJeb (iii) Linking verb – GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙe 2 ceW 'was' linking
superlative yeveeves ceW JÙebpeve keâes Double keâjkesâ '-er' SJeb '-est' verb nw~ ÙeneB was kesâ DeLe& keâes hetje keâjves kesâ efueS complement 'a
peesÌ[ osles nQ~ player' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
Positive Comparative Superlative (iv) Auxiliary Verb (meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee) pewmes GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙe
Big Bigger Biggest 3 ceW has keâe ØeÙeesie Present Perfect Tense yeveeves kesâ efueS
Dim Dimmer Dimmest meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee kesâ ¤he ceW ngDee nw~
Fat Fatter Fattest veerÛes oer ieÙeer leeefuekeâe mes verb kesâ meejs form mhe<š nesles nQ–
Hot Hotter Hottest
Thin Thinner Thinnest

5. positive Degree kesâ henues 'more' Deewj 'most' keâe ØeÙeesie

keâjkesâ–
Positive Comparative Superlative
Active More Active Most Active efvecveefueefKele efoÙes ieÙes efveÙeceeW kesâ DeeOeej hej nce peeveWies
Attractive More Attractive Most Attractive keâer verb (ef›eâÙee) kesâ efJeefYevve Forms keâe ØeÙeesie kewâmes neslee
Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful nw–
Careful More Careful Most Careful Rule 1 : peye oes Singular Nouns Skeâ ner JÙeeqkeäle Ùee Jemleg
Courageous More Courageous Most Courageous keâes yeleueeÙeW lees Verb Singular nesiee~ Fme oMee ceW article 'the'
Cunning More Cunning Most Cunning
kesâJeue henues noun kesâ hetJe& ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes –
1. The manager and owner of the mill is dead.
Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult 2. The president and secretary has come.
Famous More Famous Most Famous Note – peye oes Singular Nouns efYeVe-efYeVe JÙeeqkeäleÙeeW Ùee
Faithful More Faithful Most Faithful JemlegDeesb keâes yeleueeSB lees article oesveeW kesâ henues Deelee nw Deewj Verb
Important More Important Most Important Plural nesiee~ pewmes –
1. The owner and the manager of the mill are dead.
Popular More Popular Most Popular 2. The president and the secretary have come.
28
 Rule 2 : Verb Deheves subject kesâ number Deewj person 1. He, as well as his friends, has purchased these
kesâ Devegmeej ØeÙegòeâ nesleer nw~ pewmes – mangoes.
(i) Incorrect – Ram like apples. 2. No one, besides your father, knows his name.
Correct – Ram likes apple. 3. The inspector, together with two policemen, was
(ii) Incorrect – They loves me. killed.
Correct – They love me. 4. Amit, with his sisters, is going to see the
Rule 3 : peye oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ Singular Subjects exhibition.
`and' mes pegÌ[s neW lees Verb Plural Number ceW DeeÙesiee~ pewmes – 5. Ram, like his brother, is dull.
1. Sudha and Kusum are sisters. Rule 11 : kegâÚ Noun pees osKeves ceW Plural ceeuetce heÌ[les nQ
2. Amar and his brother have gone to school.
Rule 4 : Deiej oes Singular Subjects `and' mes pegÌ[s neW
hejvleg DeLe& ceW Singular nesles nQ Gvekesâ meeLe Singular verb Deelee
Deewj Gve oesveeW kesâ henues each Ùee every keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees Gvekesâ nw~ pewmes –
meeLe Verb Singular nesiee~ pewmes – Physics, News, Politics, Economics, Mathematics,
1. Every girl and every boy was in the class. Innings, Gallows, Gymnastics, Billiards Deeefo~ pewmes –
2. Each day and each night was pleasant. 1. This news is not true.
Rule 5 : Deiej oes Subjects Skeâ ner Jemleg Ùee JÙeeqkeäle keâe 2. Physics is a difficult subject.
YeeJe Øekeâš keâjles neW lees Verb Singular nesiee~ pewmes – 3. Billiards is my favourite game.
1. Curry and rice is my favourite food. Rule 12 : peye oes Nouns Ùee Pronouns `not
2. The cart and horse is ready.
only.......but also' mes pegÌ[s neW lees verb yeeo Jeeues Noun Ùee
3. Steady and slow wins the race.
Rule 6 : Ùeefo oes Ùee DeefOekeâ Singular Subjects Pronoun kesâ Devegmeej neslee nw~ pewmes –
either........or, neither.....nor, or Ùee nor mes pegÌ[s neW lees Verb Not only the commander but also the soldiers were
Singular nesiee~ pewmes – killed.
1. Either Sheela or Geeta has lost her pen. Rule 13 : peye keâesF& Plural Noun Skeâ efveeqMÛele veehe
2. Neither Sohan nor his sister was there. (measurment), jkeâce (amount) Ùee otjer metÛekeâ neslee nw lees Gmekesâ
3. Rajendra or Suresh has stolen my watch. meeLe verb SkeâJeÛeve ceW Deelee nw~ pewmes –
Rule 7 : peye efYeVe-efYeVe Persons (First, Second Ùee 1. Eighty miles is a long distance.
Third) kesâ Subjects `or' Ùee `nor' mes pegÌ[s neW lees verb Debeflece 2. Fourty rupees is not a big amount.
Person kesâ Devegmeej Deelee nw~ efYeVe-efYeVe Persons kesâ Subjects Rule 14 : hegmlekeâeW, meceeÛeej he$eeW leLee osMe kesâ veeceeW kesâ
keâes II, III, I Person kesâ ›eâce ceW ueieevee ÛeeefnS~ pewmes – heMÛeeled Ûeens osKeves ceW Jes Plural ner keäÙeeW ve neW Singulr verb ØeÙegòeâ
1. Either you or he is coming to my place. nesleer nw~ pewmes –
2. Neither he nor I am going there. 1. ``The Hindustan Times'' is leading newspaper.
3. You or I have to attend the meeting. 2. ``The United State’s has a big air force.
Rule 8 : peye oes Ùee DeefOekeâ Subject neither.......nor,
3. ``The Arabian Nights' is a good book.
either........or, nor Ùee or mes pegÌ[s neW Deewj Gvekeâe Number efYeVe-
Rule 15 : Wages, Pains Deewj Means kesâ meeLe DeLe& kesâ
efYeVe nes DeLee&led Singular Deewj Plural nes lees Plural Subject
Devegmeej Verb Singular Ùee Plural ØeÙegòeâ nesleer nQ~ pewmes –
Verb kesâ heeme jKevee ÛeeefnS Deewj Verb Yeer Plural keâe efueKevee
1. The pains of life are unbearable.
ÛeeefnS~ pewmes – 2. Much pains has been taken.
1. Neither Sita nor her friends have come. 3. The wages of sin is death.
2. Either you or your friends are guilty. 4. The wages of these labourers are very low.
3. Ankur or his brothers have destroyed this building. Rule 16 : need, dare, see, make, hear, think, appoint,
Rule 9. `Neither', `Each', `Either', `One of', `Many a'
choose Deeefo ef›eâÙeeDeesb kesâ yeeo to Ùee as keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee~
kesâ meeLe Singular verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes –
1. Either of the four boys has stolen my pen.
pewmes–
2. Neither of the shirts is cheap. (1) You need not go.
3. Every boy was punished. (2) I dare not oppose him.
4. Each of his sisters is beautiful. (3) I made him laugh.
5. Many a man has come. (4) I heard him cry.
6. One of the pictures is very beautiful. (5) She thinks me a fool.
Rule 10 : peye keâesF& Singular Subject otmejs Noun kesâ Rule 17 : Describe, regard, mention, define, treat,
represent Deeefo verbs kesâ yeeo as keâe ØeÙeesie DeJeMÙe neslee nw~
meeLe `together with', `with', `besides', `as well as', `in
addition to', `like' Deeefo connectives Éeje pegÌ[e nes lees verb
pewmes –
1. She regard me as her guardian.
Fvemes henues DeeÙes ngS noun Ùee pronoun kesâ Devegmeej neslee nw~ 2. I treat him as a gentleman.
pewmes– 3. They represented the case as they knew.
29
 Rule 18 : Conditional Sentences ceW if Ùee When mes Jen oewÌ[ mekeâlee nw~
DeejcYe nesves Jeeueer clause ceW Simple Present leLee Principal He can run.
clause ceW Simple Furture keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ pewmes– Jes ketâo mekeâles Les~
Incorrect – If he will come to me, I shall help him.
They could jump.
Correct – If he comes to me, I shall help him.
Rule 19 : keâeuheefvekeâ Mele& kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW If clause Past II. May/Might–Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie cegKÙele: DeeosMe osves Ùee uesves kesâ
Perfect ceW leLee Principle Clause ceW would have + ef›eâÙee keâer meboYe& ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes–
third form keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes –
If he had come to me, I would have helped him. keäÙee ceQ yeenj pee mekeâlee ntB?
Rule 20 : Ùeefo If clause ceW nesves Jeeuee keâeÙe& DemecYeJe, May I go out?
DeJeemleefJekeâ Ùee keâeuheefvekeâ neslee nw lees meeOeejCeleÙee If clause keâer jece oheälej ceW Dee mekeâlee Lee~
ef›eâÙee ceW were keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ leLee cegKÙe clause ceW Would keâe Ram might come in office.
ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes – III. Should/Ought to–Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâle&JÙe Ùee oeefÙelJe keâes
(i) If I were a bird, I would fly.
(ii) If my house were near the school, I would
Øemlegle keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes–
always be in time.
legcnW Deheves ceelee peer keâe mecceeve keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
Fmes Yeer OÙeeve oW! You ought to respect your mother.
Gmekeâes cegPemes mes yeele keâjveer ÛeeefnS~
Ùeefo Principle Clause keâer ef›eâÙee Present Ùee Future
He should talk to me.
Tense ceW nes lees Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe (Subordinate clause)
keâer ef›eâÙee YeeJe kesâ Devegmeej efkeâmeer Yeer Tense ceW nes mekeâleer nw~ IV. Must–Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efveefMÛele ner keâeÙeeX Deewj oeefÙelJeeW kesâ efueS
pewmes – (escapable obligation) keâjles nQ~ pewmes-
1. Abhishek says that children like to play.
2. Arpit says that he was writing a letter. legcnW efJeÅeeueÙe peevee ÛeeefnS~
3. Sohan will say that his brother is a lawyer. You must go to school.
Ùeefo Subordinate clause keâesF& meeJe&Yeewefcekeâ melÙe
veesš–Can keâe ØeÙeesie Present sentences ceW Je could keâe ØeÙeesie
(Universal truth) Ùee Deeole mecyevOeer leLÙe (Habitual
Past sentences kesâ efueS ner ncesMee keâjles nQ~
action) yeleeÙes lees Verb Simple Present ceW nesiee~
pewmes – May keâe ØeÙeesie Present sentences ceW Je might keâe ØeÙeesie Past
1. The teacher said that the earth moves round the sentences ceW keâjles nQ~
sun.
Modal Verbs keâe JeekeäÙeeW ceW ØeÙeesie kesâ efveÙece–
2. He said that dogs bark at the strangers.
Ùeefo Principle Clause keâe Verb Past Tense ceW neslee nw (Simple)
lees Subordinate clause keâe verb Yeer Past Tense ceW • Subject + Modal Verb + V1 (Active)
Exam- He can do it.
nesiee~ pewmes –
• Subject + Modal Verb + be + V3 (Passive)
1. Mohan said that he was learning his lesson.
Exam- It can be done by him.
2. She said that she wrote a letter to her mother.
(Perfect)
• Subject + Modal Verb + have + V3rd
Modals Exam- They could have met us yesterday.
Modals–can, could, may, must, etc. FlÙeeefo Auxiliary
verbs modals keânueeleer nw~ Forms of Verb
Modals Verbs kesâ keâeÙe&–
efJeefYevve Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW (sentences) keâeueeW (tenses) Deewj
meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW (Auxiliary verbs) kesâ DeeOeej hej verb kesâ
I. Can/Could–Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie cegKÙele: ÙeesiÙelee Ùee #ecelee oMee&ves kesâ Deueie-Deueie forms keâe ØeÙeseie keâjles nQ~ efvecveefueefKele leeefuekeâe kesâ
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes– DeeOeej hej nce verb kesâ forms keâes peeveWies–
30
 Forms of Verb
Present Past Past participle Verb + ing s/es
Accelerate Accelerated Accelerated Acclerating Accelerates
Activate Activated Activated Activating Activates
Allow Allowed Allowed Allowing Allows
Arrive Arrived Arrived Arriving Arrives
Attach Attached Attached Attaching Attaches
Bend Bent Bent Bending Bends
Bind Bound Bound Binding Binds
Blow Blew Blown Blowing Blows
Boil Boiled Boiled Boiling Boils
Break Broke Broken Breaking Breaks
Bring Brought Brought Bringing Brings
Build Built Built Building Builds
Burn Burnt Burnt Burning Burns
Buy Bought Bought Buying Buys
Carry Carried Carried Carrying Carries
Catch Caught Caught Catching Catches
Climb Climbed Climbed Climbing Climbs
Commit Committed Committed Committing Commits
Control Controlled Controlled Controlling Controls
Cremate Cremated Cremated Cremating Cremates
Cry Cried Cried Crying Cries
Cut Cut Cut Cutting Cuts
Deprive Deprived Deprived Depriving Deprives
Die Died Died Dying Dies
Dig Dug Dug Digging Digs
Disallow Disallowed Disallowed Disallowing Disallows
Distribute Distributed Distributed Distributing Distributs
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking Drinks
Drive Drove Driven Driving Drives
Drop Dropped Dropped Dropping Drops
Dry Dried Dried Drying Dries
Dye Dyed Dyed Dyeing Dyes
Exclaim Exclaimed Exclaimed Exclaming Exclaims
Experience Experienced Experienced Experiencing Experiences
Fall Fell Fallen Falling Fails
Fight Fought Fought Fighting Fights
Fill Filled Filled Filling Fills
Find Found Found Finding Finds
Float Floated Floated Floating Floats
Fly Flew Flown Flying Flies
Get Got Got/gotten Getting Gets
Give Gave Given Giving Gives
Grind Ground Ground Grinding Grinds
Grow Grew Grown Growing Grows
Hear Heard Heard Hearing Hears
Hide Hid Hidden Hiding Hides
Hit Hit Hit Hitting Hits
Hold Held Held Holding Holds
Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting Hurts
Invent Invented Invented Inventing Invents
Jump Jumped Jumped Jumping Jumps
Know Knew Known Knowing Knows
Laugh Laughed Laughed Laughing Laughs
Learn Learnt Learnt Learning Learns
Loss Lost Lost Losing Loses

31
Make Made Made Making Makes
Melt Melted Melted Melting Melts
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistaking Mistakes
Move Moved Moved Moving Moves
Object Objected Objected Objecting Objects
Offer Offered Offered Offering Offers
Operate Operated Operated Operating Operates
Play Played Played Playing Plays
Pluck Plucked Plucked Plucking Plucks
Post Posted Posted Posting Posts
Protect Protected Protected Protecting Protects
Pull Pulled Pullled Pulling Pulls
Qualify Qualified Qualified Qualifying Qualifies
Quarrel Quarreled Quarreled Quarrelling Quarrels
Rain Rained Rained Raining Rains
Read Read Read Reading Reads
Realize Realized Realized Realizing Realizes
Receive Received Received Receiving Receives
Remember Remembered Remembered Remembring Remembers
Repair Repaired Repaired Repairing Repairs
Result Resulted Resulted Resulting Results
Review Reviewed Reviewed Reviewing Reviews
Revise Revised Revised Revising Revises
Rub Rubbed Rubbed Rubbing Rubs
Run Ran Run Running Runs
See Saw Seen Seeing Sees
Sell Sold Sold Selling Sells
Shake Shook Shaken Shaking Shakes
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinking Shrinks
Sing Sang Sung Singing Sings
Sleep Slept Slept Sleeping Sleeps
Smile Smiled Smiled Smiling Smiles
Sow Sowed Sowed Sowing Sows
Spend Spent Spent Spending Spends
Spring Sprang Sprung Springing Springs
Sprinkle Sprinkled Sprinkled Sprinkling Sprinkles
Stand Stood Stood Standing Stands
Stare Stared Stared Staring Stares
Stay Stayed Stayed Staying Stays
Stick Stuck Stuck Sticking Sticks
Stop Stopped Stopped Stopping Stops
Study Studied Studied Studying Studies
Submit Submitted Submitted Submitting Submits
Sweep Swept Swept Sweeping Sweeps
Swim Swam Swum Swimming Swims
Taste Tasted Tasted Tasting Tastes
Teach Taught Taught Teaching Teaches
Throw Threw Thrown Throwing Throws
Tie Tied Tied Tying Ties
Turn Turned Turned Turning Turns
Understand Understood Understood Understanding Understands
Wait Waited Waited Waiting Waits
Warn Warned Warned Warning Warns
Wear Wore Worn Wearing Wears
Weep Wept Wept Weeping Weeps
Wind Winded Winded Winding Winds
Wipe Wiped Wiped Wiping Wipes

32
 (ii) I never have money in the morning. have cegKÙe
E. ADVERB ef›eâÙee kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw~
(iii) He does not always go to school.
An Adverb is a word which modifies any part of (iv) Our pet always does this. (does cegKÙe ef›eâÙee nw)
speech except a Noun, Pronoun and Interjection.
veerÛes efueKes JeekeäÙeeW ceW ceesšs De#ejeW ceW Úhes MeyoeW keâes OÙeeve mes heÌ{W kegâÚ DevÙe Adverbs keâe ØeÙeesie Yeer Adverbs of Frequency
1. Ramesh always go to school. kesâ meceeve ner neslee nw~ kegâÚ Adverb nQ– just, already, still Deeefo;
2. She is quite well. pewmes–
3. He ran very fast.
Ghejesòeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW ceesšs MeyoeW ceW Úhes ngS Meyo ef›eâÙee, efJeMes<eCe (i) She has just returned from his office.
(ii) She is still sleeping.
Ùee otmejs ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeles nQ~ JeekeäÙe ceW always
Meyo go ef›eâÙee keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw~ otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW quite Meyo 2. Adverbs of Manner– Ùes Meyo yeleeles nQ efkeâ keâesF& Iešvee
Adjective, well kesâ DeLe& ceW efJeMes<elee yelee jne nw~ leermejs JeekeäÙe ceW efkeâme {bie mes Ieefšle nesleer nw~ Ùes ‘How? kesâ ØeMveeW keâe Gòej osles nQ~
very Meyo Adverb, fast keâer efJeMes<elee yeleelee nw~ always, quite Je Ùes Meyo nQ–quickly, bravely, happily, fast, slow, well Deeefo~
very ef›eâÙee-efJeMes<eCe (Adverbs) nw~ Ùes Meyo JeekeäÙe ceW Direct object kesâ yeeo Deeles nQ~ Ùeefo JeekeäÙe cebs
Kinds of Adverbs : Direct object veneR nw lees ef›eâÙee kesâ yeeo ceW Deeles nQ; pewmes–
Adverbs kesâ ØecegKe Øekeâej efvecve nw–
(i) Rahul walks quickly.
1. Adverbs of Frequency– Ùes Adverbs yeleeles nQ efkeâ
(ii) Shyam speaks Hindi well.
keâesF& Iešvee efkeâme yengleeÙele mes (efkeâleveer yeej) Ieefšle nesleer nw~ Ùes Meyo
3. Adverbs of Time– Ùes Meyo keâeÙe& kesâ nesves keâe meceÙe
nQ– always, ever, frequently, generally, never, rarely,
often, occasionally, seldom, sometimes, usually Deeefo~ Ùes yeleeles nQ~ Ùes ‘when?’ kesâ ØeMveeW keâe Gòej osles nQ~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ
‘How often?’ efkeâleveer yeej kesâ ØeMveebs keâe Gòej osles nQ~ FvnW JeekeäÙe Meyo nw– Yet, now, soon, today, tomorrow, then,
ceW GefÛele mLeeve hej jKeves kesâ efueS efvecve yeeleW OÙeeve ceW jKeveer ÛeeefnS: yesterday. Deeefo~ Ùes Meyo ØeeÙe: JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle cebs jKes peeles nw;
(1) Ùes Meyo JeekeäÙe ceW meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee (helping Verb) kesâ yeeo pewmes–
Je cegKÙe ef›eâÙee (main verb) kesâ henues jKes peeles nQ, pewmes– (i) He is playing now.
(i) The cow always gulps its food. (ii) He has not finished his work yet.
(ii) He can never learn anything.
4. Adverbs of place– Ùes Meyo keâeÙe& kesâ nesves keâe mLeeve yeleeles
(2) ef›eâÙee be (is, am, are, was, were) kesâ hetjer ef›eâÙee kesâ ™he
nQ~ Ùes ‘Where?’ kesâ ØeMveeW keâe Gòej osles nQ~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ Meyo nw–
ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves hej Ùes Meyo Fve ef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ yeeo jKes peeles nQ; pewmes–
here, there, up, down, near, by, every, where Deeefo~
(i) His muzzle is often long and pointed.
Adverbs of place keâes Yeer Direct object kesâ yeeo cebs jKee peelee nw~
(ii) You are always welcome.
(3) Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee veneR nes, kesâJeue cegKÙe ef›eâÙee Direct object veneR nesves hej ef›eâÙee kesâ yeeo jKee peelee nw; pewmes–
(i) He put a table there.
ner nes lees Fme Øekeâej kesâ Adverbs cegKÙe ef›eâÙee kesâ henues jKes peeles nQ;
(ii) He played well here.
pewmes– 5. Adverbs of Degree– Adverbs of degree efkeâmeer
(i) His mother seldom goes out. Adjective (efJeMes<eCe) Ùee DevÙe Adverb keâes modify keâjlee nw~
(ii) The last remark never fails to amuse him.
Dele: Fvekeâes Gme Adjective kesâ henues jKeles nQ efpemes Ùes modify
(4) Ùeefo JeekeäÙe negative nw lees Adverbs keâes not kesâ yeeo cebs
keâjles nQ~ Ùes How much? “To what extent? Ùee In what
jKeles nQ, pewmes– degree? kesâ ØeMveeW keâe Gòej osles nQ~ Ùes Meyo nQ–almost, quite,
(i) We can’t always see the sun in the rainy season. too, very, rather, pretty, as, Deeefo ; pewmes–
(ii) He does not always leave his office at five.
(5) Has, have, had, do, did Deeefo efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe cebs meneÙekeâ (i) Shyam was quite well.
ef›eâÙee Je efkeâmeer ceW cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâe keâece keâjles nQ~ peye Ùes meneÙekeâ (ii) Ram works very carefully.
ef›eâÙee keâe keâece keâjWies lees Fvekesâ meeLe keâesF& Main verb nesieer~ Ssmeer Adverb, enough keâe ØeÙeesie adjective
Ùee otmejs adverb kesâ
efmLeefle ceW Adverb Fvekesâ yeeo ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesiee~ Ùeefo Ùes efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW yeeo ceW ner neslee nw; pewmes–
cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâe keâece keâjW lees Adverb Fvekesâ henues jKee peeÙesiee; (i) He is rich enough to buy a car.
pewmes– Adverb ‘only’ keâe ØeÙeesie Gme Meyo mes henues neslee nw efpemes
(i) You have never seen a girl like her. (have meneÙekeâ Jen modify keâjlee nw~ Ùeefo ef›eâÙee hej stress osvee nes lees Fmes ef›eâÙee
ef›eâÙee kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw~) keâ henues jKeles nw~

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 (I) Time ºle;Ω % at, by, between, before, after, during,
F. PREPOSITION in, on, to, from, for, since, throughout, till, untill.
tSls –
;g nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gSµ 'Pre + Position' ;gka Pre He came at 7 O' clock.
dk vFkZ gS ^igys* vkSj Position dk vFkZ gS Placed vFkkZr~ og He came on Monday.
He will start after lunch.
'kCn ;k Phrase tks fdlh Noun ;k Pronoun ls igys Á;ksx He will come before 7O' clock.
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g laca/k&lwpd 'kCn ;k Phrase gksrk gS tks He will go out during Pujas.
fdlh okD; esa m‰ Noun ;k Pronoun dk laca/k fdlh nwljs (II) Place/Position ºLFkku@fLFkfrΩ % at, above, across,
'kCn ls LFkkfir djrk gSA against, before, behind, in, on, over, under.
Forms of Preposition tSls –
Preposition ds fuEufyf[kr pkj Forms ;k :i gksrs gSaµ He is at home.
I- Simple Prepositions : Simple prepositions are He has no roof above his head. There is a cap on
the short words used to determine a relation between his head.
nouns, pronouns or even to join parts of a clause or Place a ladder against the wall.
sentence. A child is walking behind his mother.
,d 'kCn ds Prepositions dks Simple Preposition dgk The thief stood before the Judge.
tkrk gS] tSlsµ (III) Direction ºfn'kkΩ % above, into, on, to, towards, up,
down.
in, of, to, by, for, from, off, on, out, through, till, up,
with, down
tSls –
He is above me in rank.
II- Compound Prepositions : tks Prepositions He fell into a river.
fdlh Noun, Adjective ;k Adverb esa Prefix tksM+dj cuk, He is kind towards the poor.
tkrs gSa mls Compound Prepositions dgk tkrk gSµ (IV) Relative Position ºlaca/k lwpd fLFkfrΩ % between,
among, amongst.
About, Above, across, along, among, amongst, tSls –
around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside,
There is friendship between him and me.
between, beyond, inside, outside.
There is unity among the boys.
III - Phrase Prepositions : dqN Phrase Hkh Single There is a village among the hills.
Prepositions dk dke djrs gSaA (V) Destination ºxUrO; LFkkuΩ % to, from
According to In consequence of tSls –
agreeably to In course of He is going to Market.
along with In favour of He is coming from school.
away from In front of (VI) (a) State/Condition ºn'kk@voLFkkΩ % at, in, on, under
because of In view of Boys are at play.
by dint of In order to He is at work.
by means in reference to He is in good health.
by way of In spite of He died in misery.
for the sake of In the event of
in case of With an eye to (b) Change of State ºvoLFkk esa ifjorZuΩ % into, to
IV-Participle Prepositions : dqN Present Participles tSls –
Milk Changes into curd.
Hkh Prepositions dh rjg Á;ksx fd, tkrs gSaµ The mind of human being converted from
Concerning, Considering, barring, during, not with arrogant to calm to see an accident.
standing, Pending, regarding, respecting, touching.
(VII) Aim/Goal/Purpose/Target ºy{;@ mÌs';Ω % for
Functional Types of Prepositions tSls %
He bought a pen for Mohan.
tSlk fd igys gh Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd Preposition He has started for Bombay.
laca/k dk cks/k djkrs gSaA ;s fHkÈ&fHkÈ :iksa esa le;] LFkku] dkj.k] (VIII) Origin/Source ºmRifŸ@mn~xe@ÚksrΩ % from, of
ifj.kke] feyu] mÌs'; vkfn dk cks/k djkrs gSaA bl vk/kkj ij tSls %
This road runs from Patna to Gaya.
Prepositions dks eq[; :i ls fuEuor~ oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k He comes of a rich family.
tk ldrk gSµ (IX) Separation ºvyx gksukΩ % from, of, off.
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 tSls % tSls %
Leaves are falling from the tree. Please see me between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m.
He is off duty now. You have to choose between death and
The dog jumped of the chair. disgrace.
The money is divided between Aman and
(X) Relation/Possession ºlaca/k@vf/kdkjΩ % of Priya.
tSls % (b) Between ds ckn dksbZ ,d Plural Noun ;k Pronoun
This is the house of my friend. vkrk gS ;k nks Nouns/Pronouns tks and ls tqM+s jgrs gSa] ij
He is a servant of my uncle.
blds ckn Distributive 'each' ;k 'every' dk Á;ksx ugha gks
(XI) Part/Portion ºHkkx@va'kΩ % of ldrkA
tSls % tSls %
This is the window of this house. He is between two horns of a dilemma.
This is the horn of my car. I am between two perils.
(XII) Means/Instrument ºlk/kuΩ % by, in, with, without. 2. Among and Amongst : bu nksuksa ds Á;ksx esa cgqr
tSls % varj ugha] ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd among dk Á;ksx
He came here by car. amongst ls vf/kd gksrk gSA among ;k amongst ds ckn ;fn
This Play was written by Mohan. He vk;s] rks fdlh Hkh ,d dk Á;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ij ;fn
He was struck by lightning. mlds ckn Vowel vk,] rks amongst dk gh Á;ksx djuk
(XIII) Manner º<ax@rjhdkΩ % like, with pkfg,A Among dk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa] oLrqvksa ;k
tSls % LFkkuksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
He is like his father. tSls %
I look upon this work with pride. Amongst the men, among the men, amongst
(XIV) Cause ºdkj.kΩ % from, of, for, with. us.
tSls % BMW Company Gifted XUV Car to Dinesh
among all employees.
He died from loss of blood.
He will suffer for his bad habits. 3. On and At : le; dk cks/k djkus ds fy, On dk
(XV) Measurment/Standard ºekud@ekinaMΩ% at, by, for, to Á;ks
x [kkl fnu (day) ;k frfFk (date) ds iwoZ gksrk gS] ij at dk
tSls % ?k.Vs (hour) ds igys gksrk gSA
Rice sells at Rs. 4/- a kilo. tSls %
It is ten by my watch. I will start on Monday.
I will start on the 2nd June.
He is good at painting.
I will start at 5 O' clock.
(XVI) Accompaniment ºlkFk&lkFk] ,d lkFkΩ% with, 4. Beside and Besides : Beside dk vFkZ gksrk gS
without
^cxy esa* ^lehi* ;k ^ckgj* (by the side of ;k out side) vkSj
tSls % blls LFkku dk cks/k gksrk gS] ij besides dk vFkZ gksrk gS
I played with them.
^vfrfj‰* (in addition to)A
(XVII) Subject-Matter ºfo"k;&oLrqΩ % on, about tSls %
tSls % There is a river beside my residence.
I am reading English grammar on my own Your argument is besides the point.
point of view. 5. By and In : tc car/taxi/bus ds iwoZ a/an ;k a/ an
I told him about my school. + adjective vkrk gS rc mls ,d fo'ks"k Ádkj dk ;krk;kr dk
(XVIII) Exception ºvioknΩ % but, except. lk/ku ekuk tkrk gS vkSj blfy, ml lk/ku ds igys in vkrk gS]
tSls % by ughaA By dk iz;ksx tc fdlh lk/ku ls dgha tkrs gSa rc
None but me can do this work. iz;skx fd;k tkrk gSA
All except him have done well. tSls %
(XIX) Concession º;|fi@rFkkfiΩ % in spite of He came in a new car.
tSls % She came in yellow taxi.
In spite of poverty, he is happy. 6. For and since (mes Deye lekeâ)–
1. Among and Between : (a) Between ds ckn tc • Fve oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie meceÙe kesâ yeesOe kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw peye Skeâ
nks Nouns ;k Pronouns vkrs gSa rc os and }kjk tqVs jgrs gSa] DeJeefOe keâe GuuesKe nes lees Perfect SJeb Perfect Continous
Tense ceW 'For' keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ pewmes-
or ;k to ds }kjk ughaA between dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh nks O;fDr;ksa]
1. I have eaten nothing for a long time
oLrqvksa ;k LFkkuksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 2. She has been living here for ten years.

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• peye Meg™Deeleer meceÙe Ùee efveefMÛele meceÙe keâe GuuesKe nes lees perfect (a) Flood condition in Bihar has actually fallen
SJeb perfect continuous tense ceW since keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ pewmes– during the last decade.
I have been eating chocolate since 2009. (b) She didn't take a holiday during her four years.
• Since keâe ØeÙeesie ‘Ûetbefkeâ/keäÙeeWefkeâ’ kesâ DeLe& ceW Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw~ • During keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ meceÙe kesâ meeLe-meeLe Iešves Jeeueer IešveeDeeW
pewmes-Since he was a topper, he got slected in IAS. kesâ efueS Yeer keâjles nQ~
(a) The prime minister made the speech during a
7. On and Upon–'On' keâe ØeÙeesie kesâ Thej Skeâ otmejs mes mheMe&
visit to kumbh mela.
keâjves nsleg keâjles nQ~ pewmes– The Lamp is on the table.
• During Je Throughout oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie hetjer meceÙe keâeue
• upon keâe ØeÙeesie Yeer kesâ Thej kesâ mebyebOe ceW efkeâvleg ieefle (motion)
(express time in part) kesâ efueS Yeer keâjles nQ~
nsleg keâjles nQ~
pewmes- I have enough wood to make a roof during (the
pewmes- The cat jumped upon the rat. whole of) the rainy season (or .... throught the Rainy
8. At, in and on : keâe ØeÙeesie Time kesâ mebyebOe ceW– season.)
(i) nce 'at' keâe ØeÙeesie 'points of time' Ùee 'period of time' Deewj • Over Je During oesveeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer meceÙe kesâ Devoj Ùee meceÙe
exact points of time kesâ efueÙes keâjles nQ~ pewmes- at midnight, at 3 kesâ oewjeve Ieefšle nesves Jeeueer IešveeDeeW kesâ efueS keâjles nQ~ pewmes-
O'clock at 8.15 (a) We can't remember any thing about what
• vÙetvelece (short) Úgšdšer kesâ meceÙe kesâ efueS keâjles nQ pewmes- at happend over/during the next hour or so.
easter, at the weekend. 11. By, untill keâe ØeÙeesie–
• Keeves kesâ meceÙe kesâ efueS (meal times), as breakfast, lunch, • By keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Yeer Ieefšle ÛeerpeeW keâes oMee&ves kesâ efueS Ùee efheâj
dinner etc. efkeâmeer efveefMÛele meceÙe kesâ henues Ùee yeeo ceW Øeehle ÛeerpeeW keâes ØeoefMe&le
• phrase 'at the moment' ceW pewmes- keâjves kesâ meboYe& ceW~
John is in Korea at the moment. (a) The Jewellary was looted by mallu gang.
(ii) nce 'in' keâe ØeÙeesie uecyes meceÙe kesâ efueS pewmes Seasons (eg. (b) We shall have finished the syllabus by the end of
spring), months, years, decades (pewmes 1990's), centuries next month.
(pewmes 16th century) Deeefo kesâ efueS keâjles nQ~ • untill keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer efveefMÛele meceÙe lekeâ kesâ meboYe& ceW keâjles nQ~
My father will come from Nepal in spring season. (a) We have to be at the stadium until 2.30.
• kegâÚ vÙetvelece meceÙe (short periods) kesâ efueS Yeer 'in' keâe ØeÙeesie • vekeâejelcekeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW until keâe ØeÙeesie ‘Fmekesâ henues veneR’ keâes JÙekeäle
keâjles nQ, pewmes- 'In a few minutes' and 'within'. keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
• efoveeW kesâ Deueie-Deueie meceÙe kesâ efueS pewmes- 'in morning', 'in (a) You mustn't open year presents until your
evening', I'll come in morning. birthday.
(iii) On keâe ØeÙeesie Keeme meceÙe (Particular day) efoveebkeâ/day) Ùee 12. For and During : For vkSj During bu nksuksa ls
Keeme efove kesâ efkeâmeer Yeeie (Part of a particular day) kesâ efueÙes Period of time dk cks/k gksrk gS ij buesa ,d varj gSA For ds
ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ lkFk Period of time vfuf'pr gksrk gSA
pewmes-(a) They are meeting again on Friday During dk iz;ksx fdlh ?kVuk ds lkFk&lkFk py jgh
(b) He has got a meeting on Monday Morning. ?kVukvksa ds fy, djrs gSa] blls ;g Li"V ugha gksrk gS dh ?kVuk
(c) It's her birthday on the 16th. dc rd pysxhA
9. At, in and on keâe ØeÙeesie mLeeve kesâ mebyebOe ceW–'at' keâe ØeÙeesie tSls %
mLeeve kesâ mebyebOe ceW hetjs #es$e kesâ efueS ve keâjkesâ Jejve Skeâ efveefMÛele mLeeve For an hour, for a month, for ever, for a
kesâ efueS keâjles nQ, pewmes– long time.
(i) I arrived at Prayag station at 9. Nobody spoke during the presentation.
(ii) There were few people at Priya's party. 13. Since and From : bu nksuksa gh dk vFkZ ^ls* gksrk
'On' keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ mLeeve pees ueieYeie Útlee ngDee nes Ùee meÌ[keâ Deewj gS vkSj budk Á;ksx Point of Time crkus ds fy, gksrk gS ij
veoer mes Útlee ngDee kegâÚ nes– from dk Á;ksx lHkh Tenses esa gksrk gSA
(i) Is a masquito on the ceiling? (ueieYeie Útlee ngDee) 14. Of and From : Of vkSj From bu nksuksa ls
(ii) He has a house on the Ganga River material ºoLrq@lkekuΩ dk cks/k gksrk gS] ij buesa ,d varj gSA
'in' keâe ØeÙeesie yengle yeÌ[er peien Ùee efkeâmeer yeÌ[s mLeeve kesâ efueÙes keâjles tSls %
nQ– This house is made of brick.
(i) There is a river in Uttar Pradesh Wine is made from grapes.
(ii) She looked agian in her bag. make of ls dsoy ;g cks/k gksrk gS og oLrq T;ksa& dh&R;ksa
10. During, Over, throught keâe ØeÙeesie– jg tkrh gSA ij make from ls ;g cks/k gksrk gS fd og oLrq
• During keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ efveefMÛele meceÙe DeJeefOe kesâ efueÙes keâjles nQ– nwljh oLrq esa cny tkrh gSA
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 tSls % Arrive hengBÛevee at a place
Butter is made from milk.
A bridge is made of steel.
Attend OÙeeve osvee to something

of ls vyx gksus (separation) dk Hkko O;‰ gksrk gSA Acquaint heefjÛeÙe keâjvee with a person
tSls % Abide ÂÌ{lee mes by a promise
The dog jumped of the chair. heeueve keâjvee
He is of duty now.
15. In and With : tc Pencil ds igys a vkrk gS] rc
Answer Gòej osvee to a person

blds lkFk with dk Á;ksx gksrk gS] ij tc Pencil ds igys a Ascribe efpe›eâ keâjvee/ to a cause
ugha vkrk] vFkkZr~ tc bls ,d uncountable noun ekuk tkrk GuuesKe keâjvee
gS] rc blds lkFk in vkrk gSA Astonished DeÛebefYele at one's
tSls % misconduct
Meera writes with a pencil. Associated mecyeæ with a person
Shyam writes in pencil. Angry ›eâesefOele with a perosn
Ellipsis in Preposition : okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd
'kCnksa dks tksM+us ij muds fy, ,d gh Preposition dk Á;ksx
Acquainted heefjefÛele with a thing

gksrk gSA ;fn og Preposition muesa ls ÁR;sd 'kCn ds fy, Buy Kejerovee from a person
mi;q‰ gksA ij ;fn os ,sls 'kCn gksa ftuesa ls ÁR;sd ds fy, og Beware meeJeOevee nesvee of a person
mi;q‰ ugha gks rks vki ÁR;sd 'kCn ds fy, mi;q‰ Believe efJeMJeeme keâjvee in one's
Preposition dk vyx&vyx Á;ksx dj ldrs gSaA honesty
tSls % Believe efJeMJeeme keâjvee in a person
We should prevent damage to and theft of
railway property.
Blind DebOee in one eye

'But' dk iz;ksx : But dk vFkZ tc except gksrk gS] rc Blind DeveefYe%e to a person's
fault
bldk Á;ksx conjunction vkSj preposition nksuksa gh Ádkj ls
gksrk gSA
Born hewoe ngDee in England

tSls % Congratulat yeOeeF& osvee on one's

ed success
He is man of deeplearing, but totally
ignorant of life. Consist ceW jnvee in something
Position of Preposition : Prepositions fdlh Confer GheeefOe/ ceeve on a person
Noun/Pronoun ds igys vkrs gSa vkSj muds chp laca/k LFkkfir Øeoeve keâjvee
djrs gSaA Preposition dk LFkku Nouns/Pronouns ds igys Confine kewâo keâjkesâ in a cage
jgrk gSA D;ksa\ Pre dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^igys* vkSj Position dk jKevee
vFkZ gksrk gS ^LFkku* ijarq vk/kqfud vFkZ esa Preposition dk
LFkku Nouns/Pronouns ds ckn Hkh jgrk gSA
Confine meercee kesâ Deboj to the subject

(i) Interrogative Pronouns ds lkFk µ

jnvee
tSls % Complain efMekeâeÙele against a person
Who are you thinking about. keâjvee
Who are you speaking to.
What are you looking at?
Conceal efÚheevee from a person

(ii) Relative Pronouns (object) ds yksi gksus ij Concur mencele nesvee with a person
tSls % Contribute DebMeoeve to a fund
This is the book I told you about. keâjvee
Master Key of Prepositions
Communic yeeleÛeerle keâjvee with a person
Verb Hindi Prepositio Meaning ate
Meaning n Consent menceefle/ to a proposal
Abtain Deueie jnvee from something mJeerke=âefle osvee
Agree mencele nesvee to proposed Compete ØeefleÙeesefielee ceW in a race
Yeeie uesvee
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Cost ueeiele/KeÛe& of something Grieve og:Keer nesvee at an event
nesvee Gaze škeâškeâer at/on a person
Candidate GcceeroJeej for the post ueieekeâj
Care efÛevlee/osKeYeeu of one' health osKevee
e Glance efveieen [euevee at/on a thing
Care efpeccesoejer for someone's Grapple efYeÌ[vee/ with difficulties
safety
škeâjevee
Deal JÙeeheej keâjvee in buisness
Guard megj#ee keâjvee against a bad habit
Deal yelee&Je keâjvee with a person
Happen nesvee to a person
Deprive JebefÛele keâjvee of one's
freedom Hide efÚheevee from a person
Despair efvejeMe nesvee of success Hinder yeeOee [euevee/ from doing
jeskeâvee something
Differ Deueie-Deueie from a thing
nesvee Hint mebkesâle osvee at a thing
Disagree Demencele nesvee with a person Hover ceb[jevee over a nest
Disagree Demencele nesvee on some matter Hope DeeMee keâjvee for better times
Determine efveMÛeÙe keâjvee on something Hunt Keespevee after a thing
Dissent efJeefmcele keâjvee from an opinion Hear megvevee of an incident
Decide efveCe&Ùe/cele on something Hanker efpe%eemee nesvee after wealth
keâjvee Invite Deecebef$ele to dinner/
keâjvee lunch
Dissent celeYeso/celeeblej from an opinion
nesvee Invest ™heÙee ueieevee in some
projects
Excuse #ecee keâjvee for something
Introduce heefjÛeÙe keâjevee to a person
Excuse cegòeâ keâjvee from something
Interfere nmle#eshe keâjvee in something
Explain JeCe&ve keâjvee to a person
Insist Dee«en keâjvee on doing
Elicit efkeâmeer Yeso keâes from a person something
efvekeâueJeevee Inquire peeBÛe keâjvee/ into a matter
End heefjCeece nesvee in failure lenkeâerkeâele
Forbid cevee keâjvee to something keâjvee
Focus kesâvõ efyevog hej on something Impart metÛevee Øeoeve to a person
ueevee (a thing) keâjvee
Furnish heâveeaÛej mes with a thing/ Impute oes<eejesheCe to something
mepeevee book
keâjvee
Furnish meeceeve pegševee to a person
Indulge cepee uesvee with wine
Fight ueÌ[vee against the enemy (oneself)
Fall peceerve hej efiej in the storm Listen megvevee to a person
peevee Listen megvevee to a thing
Fall efiejvee from the tree Land Glejvee at an airport
Fail Demeheâue nesvee from attempt Laugh nBmevee at a person

Fail Demeheâue nesvee of a purpose

Lead ues peevee to Patna
Market
Glory ØemeVe nesvee at success Lead heBâmee osvee into a thing

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Lean meneje ueskeâj against the wall
KeÌ[e nesvee G. CONJUNCTION
Lay JÙeÙe keâjvee out a hundred
efvecveefueefKele JeekeäÙeeW keâes OÙeevehetJe&keâ heefÌ{S –
rupees
1. Sachin and Saurav are friends.
Lay efoue ceW mLeeve to heart
2. I called him but he did not hear me.
osvee Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW and Deewj but keâe ØeÙeesie Conjunction
Land peueheesle mes at Mumbai (mecegÛÛeÙeyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe DeLee&led mebÙeespekeâ) keâer lejn ngDee nw~
henues JeekeäÙe mes and Éeje oes MeyoeW (i) Sachin Deewj (ii)
peceerve hej Saurav keâes peesÌ[e ieÙee nw~
peevee/Glejvee otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW but Éeje efvecveefueefKele oes JeekeäÙeeW keâes Skeâ-otmejs
Lay YeefJe<Ùe kesâ by money mes efceueeÙee ieÙee nw –
(i) I called him. (ii) He did not hear me.
efueS yeÛeekeâj heefjYee<ee – mecegÛÛeÙeyeesOekeâ DeJÙeÙe (mebÙeespekeâ) Jen Meyo nw pees
Skeâ$e keâjvee oes MeyoeW, GheJeekeäÙeeW Ùee JeekeäÙeeW keâes Deeheme ceW peesÌ[lee nw~
Married efJeJeeefnle to a person (A Conjunction is a word that joins two words,
clause or two sentences together.)
Punish mepee osvee for something
Kinds of Conjunctions
Protect yeÛeevee from harm mebÙeespekeâ (Conjunctions) oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ –
(1) Co-ordinating Conjunctions (meceeveheoerÙe mebÙeespekeâ)
Prevent cevee keâjvee from doning
something (2) Subordinating Conjunctions (Deeefßele mebÙeeWpekeâ)~
Co-ordinating Conjunction – meceeveheoerÙe mebÙeespekeâ Jen
Provide DeeJeMÙekeâlee for one's
Children mebÙeespekeâ neslee nw efpemekesâ Éeje meceeve heo Jeeues Meyo Ùee JeekeäÙe Deeheme
keâer hetefle& keâjvee ceW Skeâ-otmejs mes peesÌ[s peeles nQ, pewmes –
Play Keuevee with a person (A) Two and two make four.
Rajesh and Pawan are friends.
Proceed keâevetveer against a person
(B) He passed but his sister failed.
keâej&JeeF& keâjvee Sohan came here but Amit went away.
Proud Ieceb[ of something Jeie& A ceW JeekeäÙeeW ceW and Éeje oes MeyoeW keâes peesÌ[e ieÙee nw~
Jeie& B kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW but Éeje oes JeekeäÙeeW keâes peesÌ[e ieÙee nw~
Precious yengcetuÙe to a person
cegKÙe Co-ordinating Conjunctions – and, but, yet, so,
Replace ØeeflemLeeefhele by something therefore, for, as well as, both.......and, Either ....... or,
Neither ..... nor Deeefo nQ~
keâjvee
Subordinating Conjunction – Deeefßele mebÙeespekeâ Jen
Rejoice KegMe nesvee at something
mebÙeespekeâ neslee nw pees Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe (Subordinate clause) keâes
Revenge yeouee uesvee on one's enemy DevÙe GheJeekeäÙe (Clause) mes efceueelee nw, pewmes –
Resolve he=Lekeâ keâjvee into factors (1) When father came, I was reading a book.
(= I was reading a book when father came.)
Rid cegòeâ keâjvee of trouble (2) If you work hard, you will pass.
(= You will pass if you work hard.)
Send Yespevee for a person
GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW šsÌ{s Úhes MeyoeW mes Deeefßele GheJeekeäÙe Øekeâš
Seek Keespevee after happiness nesles nQ~
Stand efJejesOe keâjvee against an enemy mebkesâle – (i) Subordinate Clause keâe ØeLece Meyo (When,
Think efÛevleve keâjvee over a matter if) Subordinating Conjunction neslee nw~
(ii) GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW When Deewj If Deeefßele mebÙeespekeâ nQ~
Translate DevegJeeo keâjvee into English
cegKÙe Subordinating conjunctions efvecveefueefKele nQ –
Trade JÙeeheej keâjvee with a country if, that, After, because, while, how, though,
although, unless, as, when, until, till, before, than, where,
Taste mJeeo uesvee/ of salt
since Deeefo~
ÛeKevee Subordinating Conjunctions (Deeefßele mebÙeespekeâ) kesâ ØeÙeesie
Talent efvehegCelee for something mes mecyeeqvOele %eeve kesâ efueS efvecve JeekeäÙeeW keâes OÙeevehetJe&keâ heefÌ{S –
1. She slept after she had finished the work.
Taste mJeeo for music
2. Abhinav passed because he worked hard.
Wait Øeleer#ee keâjvee at the station 3. I shall help you if you come to me.
4. The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.
39
 5. Though Sudha was ill, he passed. (iii) Illative Conjunction – Fme Conjunction Éeje oes
6. Although you are rich, you are not proud. Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâes Deeheme ceW efceueeÙee peelee nw efpeveceW mes Skeâ JeekeäÙe otmejs
7. Wait till mother comes. JeekeäÙe keâe heefjCeece (Result) neslee nw~ FmeceW So, therefore leLee
8. She had finished her work before she slept.
9. Unless you work harder, you will not pass. for Deeefo conjunction Deeles nQ~ pewmes –
10. Do as I tell you. 1. Something fell in; for I heard a splash.
11. When Mahima came, I was sleeping. 2. All precautions must have been neglected; for the
12. Stay where you are. cholera spread.
13. Since he was not there, I spoke to his mother. 3. There must be someone at the door; for I hear a
14. The earth is larger than the moon. knock.
15. Make hay while the sun shines. GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW mes ØelÙeskeâ oes JeekeäÙe nQ~ otmeje JeekeäÙe henues
16. We do not know how it happened. JeekeäÙe mes for Éeje pegÌ[e ngDee nw~ Dele: for keâe ØeÙeesie Illative
17. Gaurav will stay here until you return. Conjunction keâer lejn ngDee nw~
GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW – after, because, if, that, though, (iv) Cumulative Conjunction – mebÙegkeäle mebÙeespekeâ Jen neslee
although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, since, nw efpemeceW Skeâ keâLeve keâes otmejs keâLeve mes efceueeÙee peelee nw, FmeceW and,
than, while, how, until–Subordinating Conjunctions
as well as leLee both ...... and Deeefo conjunction Deeles nQ~
(Deeefßele mebÙeespekeâ) nQ~
pewmes–
mebkesâle– (i) GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW Since, as, because keâe ØeÙeesie 1. He came here and did his work.
keâejCe Øekeâš keâjves kesâ efueS ngDee nw~ 2. I went to Agra and saw the Taj.
(ii) Till, until meceÙemetÛekeâ Meyo nQ~ Till – Positive nw Deewj 3. They opened their books and began to read.
Until–Negative nw~ 4. God made the country and man made the town.
(iii) Unless mes Mele& Øekeâš nesleer nw~ Ùen Negative nw~ 5. Birds fly and fish swim.
(Unless = if not) henues JeekeäÙe ceW oes keâLeveeW (i) She came here Deewj (ii)
(iv) When Deewj while meceÙemetÛekeâ Meyo nQ~ (She) did her work keâes and Éeje peesÌ[e ieÙee nw~
(v) Though/Although meceeve DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ~ oesveeW keâe Temporal Conjunction and Tense
DeLe& nw – ÙeÅeefhe~ Note (a) : Principle clause ceW Future Tense jnves hej Yeer
Kinds of Co-Ordinating Conjunctions While/When/till/until/as soon as/ before/ after Deeefo meceÙe
meceeveheoerÙe mebÙeespekeâ efvecve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ – metÛekeâ Conjunctions mes DeejbYe nesves Jeeues clauses ceW Present
(i) Alternative Conjunction (Jewkeâequhekeâ mebÙeespekeâ) simple Ùee Present Perfect Tense keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, Future
(ii) Adversative Conjunction (efJejesOeoMe&keâ mebÙeespekeâ) Tense keâe veneR~
(iii) Illative Conjuction (heefjCeecemetÛekeâ mebÙeespekeâ) Note (b) : When and While : When keâe DeLe& neslee nw `peye'
(iv) Cumulative Conjunction (mebÙegkeäle mebÙeespekeâ) Deewj While keâe `peye lekeâ'~ FmeefueS When keâe ØeÙeesie leye neslee nw
(i) Alternative Conjunction – Fme mebÙeespekeâ Éeje oes peye Skeâ keâeÙe& meceehle neslee nw Deewj otmeje DeejbYe neslee nw, hej peye oes
Jewkeâequhekeâ keâLeveeW keâes Skeâ-otmejs mes mebÙegkeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw, Fve keâeÙe& Skeâ meeLe peejer jnles nQ, lees While keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
efJekeâuheeW ceW mes kesâJeue Skeâ ner Ûegvee peevee neslee nw, FmeceW either ..... pewmes : He saw a snake when he awoke.
or, neither......nor leLee otherwise Deeefo conjunction Deeles nQ~ While there is life there is hope.
pewmes – Note (c) : Since 'Cause' : Conjunction keâer Yeebefle ØeÙegòeâ
1. He must weep or he must die. nes v es hej Since mes keâejCe keâe yeesOe neslee nw Deewj Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie
2. Walk quickly else you will miss the train. `keäÙeeWefkeâ' kesâ DeLe& ceW neslee nw~
3. Make haste otherwise you will be late. pewmes : Since he is ill, he is absent.
4. Either come with me or go to library. Since mes meceÙe (time) keâe Yeer yeesOe neslee nw Deewj Fmekeâe DeLe&
5. Either sit silently or leave the room.
henues JeekeäÙe ceW efvecveefueefKele oes efJekeâuhe nQ – nes lee nw `peye mes' (From the time when) Ùee `Gme meceÙe mes'~
(i) Principle clause ceW Present Perfect Tense keâe ØeÙeesie
(i) He must weep. leLee (ii) He must die.
otmejs JeekeäÙe ceW efvecveefueefKele oes efJekeâuhe nQ – nes lee nw ~
(ii) Principle clause ceW Skeâ Ssmes meceÙe metÛekeâ Meyo keâe
(i) Walk quickly. leLee (ii) You will miss the train.
(ii) Adversative Conjunction – efJejesOeoMe&keâ mebÙeespekeâ
ØeÙeesie neslee nw efpememes Period of time (efkeâleves meceÙe mes) keâe yeesOe
Jen mebÙeespekeâ neslee nw efpemekesâ Éeje oes efJejesOeer (Opposite) keâLeveeW keâes lee nw~
nes
(iii) Since + Clause ceW Past Simple Tense keâe ØeÙeesie
Skeâ-otmejs mes efceueeÙee peelee nw, FmeceW but leLee yet Deeefo
conjunction Deeles nQ~ pewmes –
neslee nw~
1. She is slow but she is sure. pewmes : Seven years have passed since I came here.
2. She is intelligent but she is not diligent. Ten years have passed since my father died.
3. I was angry, still I kept quiet. Rule-17 : Or or Else : keâYeer-keâYeer or keâe DeLe& neslee nw `veneR
Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW but, still keâe ØeÙeesie oes efJejesOeer keâLeveeW keâes lees' (if not) Deewj Fmekesâ Éeje JeekeäÙeeW keâes peesÌ[e peelee nw~ kegâÚ JeekeäÙeeW
mebÙegkeäle keâjves kesâ efueS ngDee nw~ Dele: but Deewj still – Adversative ceW or hej peesj osves kesâ efueS or else keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, kesâJeue else
Conjuctions nQ~ keâe veneR~
40
 pewmes : Come soon or you won't get any help. pewmes– Until the train gets the signal, it will not run.
Come soon, or else you't get any help. • Untill SJeb unless kesâ meeLe will/would/shall keâe ØeÙeesie Yeer veneR
Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW ceW kesâJeue or Ùee or else keâe ØeÙeesie nes mekeâlee nw, neslee~
kesâJeue else keâe veneR~ Unless the Government takes action, corruption will
Rule-18 : As if/As though : Fve oesveeW keâe DeLe& neslee nw `ceevees' not stop.
Deewj Fvemes Mele& Ùee keâuhevee keâe yeesOe neslee nw Fvekesâ yeeo ncesMee Past (6) 'The same' kesâ yeeo Relative Pronouns 'that' Ùee 'as' keâe
Conditional Tense keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, Present Ùee Future keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ 'The same' kesâ yeeo 'that' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw peye
veneR~ Fmekesâ yeeo verb neslee nw~
pewmes : He memorises as if he was a parrot. He is the same boy that met me in the market.
It seems as though he was Immortal. • The same kesâ yeeo 'as' keâe ØeÙeesie leye neslee nw peye verb mhe<š
Note : As if/As though kesâ meeLe Present Ùee Future veneR nes~
Tense keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie nes mekeâlee nw Ùeefo keâuhevee keâer cee$ee yengle keâce This is the same book as mine 'the same' kesâ yeeo
nes~ hej, Ùeefo keâuhevee keâer cee$ee yengle DeefOekeâ nes lees kesâJeue Past who/which keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Tense keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Conjunctions–efvecveefueefKele peesÌ[s mener nesles nQ, ncesMee Ùes Fvner H. INTERJECTION
form ceW nesles nQ peye Fvekeâe efkeâmeer Yeer peye Fvekeâe efkeâmeer Yeer JeekeäÙe ceW
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes– An Interjection is a word which expressed some
Though ............ yet sudden feeling or emotion.
Although ......... yet Jes Meyo efpevekesâ Éeje n<e& (joy), Meeskeâ (grief), Dee§eÙe&
No sooner ........ than (Surprise), Ie=Cee (hatred), Devegceesove (approval), efJeoe
Hardly/Scarcely .......when
As ..................... As (farewell) Deeefo ùoÙe keâer leer›e YeeJeveeDeeW keâes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
So .................... As Interjection keânueeles nw; pewmes :
Lest ................ should + V1/V1 (only plural form) 1. n<e&–Hurrah! Huzza ! Ha! Aha!
Too ................. to 2. Meeskeâ–Alas! Ah! Oh!
So ................... that
Between .......... and 3. Dee§eÙe&–O! Lo! Ha!What!
From ............... to 4. Devegceesove–Bravo! Well done!
Else ................. but 5. Ie=Cee– Shame! Fie-fie! Pooh, Pooh!
Other/Rather ...... than 6. mecyeesOeve–Ho! Hallo!Hullo!
Such ................. that
Whether ........... or 7. Dee£eve–Hark! Hush! Look!
The same ......... that 8. mJeeiele–Hail! hail! Welcome!
Both ............... And 9. efJeoe–Good-bye! Farewell!
Not only .......... But also 10. oÙee–Good heavens! Good God! Good gracious!
(1) Neither .......... nor (oes ceW mes Skeâ Yeer veneR)
efJeMes<e– Interjection JeekeäÙe kesâ DeejcYe cebs Deelee nw~ Fmekesâ
either ............. or (oes ceW mes Skeâ)
pewmes- Neither Ram nor shyam has come. yeeo Exclamation keâe efÛevn (!) ueieeÙee peelee nw~ JÙeekeâjCe
Either Ram or his friend wanted to come. (Grammar) keâer Âef° mes JeekeäÙe kesâ DevÙe MeyoeW kesâ meeLe Fmekeâe keâesF&
(2) As soon as ............. mecyevOe veneR neslee~
pewmes ner Jewmes ner GoenjCe–
As soon as he comes, I will call you up. 1. Hurrah! We have won the match.
Deiej oes keâeÙe&, YeefJe<Ùe ceW Skeâ kesâ yeeo Skeâ nes Deewj otmejs keâeÙe& 2. Alas! I have lost my watch.
keâe nesvee henues keâeÙe& kesâ nesves hej efveYe&j keâjs lees henuee keâeÙe& simple 3. Bravo! you have done well.
present tense ceW nesiee Deewj otmeje simple tense ceW nesiee~ 4. Good-bye, friends!
(3) If ............. when. 5. Hallo! What did he say?
if kesâ meeLe when keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, Then keâe veneR neslee nw~ 6. Oh!you are late.
If I come when I will meet you. 7. Good heavens! What is the matter?
(4) Lest .......... should 8. Fie, fie!you have committed a sin.
Lest kesâ should keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, or, else Deewj othewise 9. Welcome friends!
keâe veneR neslee nw~ 10. Hark! My grand-father is asleep.
pewmes– 11. Alas! I am undone.
Run fast lest you should miss the train 12. Ah! Have they gone?
(5) untill/unless kesâ meeLe not keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~ 13. Hurrah! My father has come.
• untill leLee unless ceW heâke&â Ùen nw efkeâ until meceÙe metÛekeâ nw leLee 14. Look! How he sits?
unless Mele& metÛekeâ nw~ 15. Hallo! What are you doing here?

41
 EXERCISE Ans : (b) ‘Depend’ is the verb form of the noun
‘Dependence’. Hence option (b) is correct.
1. Which of the following is in possessive case?
(a) I (b) Me 10. What is noun of the word ‘Pedagogic’?
(c) You (d) Mine (a) Pedagogically (b) Pedagogical
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 (c) Pedagogue (d) None of these
Ans: (d) A possessive case shows ownership. My, his, Ans : (c) The noun form of the adjective Pedagogic is
here, yours, mine, whose-these all show ownership. ‘Pedagogue’. Hence option (b) is correct.
2. Choose the noun form the given word Directions : Read the passage given below and
Strong answer the questions that follow it.
(a) Strongly (b) Strongness Yesterday, two brave children of Gangapur
(c) Strength (d) Strengthen were awarded Brave Hearts Award. They have
Ans : (c) Noun form of ‘Strong’ (Adjective) is exhibited a great spirit of selflessness and
‘Strength’. Hence option (c) is correct. courage. Harsh, a twelve-year-old boy, saved a
little girl from drowning in the river that flows
3. Choose the noun from of the given word along his village. Garima has been awarded for
Grave her presence of mind.
(a) Gravely (b) Graveness 11. Which kind of noun is Gangapur?
(c) gravel (d) Gravity (a) Common noun
Ans : (d) Noun form ‘Grave’ (adjective) is ‘gravity’. (b) Collective noun
Hence option (d) is correct. (c) Material noun
4. I respect the ‘beliefs’ of my astrologer. The (d) Proper noun
underlined word is UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
(a) a noun (b) an adverb Ans. (d) : Option 'd' is correct.
(c) an adjective (d) a part of the verb Gangapur is a name of place. So It is proper noun.
Ans: (a) ‘Beliefs’ is used as a noun in this sentence. Proper Noun–A name used for an individual person
Hence option (a). place or organization. Spelled with an initial capital
5. Which one of the following words is a noun? letter. Example– Ram, Ganga, Lucknow etc.
(a) interesting (b) develop 12. Which of the following words is a material
(c) teacher (d) brave noun?
Ans : (c) Teacher is a noun. Interesting and brave are (a) Cow
adjectives. Develop is a verb. Hence option (c) is (b) Gold
correct. (c) Air
6. Complete the following sentence with the (d) Class
correct option : UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
................. is the best story. Ans. (b) : Option 'b' is correct
(a) Yours (b) Your Gold – meesvee
(c) Yours' (d) Your’s Material Noun–A Kind of Noun that refers to a
Ans : (a) Correct sentence is – Yours is the best story. material or substance from which things are made such
7. Change the following verb into noun. as silver, gold, iron, cotton, diamond and plastic.
Succeed 13. Which of the following words is an abstract
(a) Successful (b) Succeeding noun?
(c) Success (d) Successfully (a) Connection (b) Boy
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 (c) Women (d) Plough
Ans: (c) Successful is an adjective. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Succeeding is a verb form. Ans. (a) : Option 'a' is correct.
Successfully is an adverb. Connection–mebyebOe, ueieeJe, pegÌ[eJe
Success is a noun. Abstract noun–A kind of noun that refers to an idea or
8. Change the following verb into Noun a general quality, not to a physical object.
Approve efpememes efkeâmeer Yee<ee Ùee meeceevÙe iegCe keâe yeesOe neslee nw, YeeJeJeeÛekeâ
(a) Approving (b) Approval meb%ee keânueeleer nw~
(c) Approved (d) Approves 14. Which kind of noun is 'adversity'?
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 (a) Common noun
Ans : (b) After changing the following verb into (b) Proper noun
Noun i.e. Approve, it will be Approval. (c) Abstract noun
9. Which is the verb form of the Noun given below (d) Collective noun
Dependence UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
(a) Depending (b) Depend Ans. (c) : Option 'c' is correct.
(c) Dependable (d) Depender Adversity–keâef"veeF&, efJeheefòe

42
15. Which of the following is in possessive case? Ans : (b) All that glitters is not gold.
(a) I (b) Me 24. Choose the correct pronoun
(c) You (d) Mine It was my brother who went with..........
Ans : (d) 'Mine' is in possessive case. (a) her (b) she
Direction (16-21) : Fill in the blanks by choosing the (c) he (d) his
appropriate option UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
16. This is the same pencil ______ I bought Ans : (a) The correct pronoun is her, i.e. It was my
yesterday. brother who went with her.
(a) that (b) which 25. This is the house..............Hari bought.
(c) what (d) who (a) who (b) that
Ans : (b) Pencil efvepeeaJe nw Dele: Which keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ (c) whom (d) whose
Who keâe ØeÙeesie mepeerJe JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS Deewj That keâe ØeÙeesie oesveeW Ans : (b) This is the house that Hari bought.
kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 26. I know the man.............. wrote this letter.
17. We have the only one pen ______ we will give (a) who (b) whom
you. (c) how (d) whose
(a) that (b) which Ans : (a) Relative pronoun which is used for persons
(c) whom (d) what only. It may refer to a singular or plural pronoun.
Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe kesâ Devegmeej That keâe ØeÙeesie GefÛele Hence option (a) is correct.
Correct sentence– I know the man who wrote this
nesiee~ letter.
18. Everyone must love ______ country. 27. I talked to a group of children. Some of
(a) his (b) own ……were very intelligent.
(c) their (d) everyone's (a) them (b) their
Ans : (b) Everyone kesâ meeLe Deheves kesâ mebyebOe ceW 'own' keâe (c) they (d) theirs
ØeÙeesie nselee nw~ Ans : (a) ‘them’ would be used for children. I talked
19. He and _____ will do it. to a group of children. Some of them were very
(a) himself (b) herself intelligent. Hence option (a) is correct.
(c) myself (d) I 28. Choose correct pronoun to fill in the blank in
Ans : (d) Subjective case kesâ JeekeäÙe ceW subjective form keâe the sentence. 'I am wiser than ..........'.
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Dele: correct sentence– He and I will do it. (a) him (b) himself
(c) he (d) his
20. ______ went to kanpur last month.
Ans : (c) Option 'he' is the correct comparision made
(a) him (b) me
between same case of pronoun.
(c) them (d) I
29. This is the cat ............ I saw.
Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes options ceW I keâes ÚesÌ[keâj meejs objective
(a) whom (b) who (c) what (d) that
form ceW nw Dele: mener JeekeäÙe– I went to kanpur last month. Ans : (d) This is the cat that I saw.
21. The triangle _______ three sides are equals is 30. Fill in the blank
called on equilateral triangle. Q :…………are you?
(a) whom (b) whose (a) why (b) what
(c) which (d) who (c) how (d) which
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe 'The triangle' kesâ three sides keâes Ans: (c) The correct question is How are you? Hence
oMee&ves kesâ efueS 'whose' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ option (c) is correct
22. Fill in the blank with suitable pronoun: 31. Choose the correct pronoun to complete the
My son and my daughter are very fond of following
………. This book is ......... and that one is mine.
(a) herself (b) each other (a) our book (b) your (c) yours (d) yours book
(c) themselves (d) himself Ans : (c) Correct pronoun is yours. Hence sentence
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 will be : This books is yours, and that one is mine.
Ans. (b) : each other keâe ØeÙeesie efjòeâ mLeeve hej efkeâÙee peeÙesiee 32. Everyone has his own ideas about the best way
My son and my daughter are very fond of each other cesje to bring up children.
heg$e Deewj heg$eer Skeâ otmejs keâes yengle DeefOekeâ hemevo keâjles nQ~ peye oes The underlined word in the sentence is a
(a) Determiner (b) Adverb
ueesieeW keâer yeele keâer peeÙe lees JeneB each other keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ (c) Noun (d) Pronoun
23. Give the proper relative Pronoun in the Ans : (d) 'His' is a pronoun referring to a male.
following sentence
33. Choose the superlative form of ‘Fast’.
All.............glitters is not gold.
(a) Fast (b) Faster
(a) which (b) that
(c) Fastest (d) Fastly
(c) who (d) whom
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 Ans : (c) Fast keâe superlative form 'Fastest' nesiee~

43
34. If the superlative is least, then the positive is Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe meceeveeLeea JeekeäÙe option (c)
(a) least (b) less Mahim got the highest grade in the class.
(c) little (d) lesser
Directions : Read the passage given below and
Ans : (c) 'Least' keâe Positive form 'little' nesiee~ answer the questions that follow it.
35. What is the comparative form of ‘Bad’? Yesterday, two brave children of Gangapur
(a) Bad (b) Worse were awarded Brave Hearts Award. They have
(c) Better (d) Worst exhibited a great spirit of selflessness and
Ans : (b) 'Bad' keâe comparative from 'Worse' nesiee~ courage. Harsh, a twelve-year-old boy, saved a
36. This movie is ……….than the last one. little girl from drowning in the river that flows
(a) best (b) good along his village. Garima has been awarded for
(c) better (d) worst her presence of mind.
41. Which part of speech is the word 'brave'?
Ans : (c) ÙeneB hej oes movie keâer leguevee keâer ieF& nw Dele: 'better' (a) Noun
keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ (b) Pronoun
37. Direction- Choose the appropriate alternative (c) Adjective
from those given below. (d) Preposition
His sister is ……….. than his wife. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
(a) more prettier Ans. (c) : Option 'c' is correct
(b) very prettier Brave – yeneogj
(c) most pretty Adjectve–Adjectives are one of the English part of
(d) prettier speech. That tells you more about a noun.
Ans : (d) ÙeneB hej 'Sister' Deewj 'Wife' oesveeW keâer leguevee keâer ieÙeer meb%ee keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeves Jeeues Meyo keâes efJeMes<eCe keânles nQ~
nw Dele: option 'd' prettier mener nseiee~ 42. Choose the option to which you cannot add-er at
38. Choose the alternative which best change the its end and form a new word.
following sentence into positive degree. (a) soon (b) quick
Sentence Delhi is one of the biggest cities in (c) time (d) which
India. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
(a) Few cities are as big as Delhi. Ans : (c) Sooner, quicker, wicker are the words when
(b) Very few cities are as big as Delhi. 'er' is added them they formed a new word, whereas,
(c) Very few cities in India are as big as Delhi. Timer is a word, in which 'r' is used in time.
(d) No other city in India is as big as Delhi. 43. Of the sword and pen, the…… is more
Ans : (d) the biggest – meyemes yeÌ[e Adjective keâe powerful.
Superlative form nw (a) last one (b) later
So, option 'd' is correct. (c) latter (d) last
No other city in Indian is as big as Delhi. Ans. (c) : ÙeneB efoÙes ieÙes efjòeâ mLeeve hej efJekeâuhe (c) latter keâe
39. No other member in the family is as intelligent ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee, efpemekeâe DeLe& neslee nw yeeo Jeeuee~ Of the
as Raju is. The above sentence has the same sword and pen, the latter is more powerful.
meaning as leueJeej Deewj keâuece ceW mes yeeo Jeeuee DeefOekeâ leekeâleJej nww~
(a) Raju is intelligenter than any other member in
the family 44. Adjective of Body
(b) Raju is not intelligent (a) Corporal (b) Bodly
(c) Raju is more intelligent than any other member (c) Corporeal (d) All of these
in the family UPTET (I-V) June 2013
(d) Other member in the family are not intelligent Ans : (b) Adjective of Body is Bodly. An Adjective is
Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe meceeveeLeea JeekeäÙe option (c) Raju a word that modifies a noun (or pronoun) to make it
more specific.
is more intelligent than any other member in the family
45. Pick out the sentence that has a demonstrative
nw~
adjective in it.
40. Choose the sentence which has the same
(a) It is a twenty-kilometre walk.
meaning as the following sentence
(b) This kind of question is often asked in
Mahim got a higher grade than any other
examinations.
student in the class.
(a) Mahim got the higher grade than any other (c) Each of them received ten rupees.
(d) His written statement differs from his oral
student in the class.
one.
(b) Mahim got a high grade than any other student
in the class. Ans. (b) : This kind of question is often asked in
(c) Mahim got the highest grade in the class. Examination. Fme JeekeäÙe ceW this Skeâ demonstrative
(d) Mahim got the highest most grade in the class. adjective nw~ So option (b) is correct.

44
46. What kind of adjective is used in the following 52. Choose the correct part of speech of the
sentence? italicized words.
These mangoes are ripe. Namita wore a dark green saree on her wedding.
(a) Quantitative (b) Possessive (a) Noun (b) Pronoun
(c) Demonstrative (d) Interrogative (c) Adjective (d) Adverb
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016 Ans : (c) Dark green in sentence is an adjective.
Ans : (c) Demonstrative Adjective is used in the Adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.
sentence ‘These mangoes are ripe’. Hence option (c) 53. Find out the ‘adjective’ among the following
Demonstrative Adjective: Demonstrative Adjective are options.
Adjective that are used to modify a noun so that we (a) Gorgeous (b) Inculcate
know which specific person, place or thing is (c) Pedigree (d) Undertake
mentioned. Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes ÛeejeW MeyoeW mes Ùen mhe° nw efkeâ Gorgeous –
Here in the present sentence ‘These’ modifies noun JewYeJeMeeueer, ieewjJeMeeueer ner efJeMes<eCe (Adjective) nw~ DevÙe efJekeâuhe
‘Mangoes’ so ‘These’ is used as a demonstrative Inculcate (ceve ceW efye"evee) verb nw, Pedigree – (kegâòeeW keâe
adjective. Yeespeve) Noun nw, Undertake (ØeÙevle keâjvee) verb nw~
47. Choose the correct part of speech of the 54. Which one of the following word is an adjective?
underlined word. (a) Use (b) Useful (c) Using (d) Usefulness
It is a unique book. Ans : (b) Word 'useful' is in adjective form. An
(a) Verb (b) Noun Adjective is a word that describes or clarifies a noun.
(c) Adjective (d) Adverb Adjectives describe nouns by giving some information
Ans : (c) pees Meyo Noun keâes qualify keâjles nQ Adjective about an object's size, shape, age, color, origin or
keânueeles nQ~ ÙeneB 'book' Noun nw leLee unique book keâer material.
efJeMes<elee yelee jne nw~ Dele: unique Adjective nw~ Dele: 55. Complete the following sentence with the correct
efJekeâuhe (c) Megæ nw~ form of the adjective
It was ........ car he had ever driven.
48. Choose the correct adjective of the following (a) the more comfortable
noun. (b) the most comfortable
Advice (c) the comfortable
(a) Advisable (b) Advise (d) the comfortablest
(c) Advisedly (d) Adviser Ans : (b) Correct form of adjective here is the most
Ans: (a) ‘Advice’ is a proposal for a course of action. comfortable.
So ‘Advisable’ would be the correct adjective as it Hence the sentence will be : It was the most
means worthy of being recommended. Hence option comfortable car he had ever driven.
(a) is correct. 56. Fill in the blank with the appropriate modal.
49. Identify the type of word that is underlined in The villagers .......... read and write their mother
the given sentence. tongue.
All the people cheered. (a) may (b) can
(a) Noun (b) Pronoun (c) should (d) with
(c) Adjective (d) Verb Ans : (b) Modal Auxiliary verb 'can' is used to show
Ans : (c) ‘All’ is used as an adjective here. Hence capacity or ability in present tense. Hence option (b) is
correct.
option (c) is correct.
Correct sentence– The villager can read and write
50. Identify the type of word that is underlined in their mother tongue.
the given sentence. 57. Fill in the blank with the appropriate modal.
It’s sheer rubbish. The villagers .......... read and write their mother
(a) Noun (b) Pronoun tongue.
(c) Adjective (d) Verb (a) may (b) can
Ans : (c) ‘Sheer’ is used as an adjective here. Hence (c) should (d) with
option (c) is correct. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
51. ................student in the class is capable of Ans : (b) Modal Auxiliary verb 'can' is used to show
capacity or ability in present tense. Hence option (b) is
passing the examination. correct.
(a) all (b) every Correct sentence– The villager can read and write
(c) many (d) some their mother tongue.
Ans : (b) 'Every' is a determiner, we use it before a 58. Choose the correct form of the verb to fill in the
singular noun. If the man is a subject, its verb is also blank.
singular. We ......... the matter yesterday.
Every + singular (+ singular verb) Hence option (b). UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
Correct sentence– Every student in the class is (a) discussed about (b) discussed of
capable of passing the examination. (c) discussed (d) discussed well
45
 Ans : (c) Discuss, enter, resemble, these verbs are 65. Examples of irregular verbs are
normally followed by direct objects without (a) break-broke (b) train-trainer
preposition. Hence option (c) is correct. (c) walk-walked (d) happy-happier
59. Complete the following sentence by choosing the Ans : (a) Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on
appropriate forms of verbs. the regular –d, -ed, or –ied spelling patterns. So, break
Will you ……. a car, if you …… any money? – broke – broken is the example of irregular verb.
(a) have, didn’t have (b) owned, hadn’t Hence option (a) is correct.
(c) buy, don’t have (d) have sold, had 66. In the forest, I saw a.................of deer.
Ans: (c) The correct option is (c) (a) herd (b) band
Dele: mener JeekeäÙe– (c) pride (d) swarm
Will you buy a car, if you don’t have any money. Ans : (a) In the forest, I saw a herd of deer.
Hence option (c) is correct. Herd means a group of herbivorely mammals of a
60. Complete the following sentence by choosing the single kind kept together or remain together as a
appropriate forms of verbs. group.
If the result of the admission test ………. today, 67. He has............his home work.
she …….. a telegram. (a) did (b) been doing
(a) will be announced, will send (c) done (d) does
(b) was announced, would send Ans : (c) He has done his home work. Done is a past
(c) is announced, will send participle of do.
(d) declared, could send 68. The thief.............. run away before the police
Ans: (c) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe conditional sentence keâe nw, So came.
the correct sentence would be– (a) has (b) have
If the result of the admission test is announced (c) had (d) was
today, she will send a telegram. Hence option (c) is Ans : (c) Option (c) is correct.
correct. efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW henues keâece Kelce nesves Jeeuee JeekeäÙe nesiee~
61. Complete the following sentence by choosing the Pase perfect tense ceW Deewj yeeo ceW Kelce nesves Jeeuee JeekeäÙe
appropriate verb forms. Past Indefine to tense ceW neslee nw~ So, correct sentence.
Mr. Indrajeet Gupta ……… that he ……… The thief had run away before the police came.
truth to those people. 69. He has been.........for ten minutes.
(a) claims, spoke (b) claimed, spoke (a) sing (b) sang
(c) had claimed, had spoke (d) will claim, speak (c) singing (d) sung
Ans: (b) Claimed, spoke will be filled in the given fill
Ans : (c) Main verb of present perfect continuous
in the blanks because there are two clause in the tense always followed by 'ing form' as–
sentence and both should be in same tense. Hence
singing/dancing etc. So correct sentence– He has been
option (b) is correct. singing for ten minutes.
62. Identify the underlined part of speech.
70. Choose the correct form of verb to fill in the
The burglar disappeared with the cash. blank in the given sentence.
(a) Transitive verb (b) Intransitive verb
This mango ................ sweet.
(c) Linking verb (d) Auxiliary verb (a) tasty (b) taste
Ans: (b) Intransitive verbs do not allow an object to (c) tasting (d) tastes
follow directly. Ans : (d) To express 'general truths' simple present
‘Disappeared’ is an intransitive verb as no object tense is used. Hence option (d) is correct.
follows it. Hence option (b) is correct. Correct sentence–This mango tastes sweet.
63. Choose the option to which you can add-ly at the 71. No one is allowed to …………the trees in the
end to form a new word. forest.
(a) soon (b) late (a) fall (b) fell
(c) now (d) fast (c) fallen (d) felled
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& efkeâmeer keâes Devegceefle veneR hesÌ[eW
Ans : (b) The option to which 'ly' can be added at the keâes keâeš keâj efiejeves keâer~ ÙeneB JeekeäÙe kesâ efjòeâ mLeeve hej fell keâe ner
end to form a new word is late. i.e. Lately which
ØeÙeesie nesiee~
means recently.
72. Select the correct form of the verb
64. Identify the type of verb in the given sentence ............ the right answer.
He slept. (a) knows (b) know (c) is knowing (d) known
(a) Transitive verb (b) Intransitive verb Ans : (a) Correct form of the verb is knows. Hence
(c) Regular verb (d) Irregular verb sentence will be : knows the right answer.
Ans : (b) There is no object in the given sentence He Verb–Verb is that word or group of words in the
slept, so, it is an example of intransitive verb. Hence sentence that specifies the action taken or the state of
option (b) is correct. the subject.

46
73. Fill in the correct form of the verb Ans : (c) Auxiliary 'can' suggests 'ability'. Hence
When the phone rang, we .......... television. option (c) is correct.
(a) watched (b) watching 81. The game should be finished by now.
(c) were watch (d) were watching The underlined auxiliary suggests
Ans : (d) Correct form of the verb is were watching. (a) Probability (b) Conjecture
Hence, sentence will be : When the phone rang, we (c) Deduction (d) Prediction
were watching television. Ans : (d) 'should' indicates prediction in this case.
74. Supply the correct form of the verb ‘remember’ Hence option (d) is correct.
in the following sentence 82. Candidates must attempt all the questions.
I ………….your name. What does the auxiliary 'must' suggest in the
(a) am remembering above sentence?
(b) remember (a) Advice (b) Recommendation
(c) was meeting (c) Obligation (d) Prediction
(d) have remember Ans : (a) It shows advisory nature of sentence.
Ans : (b) The correct sentence is I remember your 83. Which of the following verb forms will correctly
name. Hence option (b) is correct. fill in the blank in the sentence?
75. Pick out the correct verb form "It is time we ........... home".
She was walking along the road when (a) returned (b) return
she………him. (c) have returned (d) will return
(a) met (b) have met Ans : (a) If 'It is time' is followed by a subject with a
(c) was meeting (d) meet past tense verb. The meaning is present.
Ans : (a) Past form of the verb – ‘met’ would be used So correct sentence is – It is time we returned
here. She was walking along the road when she met home. Hence option (a) is correct.
him. Hence option (a) is correct. 84. Bread and butter ……..a wholesome food.
76. Supply a modal which expresses ability All of (a) is (b) are
them ………..speak three language. (c) was (d) were
(a) may (b) will Ans : (a) ‘Bread and butter’ is a phrase, idea or
(c) must (d) can subject so it will have singular form of verb (is).
Ans : (d) ‘ability’ is expressed by the modal ‘can’. All Hence option (a) is correct.
of them can speak three language. Hence option (d) is 85. Passengers must switch off their mobilephones.
correct. What does the underlined auxiliary ‘must’
77. We must come back by six suggest?
‘Must in the above sentence expresses (a) Expectation (b) Compulsion
(a) possibility (b) advice (c) Obligation (d) None of the above
(c) desire (d) necessity Ans : (c) Here ‘must’ signifies obligation or duty of
Ans : (d) ‘must’ expresses ‘necessity’. Hence option the passengers to switch off their phones. Hence
(d) is correct. option (c) is correct.
78. Everyone ......... follow the traffic rules. 86. Manoj is one of the only students who
(a) can (b) may ………passed the exam.
(c) could (d) must (a) have (b) has
Ans : (d) Modal Auxiliary verb 'must' is used for (c) had (d) would have
strong obligation. Hence option (d) is correct. Ans : (b) ‘is’ indicates ‘present’ singular form, so,
Correct sentence–Everyone must follow the traffic ‘has’ would be used. Hence option (b) is correct.
rules. Who keâe ØeÙeesie ÙeneB Manoj kesâ efueS efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Dele:
79. Fill in the blank with an appropriate 'modal'. Verb, singular form ceW nesiee~
He is ill. He ........ see a doctor.
(a) can (b) would 87. Identify the verb in the given sentence
(c) could (d) must The leaves were yellow and sticky.
(a) leaves (b) were
Ans : (d) When a man is sick it is essential for him to
(c) yellow (d) sticky
see a doctor. This essentiality is shown in the modal
"must" hence the right filler in the gap can only be Ans : (b) In the given sentence 'The leaves were
must, as other modals given in the option don’t shows yellow and sticky', the verb is 'were'.
compulsion only must shows compulsion. Hence 88. For the question below, choose the best answer
option (d) is correct option. Shall we go to the gym now?
80. Can you lift this box? (a) I'm too tired (b) It's very good
What does the underlined auxiliary 'can' (c) Not at all (d) I suppose you can
suggest? UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
(a) Capacity (b) Competence Ans : (c) The best answer to the question 'Shall we go
(c) Ability (d) Skill to the gym now?' is Not at all.
47
89. Which is the adjective in the given sentence? Ans : (a) It took us nearly five hours to reach the
The tall girl met a boy. airport. Hence option (a) is correct.
(a) tall (b) girl 96. State the part of speech of the underlined word.
(c) met (d) boy
He looked above in the sky.
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
(a) Adjective (b) Noun
Ans : (a) An 'Adjective' is a word used to add (c) Verb (d) Adverb
something to the meaning of a noun. Here in present UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014
sentence 'girl' is noun which added meaning by word
'tall' that is Adjective. Hence option (a) is correct. Ans: (d) 'above' modifies the verb 'Looked' that
90. ………he stood first, he would have gone to appears after it. So, it is used here as an adverb.
America. 97. Identify the adverb in the given sentence
(a) If (b) Had The wicked boy slapped the girl loudly.
(c) Have (d) Anyways (a) wicked (b) boy
Ans. (b) : ÙeneB efoÙes ieÙes efjòeâ mLeeve hej efJekeâuhe (b) Had keâe (c) slapped (d) loudly
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee~ Had he stood first, he would have UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
gone to America. Ans : (d) An adverb is a word to add something to the
meaning of a verb an adjective or another adverb. In
91. Which of the following sentences has a
transitive verb? given sentence Adverb 'Loudly' add meaning in verb
(a) She walks in the morning daily. (stopped). Hence option (d) is correct.
(b) He is running very fast. 98. Choose the adverb from the following
(c) She writes well. (a) Walk (b) Badly
(d) I killed a snake last night. (c) Good (d) Fast
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 Ans : (b) ‘Badly’ is the only adverb among the given
Ans. (d) : Option 'd' is correct options. Hence option (b) is correct.
I killed a snake last night. 99. Choose the adverb from the following
Snake, object keâe ØeÙeesie hetjer JeekeäÙe keâer JÙeeKÙee kesâ efueS (a) Hardly (b) Hard
cenlJehetCe& nw~ (c) Harder (d) Hardy
Transitive verb–A Transitive verb is a verb that Ans : (a) ‘Hardly’ is the only adverb among the given
requires one or more objects. options. Hence option (a) is correct.
A snake is object in this sentence. 100. An example of linking adverbials is
92. Fill in the blank with the suitable form of verb: (a) these (b) so
Either Munni or Chunni _____lost her pen. (c) your (d) the
(a) has (b) have Ans : (b) So is used to link adverbs. Hence option (b)
(c) had (d) will have
is correct.
Ans : (a) When two subjects are Joined by or the verb
is usually singular. Hence option (a) has is correct. 101. Choose adverb in the following sentence.
Either Munni or Chunni has lost her pen. He frequently comes unprepared.
(a) He (b) Frequently
93. Which of the following words is an adverb?
(a) Apace (b) Face (c) Comes (d) Unprepared
(c) Meek (d) Fury Ans : (b) Frequently is adverb. Adverb of frequency.
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 Hence option (b) is correct.
Ans. (a) : efoÙes ieÙes ÛeejeW efJekeâuhees ceW mes kesâJeue efJekeâuhe (a) 102. Complete the following sentence with the correct
Apace lespe ieefle mes adverb nw~ option : My grandfather walks very.....
Face - Ûesnje (noun) (a) quick (b) fastly
(c) fast (d) nice
Face -meecevee keâjvee (verb)
Ans : (c) Complete sentence will be : My grandfather
Meek - Meeble, efJeveceü (adjective) walks very fast.
Fury - DelÙeefOekeâ iegmmee (noun) Here word fast is showing that grandfather is capable
94. Select the Adverb of place. of moving at high speed.
(a) Almost (b) Agra 103. Fill in the blank to complete the following
(c) Here (d) Japan sentence:
Ans : (c) Option (c) 'Here' is Adverb of place. Agra The Ministers are responsible………..the Chief
and Japan are used as Proper Noun and almost is
adverbs of completeness. Hence option (c) is correct. Minister of their State for their work.
(a) for
95. Fill in the blank with the most suitable adverb
(b) to
from those provided
(c) of
It took us .............. five hours to reach the
(d) towards
airport.
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017
(a) nearly (b) always
(c) enough (d) None of these Ans. (b) : efjòeâ mLeeve hej efJekeâuhe (b) to Yeje peeÙesiee~
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 Responsible to Somebody - efkeâmeer kesâ Øeefle GòejoeÙeer~

48
104. State the part of speech of the underlined word. Ans. (b) : ashamed of something- efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ efueÙes
He looked above in the sky. Meeefce&voe nesvee~ Dele: efjòeâ mLeeve hej Preposition of keâe ØeÙeesie
(a) Adjective (b) Noun
(c) Verb (d) Adverb efkeâÙee peeÙesiee He was very much ashamed of his mischief.
Ans: (d) 'above' modifies the verb 'Looked' that Jen Deheveer ieueleer kesâ efueÙes yengle pÙeeoe Meeefce&voe Lee~
appears before it. So, it is used here as an adverb. 112. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
105. Which part of speech is the word 'hard' in the I tried ......... relieve them ....... their poverty.
sentence 'He is working hard'? (a) to, with (b) to, of
(a) Adverb (c) by, form (d) into, with
(b) Conjunction UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
(c) Preposition Ans : (b) I tried to relieve them of their poverty.
(d) Noun 113. Fill in the blank with correct preposition.
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 When she parted .............. her parents, her eyes
Ans. (a) : Option 'a' is correct were full of tears.
Hard–keâef"ve, cesnvelehetJe&keâ (a) off (b) with
Adverb–A word that can be used before noun, verb, a (c) from (d) to
phrase or another verb for more informations about UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
place, time, manner, cause or degree. Ans : (c) For separation we use preposition 'from'.
106. Fill in the blank with the most suitable adverb Hence option (c) is correct.
from those provided Correct sentence– When she parted from her
It took us .............. five hours to reach the parents, her eyes were full of tears.
station. 114. Fill in the blank with the correct prepositional
(a) nearly (b) always phrase.
(c) enough (d) None of these The deaf learn to communicate with one another
Ans : (a) It took us nearly five hours to reach the ......... sign language.
station. (a) according to (b) by means of
(c) inspite of (d) but for
107. Identify the adverb in the given sentence
The wicked boy slapped old man loudly. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
(a) wicked (b) boy Ans : (b) By means of is the correct option.
(c) slapped (d) loudly 115. Choose the appropriate preposition.
Ans : (d) An adverb is a word to add something to the We have been living here ............ six months.
meaning of a verb an adjective or another adverb. In (a) ever (b) at
present sentence Adverb is 'Loudly'. Hence option (d) (c) since (d) for
is correct. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
108. Which of the following word is a preposition? Ans : (d) 'Since' is used for 'point of time' while 'for'
(a) Beyond (b) And is used for 'period of time'. In the present sentence six
(c) Yet (d) Now month is period of time. Hence option (d) is correct.
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 Correct sentence– We have been living here for six
months.
Ans. (a) : Fve ÛeejeW Meyoes ceW mes efJekeâuhe (a) beyond (kesâ hejs)
116. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition.
Preposition nw~ He killed two birds........one stone.
109. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: (a) by (b) at
Are you sorry………what you have done? (c) of (d) with
(a) with (b) for Ans : (d) peye efkeâmeer Deewpeej mes efkeâmeer keâeÙe& keâes mecheeefole efkeâÙee
(c) by (d) over
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 peelee nw lees Gmekesâ meeLe meowJe With veecekeâ Preposition keâe
Ans. (b) : Are you sorry for what you have done. Sorry ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Yeues ner Jener helLej nes~ Dele: ÙeneB efjòeâ mLeeve hej
for something - efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ efueÙes Meefce&voe~
efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efoÙes ieÙes Meyo with keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ Megæ
JeekeäÙe– He killed two birds with one stone.
110. Select the most appropriate preposition to
117. Fill in the blank using the correct prepositional
complete the following sentence:
phrase.
Why are you always so suspicious………..me? Shall we play indoors .............. sweating out in
(a) to (b) with
the sun
(c) of (d) for (a) instead of (b) other than
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 (c) but for (d) because of
Ans. (c) : efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe kesâ efjòeâ mLeeve hej preposition 'of' Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe efnvoer ™heevlejCe Ùen nw–‘keäÙee nceW
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee~ Suspicious of Somebody/ Kesuevee ÛeeefnÙes Yeerlej _____ metÙe& keâer ieceea ceW hemeervee yeneves kesâ~’
Something - efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg kesâ Øeefle mebosefnle jnvee~ ÙeneB JeekeäÙe kesâ efjòeâ mLeeve hej ‘‘yepeeÙe’’ Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee
111. He was very much ashamed……..his mischief. efpemekesâ efueÙes efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuhe (a) instead of keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~
(a) for (b) of
(c) with (d) over
efoÙes ieÙes DevÙe Preposition efYeVe DeLe& Øeoeve keâjles nQ~
49
118. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. Ans : (c) We usually say that something is made of a
She has been living .......... this city ......... ten particular material. Hence option (c). Correct
years. sentence–This ring is made of gold.
(a) for, to (b) in, for 127. We have been waiting for the train.............two
(c) to, for (d) on, to hours.
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe efnvoer ™heevlej nw ‘‘Jen jn jner nw (a) since (b) from
Fme Menj _____ ome meeue mes~’’ ÙeneB henues efjòeâ mLeeve hej ‘‘ceW’’ (c) by (d) for
Meyo kesâ efueÙes in leLee Perfect continuous tense ceW Deefveef§ele Ans : (d) 'Since' is used for 'point of time' whether
meceÙe efoKeeves kesâ efueS otmejs efJekeâuhe ceW for keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee efpemes 'for' is used for 'period of time'. Here in the present
sentence 'two hour' is period of time so 'for' is correct.
efJekeâuhe (b) ceW oMee&Ùee ieÙee nw~ Correct sentence– We have been waiting for the
119. Fill in the blank with correct preposition. train for two hours.
He is blind ......... his own fault. 128. They arrived late..................the airport.
(a) with (b) to (a) in (b) on
(c) of (d) for (c) with (d) at
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014
Ans : (d) They arrived late at the airport.
Ans: (b) 'to' is the correct answer.
129. The money was divided...........Anwar and
120. Choose the correct option. Rashid.
The passengers alighted ........ the bus. (a) between (b) among
(a) for (b) to (c) into (d) with
(c) from (d) at
Ans : (a) 'Between' is used for two persons. Among is
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014
used more than two persons. Hence option (a) is
Ans: (c) The passengers alighted from the bus. correct.
121. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. Correct sentence – The money was divided
‘She went ……… the park ……… a walk.’ between Anwar and Rashid.
(a) for, to (b) to, with (c) to, on (d) to, for 130. A number of plays were written.......
Ans: (d) She went to the park for a walk is the correct Shakespeare.
sentence. Hence option (d) is correct. (a) from (b) of
122. Choose the correct option. (c) in (d) by
The Prime Minister was acquitted ………. the Ans : (d) A number of plays were written by
charge levied against him. Shakespeare.
(a) of (b) off (c) for (d) with This sentence is in passive voice. By preposition
Ans: (a) ‘acquitted’ is followed by ‘of’. Hence option is used in passive voice. Hence option (d) is correct.
(a) is correct. 131. His father died ……… cancer.
123. Fill in the blank with the correct Preposition (a) from (b) of (c) with (d) off
The Judge acquitted him....... the murder Ans : (b) ‘of’ is used with direct cause like cancer.
charge. ‘from’ is used with indirect cause like car accident or
(a) off (b) of a wound. Other options are irrelevant. His father died
(c) for (d) from of cancer. Hence option (b) is correct.
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 132. I have eaten nothing …….. yesterday.
Ans : (b) The Judge acquitted him of the murder (a) for (b) from (c) since (d) till
charge. Ans : (c) ‘since’ is used with yesterday. Hence option
124. Fill the correct Preposition in the following (c) is correct.
I prefer Chaucer……. Spenser in reading 133. The horse jumped .......... the well.
English Poetry (a) on (b) in
(a) than (b) from (c) to (d) into (c) into (d) under
Ans : (c) ‘prefer’ is mostly followed by ‘to’ so, I Ans : (c) The horse jumped into the well. into is used
prefer Chaucer to Spenser….Hence option (c) is to show when a person or thing is changing from one
correct. form or condition to another.
125. Fill in the blank with correct preposition 134. The patient died .......... cholera.
He deals................rice. (a) of (b) by
(a) in (b) with (c) with (d) for
(c) at (d) on
Ans : (a) Word 'died' followed by preposition 'of'
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 when a man died due to – illness/ disease/ hunger/
Ans : (a) The preposition to fill in the blank is in. i.e. starvation/ thirst/ grief/ shame.
He deals in rice. Deals is followed by preposition 'in'. Here in the present sentence patient died of cholera
126. This ring is made........... gold. that is a disease.
(a) from (b) with Hence option (a) is correct.
(c) of (d) by Correct sentence– The patient died of cholera.
50
135. She bought a pen.............. ten rupees. 143. Choose the correct form of the verb to fill in the
(a) by (b) with blank.
(c) from (d) for We ......... the matter yesterday.
Ans : (d) Preposition 'for' is used to show 'cost'. (a) discussed about (b) discussed of
Hence option (d) is correct. (c) discussed (d) discussed well
Correct sentence– She bought a pen for ten rupees. Ans : (c) Discuss, enter, resemble, these verbs are
136. There is a row of green trees ............ the road. normally followed by direct objects without
(a) along (b) beside preposition. Hence option (c) is correct.
(c) among (d) by 144. Fill in the blank with the correct prepositional
Ans : (a) Best option is 'along. i.e. There is a row of phrase.
green trees along the road. The deaf learn to communicate with one another
137. Fill in the blank with the appropriate ......... sign language.
preposition. (a) according to (b) by means of
He is angry ...... me. (c) inspite of (d) but for
(a) on (b) upon Ans : (b) By means of is the correct option.
(c) with (d) at 145. Choose the appropriate preposition.
Ans : (c) When somebody gets angry for some reason We have been living here ............ six months.
or action the adjectives angry takes preposition but if (a) ever (b) at
this anger is against some person, it takes preposition (c) since (d) for
with. Hence the correct sentence can only be "He is Ans : (d) 'Since' is used for 'point of time' while 'for'
angry with me". Rest options are wrong. is used for 'period of time'. In the present sentence six
138. Find the appropriate preposition to fill in the month is period of time. Hence option (d) is correct.
sentence: She lives ...............Mumbai. Correct sentence– We have been living here for six
(a) at (b) in months.
(c) into (d) on 146. Choose the word that can join the two given
Ans : (b) The appropriate preposition to fill in the sentences
sentence "She lives..............Mumbai" is 'in' because it Write Properly. Don't write at all.
connects a noun to another noun and shows relation (a) but (b) and
between She and Mumbai. (c) so (d) or
139. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
Why conform .......... a custom when the custom Ans : (d) The word that can join the two given
is bad. sentence is or, i.e. Write Properly or don't write at all.
(a) on (b) upon 147. Choose the word that can join the two given
(c) for (d) to sentences
Ans : (d) The word 'conform' always followed by She is pretty. She is proud.
preposition 'with' or 'to'. Conform + with/to (a) but (b) because
something. Hence option (d) is correct. (c) while (d) not
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
140. We were caught .......... a shower on our way
Ans : (a) The word that can join the two given
home. sentence is but, i.e. She is pretty, but proud.
(a) with (b) by
148. Fill in the blank with correct preposition :
(c) at (d) in
A prisoner was accused .......... murder.
Ans : (b) 'by' highlights the sudden rain. i.e. we were (a) of (b) for
caught by a shower on our way home. (c) to (d) off
141. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
I tried ......... relieve them ....... their poverty. Ans. (a) : In sentence the most suitable preposition is
(a) to, with (b) to, of 'of' Accused of – oes<eejesheCe keâjvee
(c) by, form (d) into, with 149. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition:
Ans : (b) I tried to relieve them of their poverty. Are you sorry………what you have done?
142. Fill in the blank with correct preposition. (a) with (b) for
When she parted .............. her parents, her eyes (c) by (d) over
were full of tears. Ans. (b) : Are you sorry for what you have done. Sorry
(a) off (b) with
for something - efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ efueÙes Meefce&voe~
(c) from (d) to
Ans : (c) For separation we use preposition 'from'. 150. Select the most appropriate preposition to
Hence option (c) is correct. complete the following sentence:
Correct sentence– When she parted from her parents, Why are you always so suspicious………..me?
her eyes were full of tears. (a) to (b) with
(c) of (d) for
51
Ans. (c) : efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe kesâ efjòeâ mLeeve hej preposition 'of'
(c) She is poor but she is by nature hospitable.
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee~ Suspicious of Somebody/ (d) My grandfather is not well.UPTET (I-V)
Nov. 2018
Something - efkeâmeer JÙeefòeâ Ùee Jemleg kesâ Øeefle mebosefnle jnvee~
Ans. (c) : Option 'c' is correct
151. Complete the following sentence with correct but is used in sentence as conjunction.
conjunction : Conjunction–A word that is used for joining other
……….he had not paid his bill, his electricity words, phrases or sentences.
was cut off.
(a) But (b) Either She is poor but she is by nature hosptiable.
(c) Unless (d) As 158. Complete the following sentence with correct
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 conjunction :
Ans. (d) : efjòeâ mLeeve hej conjunction As keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee~ ……….he had not paid his bill, his electricity
As he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off (ÛeBtefkeâ was cut off.
(a) But (b) Either
Gmeves Dehevee efyeue Yegieleeve vener efkeâÙee Lee, Gmekeâer efyepeueer keâeš oer ieÙeer~) (c) Unless (d) As
152. Complete the following sentence by choosing Ans. (d) : efjòeâ mLeeve hej conjunction As keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
the correct option:
No sooner did we go out on the road _____it
peeÙesiee~ As he had not paid his bill, his electricity was
began to rain heavily. cut off (ÛeBtefkeâ Gmeves Dehevee efyeue Yegieleeve vener efkeâÙee Lee, Gmekeâer
(a) when (b) than efyepeueer keâeš oer ieÙeer~)
(c) then (d) but 159. Complete the following sentence by using
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016 correct alternative.
Ans : (b) ‘No sooner ............ than’ is structure such as – Walk carefully lest
hardly .............. when/before and scarcely ............... (a) you may fall down
when/before’ are. Hence option (b) is correct. (b) you should fall down
Correct sentence is – (c) you will fall down
No sooner did we go out on the road than it began to (d) you can fall down
rain heavily. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014
153. '_______ late, he is a skilled worker.' Ans: (b) 'lest' is followed by 'should'.
Fill in the blank 160. Hurrah! We have won the match. In this
(a) But (b) Though sentence ‘Hurrah’ is
(c) Since (d) Unless (a) Conjunction (b) Preposition
Ans : (b) 'Though' conjuction is suitable in fill in the (c) Interjection (d) Adverb
blank. Ans : (c) 'Hurrah!' is expressing joy, so, it is an
So the correct sentence– Though late, he is a interjection or exclamation. Hence option (c) is
skilled worker. Hence option (b) is correct. correct.
154. She failed ........ she did not read. 161. Choose the option to which you can add-ly at the
(a) although (b) because end to form a new word.
(c) anyhow (d) while (a) soon (b) late
Ans : (b) Because is the correct answer. (c) now (d) fast
155. To combine the given two sentences, choose the Ans : (b) The option to which 'ly' can be added at the
most appropriate word. end to form a new word is late. i.e. Lately which
I was annoyed. I kept quite. means recently.
(a) or (b) and
162. "That is the man the police was seeking."
(c) so (d) still
In the above sentence, what is the status of the
Ans : (d) The most appropriate word to combine the
given two sentence here is 'still'. two the's?
156. ............... the weather was bad : they had to go (a) Verb
for work. (b) Noun
(a) As (b) Although (c) Conjunction
(c) Though (d) Since (d) Definite article
Ans : (b) Although the weather was bad : they had to UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
go for work. Hence option (b) is correct. Ans. (d) : 'A', 'An and 'The' are articles. Where 'a' is
157. Which of the following sentences has a used before the words which starts to consonant 'An' is
'conjunction'? used before the words which starts to vowel (a, e, i, o,
(a) She is awfully busy.
u) and 'The is used for definite article.
(b) I am nobody for you.

52
04.
TENSES
TENSES (2) metÙe& hetJe& ceW efvekeâuelee nw~
There are three types of tenses that are used in English The sun rises in the east.
Grammar namely
• Present Tense (Jele&ceeve keâeue) (b) Negative Sentence
• Past Tense (Yetle keâeue) Rule– Sub + do/does + not + V1 + Object
• Future Tense (YeefJe<Ùe keâeue) Note– (1) We use auxiliary verb 'do' with plural subject
Each tense has four modes, that are– (I, We, You, They and other Plural Noun).
• Indefinite (2) We use auxiliary verb 'does' with Singular Noun
• Continuous (He, She, It and other singular noun).
• Perfect
Ex. (1) Jen Dehevee keâeÙe& veneR keâjleer nw~
• Perfect Continuous
She does not do her work.
(2) Ùes ueÌ[efkeâÙeeB ieerle veneR ieeleer nQ~
These girls do not sing a song.
Present Tense (c) Interrogative Sentence
Yes-No Type– Rule 1→ Do/Does + Sub. + V1 +
Object?
Wh-Type– Rule 2→ Question Word + do/does + Sub.
+ V1 + Object?

Ex. (1) keäÙee Ûehejemeer Iebšer yepeelee nw?

Does the peon ring the bell?
(2) legce Deye keäÙee keâjles nes?
What do you do now?
(d) Negative Interrogative:
Do/Does + Subject + not + Verb1 + Object + ?
WH + Do/Does + Subject + not + Verb + Object + ?
1. Present Indefinite Tense-Present Indefinite
Tense kesâ JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW lee nw, leer nw, les nw FlÙeeefo
Ex. (1) keäÙee Ûehejemeer Iebšer veneR yepeelee nw?
Does the peon not ring the bell?
Meyo Deeles nQ~ (2) Jen Deepe ieerle keäÙeeW veneR ieeleer nw?
The Rules of Present Indefinite Tense: Why does she not sing a song today?

(a) Affirmative Sentence veesš–Ùeefo Adverb of frequency (usually, sometimes,

’
frequently, generally, occasionally often, everyday,
Rule– Sub. + V1/V5 + Object seldom etc.) keâe ØeÙeesie Jele&ceeve (present) ceW ngDee nes lees ef›eâÙee
Where V1→ Verb Ist form ncesMee present indefinite tense ceW jnleer nw~
V5→ V1 + s/es Exam - Jen MeeÙeo ner keâYeer keäueeme efceme keâjleer nw~
Note– (1) We use Plural verb (V1) with Plural Subject. She seldom misses classes.
(I, We, You, They, and other plural Noun) š^sve Øeefleefove 7 hetJee&vn hej efvekeâueleer nw~
(2) We use singular verb (V+s/es) with singular subject The train leaves daily at 7 A.M.
(He, She, It and other singular Noun). 2. Present Continuous Tense–Present Continuous
Tense JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW jne nw, jner nw, jns nQ FlÙeeefo Meyo Deeles
Ex. (1) legce ef›eâkesâš Kesueles nes~
You play cricket.
nQ~

53
The Rules of Present Continuous Tense: kegâÚ Meyo Continuous verb kesâ ™he ceW Fmlesceeue ner veneR nes
(a) Affirmative sentence
mekeâles nQ~ pewmes– meYeer Øekeâej kesâ senses (appear, taste, smell,
hear, see sound)
Rule– Sub. + is/am/are + V4 + Object meYeer Øekeâej kesâ feelings (hate, wish, prefer, want, love,
Where V4 = V1 + ing like)
Note– meYeer Øekeâej kesâ thinking (Remember, realize, imagine,
(1) We use auxiliary verb 'is' with singular subject (He, remember, know, understand etc.)
She, It, and singular noun). meYeer Øekeâej kesâ Communication (Agree, Disagree, Deny,
Promise, surprise, satisfy)
(2) We use auxiliary verb 'are' with plural subject (We,
You, They and Plural Noun)
otmejer DeJemLeeÙeW pewmes- be, belong, concern, depend involve,
posses, own, ..... need.
(3) We use auxiliary verb 'am' with 'I'.
3. Present Perfect Tense–JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW Ûegkeâe nw, Ûegkeâer nw,
Ex. (1) efheleepeer cebefoj pee jns nQ~ efueÙee nw, ieÙee nw, DeLeJee Ùee nw, F& nw, S nw FlÙeeefo mJej ueies nesles
Father is going to temple.
nw~
(2) legce nceejer meneÙelee keâj jns nes~
You are helping us. The Rules of Present Perfect Tense:
(3) ceQ Dehevee keâece keâj jne ntB~ (a) Affirmative Sentence
I am doing my work.
Rule– Sub. + has/have + V3 + Object
(b) Negative Sentence
Note– (1) We use auxiliary verb 'has' with singular
Rule– Sub. + is/am/are + not + V4 + Object subject (He, she, it and singular noun).
(2) We use auxiliary verb 'have' with plural subject (I,
Ex. (1) jece cegPes veneR yeguee jne nw~ we, you, they and plural noun)
Ram is not calling me.
Ex. (1) ceQ Dehevee hee" Ùeeo keâj Ûegkeâe ntB~
(2) cegPes yegKeej veneR Dee jne nw~ I have learnt my lesson.
I am not suffering from fever.
(2) Jen veeMlee henues ner keâj Ûegkeâe nw~
He has already had his breakfast.
(c) Interrogative Sentence
(b) Negative Sentence
Yes-No Type Rule– Is/am/are + Sub + V4 + Object?
Rule– Sub. + has/have + not + V3 + Object.
Wh Type Rule– Question word + Is/am/are + Sub. +
V4 + Object? Ex. (1) GvneWves legcnW veneR yegueeÙee nw~
They have not called you.
Ex. (1) Jen keâneB pee jne nw? (2) jece kesâ YeeF& ves GhevÙeeme veneR Kejeroe nw~
Where is he going? Rama's brother has not bought a novel.
(2) ÙeneB keâewve heÌ{ jne nw?
(c) Interrogative Sentence
Who is reading here?
(3) keäÙee legcneje YeeF& ne@keâer Kesue jne nw? Yes-No Type Rule– Has/have + Sub. + V3 + Object?
Is your brother playing hockey? Wh-Type Rule– Question word + has/have + Sub. + V3
+ Object.
(d) Negative-Interrogative sentences Ex. (1) keäÙee legcnejs YeeF& ves Dehevee keâeÙe& keâj efueÙee nw?
Has your brother done his work?
Is/Am/Are + Subject + not + (verb+ing) + object + ? (2) legceves megyen mes ÛeeÙe kesâ efkeâleves hÙeeues heer efueS nQ?
How many cups of tea have you taken since
WH + Is/Am/Are + Subject + not + (verb+ing) + object morning.
+? (3) Jes efouueer keäÙeeW ieS nQ?
Why have they gone to Delhi?
Ex. (1) keäÙee Jen Keevee veneR Kee jne nw?
Is he not eating food? (d) Negative-Interrogative sentences
(2) ÙeneB keâewve veneR heÌ{ jne nw?
Who is not reading here? Has/Have+ subject + not + V3rd + object + ?
Non-Continuous Verbs- WH + Has/Have + Subject + not + V3rd + object + ?
54
Ex. (1) keäÙee legce Keevee veneR KeeÙes nes? (3) efkeâleves meceÙe mes Jeòeâe Yee<eCe os jns nQ?
Have you not eaten food? How long has the speaker been speaking?
(2) Deceve keäÙeeW veneR ieevee ieeÙee nw? (d) Negative-Interrogative sentences
Why Aman has not sung a song?
Has /Have + subject + not + been + v+ing + object +
since/for + time.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense–JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW
jne nw, jner nw, jns nQ efoÙee jnlee nw leLee meeLe ceW meceÙe Yeer efoÙee WH + Has /Have + subject + not + been + v+ing +
jnlee nw (pewmes oes IeCšs mes, meesceJeej mes)~ object + since/for + time.

Ex. (1) keäÙee Ùes ueÌ[efkeâÙeeB oes IeCšs mes Meesj veneR ceÛee jner nQ?
The Rules of Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
Have these girls not been making a noise for
(a) Affirmative Sentence two hours?
Rule– Sub. + has/have + been + V4 + object + since/for (2) Debkegâj keäÙeeW Ûeej IeCšs mes veneR efÛeuuee jns nQ?
+ time Why has Ankur not been crying for four
Where V4→ V1 + ing hours?

Note–(1) We use 'since' for point of time like (oes yepes mes, Note–meejs tenses kesâ perfect continuous sentences ceW
meesceJeej mes, petve mes, megyen mes, 2005 mes) efvecveefueefKele efveÙeceeW kesâ DeeOeej hej 'For' Deewj 'since' keâe
(2) We use 'for' for period of time like (oes IeCšs mes, leerve
ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
efove mes, Ûeej nheäles mes, heeBÛe Je<eeX mes, yengle meceÙe mes)
Ex. (1) ceQ oes IeCšs mes Dehevee hee" Ùeeo keâj jne ntB~ Use of 'For'-For keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ meceÙe DeJeefOe kesâ henues (befor
I have been learning my lesson for two hours. a period of time) efkeâÙee peelee nw, kegâÚ efJeMes<e meceÙe kesâ MeyoeW,
(2) nce oes yepes mes ef›eâkesâš Kesue jns nQ~ efoveeW, IeCšeW, meeueeW FlÙeeefo kesâ henues efkeâÙee peelee nw pees efvecveefueefKele
We have been playing cricket since two O' nQ~
clock. 1. For two days/many days/several days
(3) legce megyen mes he$e efueKeles jns nes~ 2. For ten hours/many hours/several hours.
You have been writing letters since morning. 3. For certain weeks/several weeks/many weeks.
4. For ten years/many years.
(b) Negative Sentence 5. For ten minutes/many minutes/several minutes.
Rule– Sub. + has/have + not + been + V4 + object + 6. Numeral Adjective + minutes/days/weeks/nouns/
since/for + time years/decades/centuries.
Use of 'since'
Ex. (1) Deepe megyen mes yeeefjMe veneR nes jner nw~ 'Since' keâe ØeÙeesie Skeâ efveefMÛele meceÙe kesâ henues (a point of time)
It has not been raining today since morning.
(2) Jen Fme cekeâeve ceW 1990 mes veneR jn jner nw~
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
She has not been living in this house since 1990. 1. Name of the days/months/years
• Since Sunday
(c) Interrogative Sentence • Since October
• Since 1990
Yes – No Type Rule–
2. Parts of day/O'clock/AM/PM
Has/have + sub. + been + V4 + object + since/for + • Since morning/evening/afternoon/night
time? • Since 4 O'clock
• Since 6 PM
Wh – Type Rule–
Question word + has/have + sub. + been + V4 + object + • Since 5 AM
since/for + time? 3. Before the name of festival/events
Ex. • Since Holi/Christmas/Eid
(1) keäÙee jece megyen mes ef›eâkesâš Kesue jne nw? • Since his arrival/departure/Death/Marriage
Has Ram been playing cricket since morning? 4. Before name of seasons/stage of lifes
• Since spring/Autumn/Winter/Summer
(2) legcnW megyen mes keâewve yeguee jne nw?
• Since Adolescence/childhood/youth
Who has been calling you since morning?
55
veesš– last week kesâ henues 'since' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw peyeefkeâ the (2) jece cebefoj keäÙeeW veneR ieÙee?
last week kesâ henues 'for' keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Why Ram did not go to temple?
2. Past Continuous Tense– Past Continuous Tense kesâ
Past Tense JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW jne Lee, jner Leer, jns Les FlÙeeefo ueiee jnlee nw~
The Rules of Past Continuous Tense:
(a) Affirmative Sentence
Rule– Sub. + was/were + V4 + object.
Where V4 → V1 + ing
Note–(1) We use Auxiliary Verb 'was' with 'I' and
singular subject (He, she, it and singular noun).
(2) We use Auxiliary verb 'were' with plural subject
(We, You, They and Plural noun).

1. Past Indefinite Tense–JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW lee Lee, leer Leer, les Ex. (1) ceQ keâue Skeâ hegmlekeâ heÌ{ jne Lee~
I was reading a book yesterday.
Les, DeLeJee Dee, F&, S mJej ueies jnles nQ~ (2) Jen ueÌ[keâe henues IeCšs ceW nBme jne Lee~
The Rules of Past Indefinite Tense: That boy was laughing in the first period.
(3) legce keâue meceeÛeej he$e heÌ{ jns Les~
(a) Affirmative Sentence You were reading newspaper yesterday.

Rule– Sub. + V2 + object (b) Negative Sentence

Rule– Sub. + was/were + not + V4 + object
Ex. (1) ceQ keâue keâevehegj ieÙee~
I went to Kanpur yesterday. Ex. (1) ceQ keâue he$e veneR efueKe jne Lee~
I was not writing a letter yesterday.
(2) jece kesâ YeeF& ves cesjer hegmlekeâ ÛegjeF&~ (2) legce keâ#ee ceW Meesj veneR ceÛee jns Les~
Rama's brother stole my book. You were not making a noise in the class.

(b) Negative Sentence (c) Interrogative Sentence

Rule– Sub. + did + not + V1 + object Yes – No Type Rule– Was/were + sub. + V4 + object +
Ex. (1) legce keâue Deeieje veneR ieS~ ?
Wh – Type Rule– Question word + was/were + sub. +
You did not go to Agra yesterday. V4 + object?
(2) GvneWves efkeâmeer keâes ieeueer veneR oer~
Ex. (1) heJe&le efieuenjer mes keäÙee keân jne Lee?
They did not abuse anyone.
What was the mountain saying to the squirrel?
(c) Interrogative Sentence (2) keäÙee efyeuueer Ûetns kesâ heerÚs veneR oewÌ[ jner Leer?
Was the cat not running after the rat?
Yes – No Type Rule– Did + sub. + V1 + object?
(d) Negative-Inetrrogative sentences
Wh – Type Rule– Question word + did + sub. + V1 +
object? • Was/Were+ subject + not + (v+ing) + object + ?

Ex. (1) keäÙee Ùen ueÌ[keâe ÙeneB meeslee Lee? • WH + Was/Were + Subject + not + (v+ing) + object
Did this boy sleep here? Ex. (1) keäÙee legce meeFefkeâue veneR Ûeuee jns Les?
(2) Jen Fme meeue efkeâme Øekeâej heeme ngDee? Were you not cycling?
How did he pass this year? (2) efyeuueer keäÙeeW Ûetns kesâ heerÚs veneR oewÌ[ jner Leer?
Why was the cat not running after the rat?
(3) Fme yeÛÛes ves Deepe efkeâlevee otOe efheÙee?
How much milk did this child drink today? 3. Past Perfect Tense–Past Perfect Tense kesâ JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle
(d) Negative-Interrogative sentences ceW Ûegkeâe Lee, Ûegkeâer Leer, Ûegkesâ Les DeLeJee Ùee Lee, F& Leer, S Les FlÙeeefo
ueiee jnlee nw~
• Did + subject + not + VIst + Object + ?
Rule–peye Past ceW oes keâeÙe& meceehle nes ieS neW lees henues meceehle
• WH + Did + subject + not + VIst + Object + ? nesves Jeeues keâeÙe& kesâ meeLe Past Perfect keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw
Deewj yeeo ceW meceehle nesves Jeeues keâeÙe& kesâ meeLe Simple Past /
Ex. (1) keäÙee GvneWves legcnW veneR heerše?
Past Indefinite keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Did they not beat you?
56
The Rules of Past Perfect Tense: Ex. (1) legcnejs meesves mes henues cegkesâMe ÙeneB keäÙeesW veneR DeeÙee Lee?
(a) Affirmative Sentence Why had Mukesh not come here before you
slept?
Rule– (1) Sub. + had + V3 + object + before + sub. + V2
+ object.
(2) legcnejs meesves kesâ he§eeled cegkesâMe ÙeneB mes keäÙeeW veneR Ûeuee ieÙee
Rule– (2) Sub. + V2 + object + after + sub. + had + V3 Lee?
+ object. Why did Mukesh not go away from here after
Ex. (1) hegefueme kesâ hengBÛeves kesâ henues Ûeesj Iej mes yeenj Ûeuee ieÙee you had slept?
Lee~ 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense–Past Perfect
The thief had gone out of the house before the
police reached. Continuous Tense kesâ JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW jne Lee, jner Leer, jns Les
(2) peye nce keâe@uespe hengBÛes, leye IeCšer yepe Ûegkeâer Leer~ kesâ meeLe-meeLe meceÙe Yeer efoÙee jnlee nw~
When we reached the college, the bell had
rung. The Rules of Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
(a) Affirmative sentence
(b) Negative Sentence
Rule – Sub. + had + been + V4 + Object + since/for +
Rule– (1) Sub. + had + not + V3 + object + befor + sub. time.
+ V2 + object Where V4 = V1 + ing
(2) Sub. + did + not + V1 + Object + after + sub. + had
+ V3 + object Ex. (1) ceQ oes yepes mes ef›eâkesâš Kesue jne Lee~
I had been playing cricket since two O' clock.
Ex. (1) legcnejs mšsMeve hengBÛeves mes henues jsueieeÌ[er veneR ieÙeer Leer~ (2) Jen leerve Je<e& mes Fme keâ#ee ceW heÌ{ jne Lee~
The train had not gone before you reached the He had been reading in this class for three
station.
years.
(2) efheleepeer kesâ peeves kesâ yeeo [ekeäšj meenye veneR DeeÙes Les~
The doctor did not come after father had gone. (b) Negative Sentence
(c) Interrogative Sentence
Rule– Sub + had + not + been + V4 + object + since/for
Yes – No Type Rule– (1) Had + sub. + V3 + object + + time.
before + sub. + V2 + object?
Rule– (2) Did + sub. + V1 + object + after + sub. + had Ex. (1) jeOee megyen mes Deheves keâheÌ[s veneR Oees jner Leer~
+ V3 + object? Radha had not been washing her clothes since
morning.
Ex. (1) keäÙee metÙe& efÚheves mes henues legceves Dehevee keâeÙe& meceehle keâj (2) ceQ oes mehleen mes efnvoer veneR heÌ{ jne Lee~
efueÙee Lee? I had not been reading Hindi for two weeks.
Had you finished your work before the sun set?
(2) keäÙee [ekeäšj meenye kesâ peeves kesâ yeeo jesieer cej Ûegkeâe Lee? (c) Interrogative sentence
Did the patient die after the doctor had gone? Yes – No Type Rule– Had + sub + been + V4 + Object
+ since/for + time
Wh – Type Rule– (1) Question word + had + sub + V3 Wh – Type Rule– Question word + had + sub + been +
+ object + before + sub. + V2 + obj.? V4 + object + since/for + time
Rule– (2) Question word + did + sub. + V1 + object + Ex. (1) keäÙee yeÛÛee ome efceveš mes efÛeuuee jne Lee?
after + sub. + had + V3 + object
Had the child been crying for ten minutes?
Ex. (1) legcnejs meesves mes henues cegkesâMe ÙeneB keäÙeesW DeeÙee Lee? (2) legce oes efove mes cegPes keäÙeeW heÌ{e jns Les?
Why had Mukesh come here before you slept? Why had you been teaching me for two
(2) legcnejs meesves kesâ he§eeled cegkesâMe ÙeneB mes keäÙeeW Ûeuee ieÙee Lee? days?
Why did Mukesh go away from here after
(d) Negative-Inetrrogative sentences
you had slept?
(d) Negative-Inetrrogative sentences • Had + subject + not + been + (v+ing) + object +
since/for + point of time/period of time + ?
• Had + Subject + not + (v3rd) + object + ?
• WH + Had + Subject + not + been + (v+ing) + object
• WH + Had + Subject + not + (v3rd) + object + ? + since/for + point of time/period of time + ?
57
 Ex. (1) keäÙee yeÛÛee ome efceveš mes veneR efÛeuuee jne Lee? (2) legcnejer meneÙelee keâewve keâjsiee?
Had the child not been crying for ten minutes? Who will help you?
(2) legce oes efove mes cegPes keäÙeeW veneR heÌ{e jns Les? (3) Jen Ùen keâeÙe& kewâmes keâjsiee?
Why had you not been teaching me for two How will he do this work?
days? (d) Negative-Interrogative sentences
• Shall/will + subject + not + v1st + object + ?
• WH + shall/will + subject + not + V1st + object + ?
Future Tense
Ex. (1) keäÙee Ûehejemeer Deepe Iebšer veneR yepeeÙesiee?
Will the peon not ring the bell today?
(2) jece legcnejer meneÙelee keäÙeeW veneR keâjsiee?
Why will Ram not help you?

2.Future Continuous Tense–Future Continuous Tense

JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW jne nesiee, jner nesieer, jns neWies Deeefo ueiee jnlee nw~

1. Future Indefinite Tense–Future Indefinite Tense kesâ The Rules of Future Continuous Tense:
JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW iee, ieer, ies FlÙeeefo ueiee jnlee nw~
(a) Affirmative Sentences
The Rules of Future Indefinite Tense:
Rule– Sub + will/shall + be + V4 + object.
(a) Affirmative sentence
Where V4 → V1 + ing
Rule– Sub + will/shall + V1 + Object.
Note– We use 'shall' with 'I' and 'We' and use 'will' Ex. (1) nce keâue DeueerieÌ{ pee jns neWies~
other singular and plural subject. We shall be going to Aligarh tomorrow.
(2) ceQ Gme meceÙe heÌ{ jne ntBiee~
Ex. (1) legce Deheves efce$eeW keâer meneÙelee keâjesies~
I shall be reading at that time.
You will help your friends.
(2) Jen keâue Skeâ ceOegj ieerle ieeSieer~ (b) Negative Sentence
She will sing a sweet song tomorrow.
Rule– Sub + will/shall + not + be + V4 + object
(3) nce legcnejs meeLe Fueeneyeeo ÛeueWies~
We shall go to Allahabad with you.
Ex. (1) ceeueer heewOeeW keâes heeveer veneR os jne nesiee~
(b) Negative Sentence The Gardner will not be watering the plants.
(2) Jes ueÌ[kesâ keâ#ee ceW Meesj veneR ceÛee jns neWies~
Rule– Sub + will/shall + not + V1 + object Those boys will not be making a noise in the
class.
Ex. (1) jece Deepe he$e veneR efueKesiee~ (c) Interrogative Sentence
Rama will not write a letter today.
(2) Jen JeneB keâYeer veneR peeSieer~ Yes – No Type Rule– Will/shall + sub. + be + V4 +
She will never go there. object?
Wh – Type Rule– Question word + will/shall + sub. +
(c) Interrogative Sentence be + V4 + object?
Ex. (1) keäÙee ceesnve Deheveer hegmlekeâ heÌ{lee jnsiee?
Yes – No Type Rule– Will/shall + sub. + V1 + object ?
Wh – Type Rule– Question word + will/shall + sub. + Will Mohan be reading his book?
V1 + object? (2) Jen efkeâme Øekeâej legcnW OeesKee oslee jnsiee?
How will he be cheating you?
Ex. (1) keäÙee Ûehejemeer Deepe Iebšer yepeeÙesiee? (3) Jen ueÌ[keâer ieerle keäÙeeW veneR iee jner nesieer?
Will the peon ring the bell today? Why will that girl not be singing a song?

58
(d) Negative-Interrogative sentences (2) keäÙee cesjs Deeves mes hetJe& kewâueeMe Dehevee hee" Ùeeo veneR keâj
• shall/will + subject + be + not (v+ing) + object + ?
• WH + Shall/will + subject + be + not + (v+ing) +
Ûegkeâe nesiee~
object + ? Will Kailash not have learnt his lesson before I
Ex. (1) keäÙee ceesnve Deheveer hegmlekeâ veneR heÌ{lee jnsiee? come.
Will Mohan not be reading his book? 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense– Future Perfect
(2) Jen efkeâme Øekeâej mes legcnW OeesKee veneR oslee jnsiee?
Continuous Tense kesâ JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW jne nesieer, jner nesieer, jns
How will he not be cheating you?
neWies kesâ meeLe-meeLe meceÙe Yeer efoÙee jnlee nw~
3. Future Perfect Tense–Future Perfect Tense kesâ JeekeäÙe The Rules of Future Perfect Continuous Tense :
kesâ Devle ceW Ûegkeâe nesiee, Ûegkeâer nesieer, Ûegkesâ neWies DeLeJee efueÙee nesiee, (a) Affirmative Sentence
efoÙee nesiee Deeefo ueiee jnlee nw~
Rule– Sub + will/shall + have + been + V4 + object +
The Rules of Future Perfect Tense:
since/for + time.
(a) Affirmative Sentence Where V4 → V1 + ing
Rule:– Sub + will/shall + have + V3 + object. Ex. (1) oeshenj kesâ meceÙe Jen Skeâ IeCšs lekeâ heÌ{lee jnsiee~
Ex. (1) legce Ùen meceeÛeej henues ner megve Ûegkesâ nesies~ At noon he will have been reading for an hour.
You will have already heard this news. (2) nce keâue Fme meceÙe oes efove lekeâ Kesueles jnWies~
(2) Jes Gme meceÙe lekeâ Dehevee meeje Oeve KeÛe& keâj Ûegkesâ neWies~ We shall have been playing for two days at this
They will have spent all their money by then.
time tomorrow.
(b) Negative Sentence
(b) Negative Sentence
Rule– Sub + will/shall + not + have + V3 + object.
Rule– Sub + will/shall + not + have + been + V4 +
Ex. (1) efheleepeer kesâ meesves mes henues nce Dehevee keâeÙe& veneR meceehle object + since/for + time.
keâj Ûegkesâ neWies~
We shall not have finished our work before father
sleep. Ex. (1) ceQ keâue 36 IeCšs lekeâ Fefleneme veneR heÌ{lee jntBiee~
(2) cesjs Deeves mes hetJe& kewâueeMe Dehevee hee" Ùeeo veneR keâj Ûegkeâe I shall not have been studying History for
nesiee~ thirty-six hours.
Kailash will not have learnt his lesson before I
come. (c) Interrogative Sentence
Yes – No Type Rule– Will/shall + sub + have + been +
Note–Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe Translation yeveeles meceÙe pees keâeceV4 + object + since/for + time.
henues hetje nes Ûegkeâe nesiee Jen Future Perfect Tense ceW leLee pees Wh – Type Rule– Question word + will/shall + sub +
keâece yeeo ceW hetje neslee nw Jen Present Indefinite Tense ceW yeveeles nQ~ have + been + V4 + object + since/for + time.
Ex. (1) legcnW 15 efceveš lekeâ keâewve heÌ{elee jnsiee?
(c) Interrogative Sentence
Who will have been teaching you for
Yes – No Type Rule– Will/shall + sub + have + V3 + fifteen minutes.
object? (2) keäÙee legce heeBÛe IeCšs lekeâ jepesMe keâer Øeleer#ee keâjles jnesies?
Wh – Type Rule– Question word + will/shall + sub + Will you have been waiting for Rajesh for five
have + V3 + object? hours?
Ex. (1) hejer#ee DeejcYe nesves mes hetJe& legce efkeâlevee keâeÙe& keâj Ûegkesâ (d) Negative-Interrogative sentences
nesies? • Will/shall + Subject + have been/has been + not +
How much work will you have done before the v+ing + object + since/for + time + ?
examination begins?
• WH + will/shall + subject + have been/has been + not
(2) legcnejs Deeves mes hetJe& Fme keâeÙe& keâes keâewve keâj Ûegkeâe nesiee?
+ ving + object + since/for + period of time/point of time
Who will have done the work before you
come? +?
(d) Negative-Interrogative sentences Ex. (1) legcnW 15 efceveš lekeâ keâewve veneR heÌ{elee jnsiee?
• Will/shall + subject + not + have + v3rd + object + ? Who will not have been teaching you for
• WH + will/shall + subject + not + have + v3rd + object fifteen minutes.
+? (2) keäÙee legce heeBÛe IeCšs lekeâ jepesMe keâer Øeleer#ee veneR keâjles
Ex. (1) keäÙee efheleepeer kesâ meesves mes henues nce Dehevee keâeÙe& meceehle
jnesies?
veneR keâj Ûegkesâ neWies~
Shall we not have finished our work before father Will you have not been waiting for Rajesh for
sleep. five hours?

59
 EXERCISE 7. Fill in the blank with the Past Perfect
Continuous Tense
1. Choose the correct alternative to complete the The doctor was very tired as he ......... alone.
following sentence: (a) has worked (b) had worked
The Headmaster……… to speak to you. (c) has been working (d) had been working
(a) wants (b) is wanting UPTET (I-V) June 2013
(c) was wanting (d) None of the above
Ans : (d) The doctor was very tired as he had been
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017
working alone.
Ans. (a) : efoÙes ieÙes efjòeâ mLeeve hej efJekeâuhe (a) wants Yeje
8. Identify the verb in the given sentence
peeÙesiee~ The Headmaster wants to speak to you ns[ceemšj The leaves were yellow and sticky.
Deehemes yeele keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Present (a) leaves (b) were
Indefinite keâe nw~ (c) yellow (d) sticky
2. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
present tense: Ans : (b) In the given sentence 'The leaves were
My daughter never (write) to me so I never yellow and sticky', the verb is 'were'.
(know) what she (do). 9. What is the simple present of ‘Grew’?
(a) My daughter never wrote to me so I never (a) Grow (b) Growth
know what she do. (c) Grown (d) Grows
(b) My daughter never write to me so I never Ans : (a) Grow → (Verb) a part of speech
knew what she does. Grew → (Past)
(c) My daughter never writes to me so I never Grown → (Past Participle)
know what she is doing. Grows → (Singular Number of Verb Grow)
(d) My daughter never writes to me so I never Hence option (a) grow is correct.
knew what she does.
10. I……..English for five years.
Ans. (c) : Fve meYeer MeyoeW keâe Present indefinite ceW ØeÙeesie (a) Study (b) am studying
efJekeâuhe (c) ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ (c) have been studying (d) shall have studied
3. Fill in the blank with past perfect tense. Ans : (c) Here present perfect continuous form would
The train ............ the platform before I reached be used. So, I have been studying English for five
the station. years. Hence option (c) is correct.
(a) left (b) has left 11. He ……. asleep while he was driving.
(c) have left (d) had left (a) falls (b) fell
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 (c) has fallen (d) will fall
Ans : (d) In Past perfect tense Had is used in Ans : (b) ‘Was’ indicates past tense, so, ‘fell’ would
previously finished work and Past indefinite is used in be used. He fell asleep while he was driving. Hence
later finish work. option (b) is correct.
4. Change the following into past perfect 12. The thief ……….before the police arrived.
continuous tense. (a) was running away
The boys are playing cricket. (b) had run away
(a) has played (b) have played (c) ran away
(c) have been playing (d) had been playing (d) has been running away
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 Ans : (b) Past perfect tense (had run away) is used
Ans: (d) Past Perfect Continuous tense has the here. The thief had run away before the police arrived.
following form subject + had + been + verb Hence option (b) is correct.
(continuous form). So 'had been playing' is the correct 13. It ………since midnight.
option. Hence sentence will be 'The boys had been (a) have been raining (b) has been raining
playing cricket'. (c) rained (d) was raining
5. Indicate the tense of the following sentence. Ans : (b) Present perfect continuous (has been
I have sent a letter to him. raining) is used here. It has been raining since
(a) Present indefinite tense midnight. Hence option (b) is correct.
(b) Past perfect tense 14. India ……. in this trophy next year.
(c) Present perfect tense (a) has participated (b) will participate
(d) Present perfect continuous tense (c) participate (d) was participating
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 Ans : (b) Future tense is indicated by ‘next year’, so,
‘will participate’ would be used here. India will
Ans: (c) I have sent a letter to him is in present participate in this trophy next year. Hence option (b)
perfect tense. is correct.
6. Use the correct form of verb in the following 15. Pick out the appropriate word from the given
sentence choices to fill in the blank in the following
He............in Allahabad for five years. sentence.
(a) lives (b) has been living Sentence : By the time the doctor arrived the
(c) have been living (d) living patient ………. .
Ans : (b) He has been living in Allahabad for five (a) has died (b) had died
years. (c) dies (d) will die
60
 Ans: (b) ‘arrived’ indicates past tense and two action Ans : (d) The statement is in the past perfect
happen in same sentence so ‘had died’ is used. Hence continuous form (Sub+had been+V5+object).
option (b) is correct. 23. In the sentence 'He was going along the road',
16. What is he doing to his car now? I think he is point out the tense.
polishing it. (a) Present perfect
Fill in the blank of the above sentence choosing the
(b) Past perfect
most suitable verbal group from those given below.
(c) Past continuous
(a) has polished (b) was polished
(c) is polishing (d) has been polishing (d) Future indefinite
Ans: (c) ‘is he doing’ indicates present continuous UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
tense, so, ‘is polishing’ would be used. I think he is Ans. (c) : Past continuous–Rule of sentence : subject
polishing it. Hence option (c) is correct.. + was/were+v1+ing+object
17. Which tense is used for an action just So,
completed? He was going along the road in a past continuous Tense.
(a) Simple Present (b) Simple Past 24. Point out the sentence which is in present
(c) Present Perfect (d) Present Continuous perfect tense.
Ans : (c) Action just completed is the action happened (a) I shall go to Jaunpur tomorrow.
in present hence it is Present Perfect. (b) She is very intellingent
18. Those children .......... very healthy. (c) Your sister visited us yesterday.
(a) looking (b) to look
(d) I have finished my work.
(c) looks (d) looked
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Ans : (c) We use simple present to talk about
Ans. (d) : Option 'd' is correct.
permanent action. Hence option (d) is correct.
Correct sentence – Those children looks very healthy. Rule of Present Perfect Tense–
19. The gallery has over 1000 paintings. These Sub + have/has + v3 form + object
……during the last 100 years. I + have + finished + my work.
(a) have collected (b) have been collected 25. Transform the following sentence into a simple
(c) had been collected (d) had collected sentence ending with ‘book’:
Ans : (b) ‘has’ indicates present tense and in passive Let the book be given.
voice present perfect (have been) is used here. The (a) Give me the book.
gallery has over 1000 paintings. These have been (b) Give the book.
collected during the last 100 years. Hence option (b). (c) Please transfer the book.
20. If you had worked hard, you …… (d) Can you give the book?
(a) will pass (b) would pass
Ans. (b) : 'Let the book be given' Passive voice ceW efoÙee
(c) would have passed (d) had been pass
ieÙee nw~ Active voice ceW JeekeäÙe Give the book nesiee~
Ans : (c) ‘You had’ would be supported by ‘would
(ii) conjution If keâes nšekeâj inverted comma keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
have’. Beacause of conditoinal stentence, If you had
worked here, you would have passed. Hence option peeÙesiee~
(c) is correct. (iiv) might keâes may ceW yeouesies leLee structure Interrogative
21. In 2004, …… a doctor? nesiee~
(a) you was (b) was you pewmee efkeâ efJekeâuhe (a) I said to Sheela, “May I know your
(c) were you (d) did you be father?” ceW efoÙee ieÙee nw~
Ans : (c) Only ‘were you’ would be used here. Hence 26. Choose the correct word to fill in the blank.
option (c) is correct. Ten miles........ a long way to walk.
(a) are (b) is
22. The politician had been making promises long
(c) are being (d) None of these
before election time. The statement is in the
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
_____tense
(a) past continuous Ans : (b) Unit always follows singular number. In the
(b) present perfect present sentence 10 miles is a unit. Hence option (b) is
(c) present perfect continuous correct.
(d) past perfect continuous Correct sentence– Ten miles is a long way to walk.

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05.
ARTICLE
USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES (iii) a one-sided decision.

1. We use indefinite article (‘a’, ‘an’) in order to (iv) a one eyed man.
indicate that the noun before which we use it is not 6. The Indefinite Article ‘a’ is used an
definite. abbreviation beginning with a consonant sound.
nce DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ De«eMeyo (‘a’, ‘an’) keâe ØeÙeesie Ùen mebkesâle DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ Article ‘a’ keâe ØeÙeesie MeyoeW kesâ mebef#ehle ™he
osves kesâ efueS keâjles nQ efkeâ efpeme meb%ee kesâ henues Gvekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee (abbreviation) kesâ henues efkeâÙee peelee nw efpemekeâer henueer OJeefve
nw Jen meb%ee efveef§ele veneR nw~ FmeerefueS ‘a’, ‘an’ keâes DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ JÙebpeve keâer nesleer nw~
De«eMeyo keânles nQ~
Examples– (i) a B.A., (ii) a B.Sc., (iii) a D.Litt, (iv)
Examples– (i) There lived a magician in Asam.
a Ph.D., (v) a B.Com.
(ii) I saw an umbrella on his table.
7. The Indefnite Article ‘an’ is used before words
2. We use ‘a’ and ‘an’ for a singular countable.
nce ‘a’ leLee `an' keâe ØeÙeesie SkeâJeÛeve (singular number) beginning with vowel sound.
keâes efieveves ÙeesiÙe meb%ee (countable noun) kesâ efueS keâjles nQ– DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ Article ‘an’ keâe ØeÙeesie mJej keâer DeeJeepe
Examples– (i) a bell, (ii) an egg, (iii)a boy, (iv) a (vowel sound) mes ØeejcYe nesves Jeeues MeyoeW mes henues neslee nw~
man, (v) an inkpot, (vi) a girl, (vii) a table, (viii) an apple. Examples–(i) an idiot, (ii) an ocean, (iii) an earth-
3. We use ‘a’ before a word beginning with a worm, (iv) an Ostrich, (v) an Australian, (vi) an
consonant sound. American, (vii) an ass, (viii) an enemy.
nce ‘a’ keâe ØeÙeesie Gme Meyo mes henues keâjles nQ pees JÙebpeve keâer 8. The Indefinite Article ‘an’ is used before words
DeeJeepe mes ØeejcYe neslee nw– having consonant beginnings of open vowel sound.
Examples– (i) a book, (ii) a lady, (iii) a woman, DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ Article ‘an’ keâe ØeÙeesie mJej keâer DeeJeepe
(iv) a beautiful girl, (v) a library, (vi) a hospital, (vii) a
house, (viii) a valley, (ix) a university. (vowel sound) GlheVe keâjves Jeeues JÙebpeve (consonant) mes henues
4. Article ‘a’ keâe ØeÙeesie Gme efieveves ÙeesiÙe SkeâJeÛeve meb%ee neslee nw~
(singular countable noun ) kesâ efueS Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw efpemekeâe Examples–(i) an M.L.A, (ii) an M.B.A. (iii) an
henuee De#ej ‘E’ Ùee ‘U’ (mJej) neslee nw Deewj GÛÛeejCe Ùet (You) M.A., (iv) an M.Sc., (v) an M.P..
keâer lejn neslee nw DeLee&led Gmemes JÙebpeve DeeJeepe (Consonant 9. The Indefinite Article ‘an’ is used before words
Sound) GlheVe nesleer nw~ which begin with mute H.
Examples– (i) a useful animal, (ii) a university, (iii) DeefveMÛeÙeJeeÛekeâ Article ‘an’ keâe ØeÙeesie Gve MeyoeW mes henues
a European, (iv) a ewe, (v) a union, (vi) a eulogistic efkeâÙee peelee nw efpevekeâe ØeejefcYekeâ De#ej ‘H’ neslee nw leLee Gme ‘H’
speech, (vii) a unit. keâer DeeJeepe Meevle (silent) nesleer nw~
5. The Indefinite Article ‘a’ is used before a word Examples–(i) an honourable person, (ii) an honest
beginning with ‘o’ pronounced as ‘w’ like a man, (iii) an heir.
consonant. USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE "THE"
Deefve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ Article ‘a’ keâe ØeÙeesie Gme efieveves ÙeesiÙe 1. We use Definite Article `the' in order to
SkeâJeÛeve keâer meb%ee mes henues efkeâÙee peelee nw efpemekeâe ØeejefcYekeâ De#ej indicate the person, thing or place before which ‘the’
‘o’ neslee nw efkeâvleg GÛÛeejCe ‘Je’ (w) efkeâÙee peelee nw~ is placed.

Examples–
nce efve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ De«eMeyo ‘the' keâe ØeÙeesie Ùen mebkesâle osves kesâ
(i) a one-rupee note. efueS keâjles nQ efkeâ efpeme JÙeefòeâ, Jemleg Ùee mLeeve kesâ henues ‘the’ keâe
(ii) a once common pratice. ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Jen megefJeefole Deewj megefveef§ele nw~
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 Examples– 8. ‘The’ is used as an adverb with a comparative.
(i) The house in which you live is very old. ‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie legueveelcekeâ Meyo kesâ meeLe ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe kesâ
(ii) I know the boy who helped you yesterday.
™he cebs efkeâÙee peelee nw~
2. “The” keâe ØeÙeesie Superlative degree kesâ meeLe
Examples–
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(i) The earlier you get up, the better your health.
Examples–(i) Harmesh, the brightest among them, (ii) The higher you think, the better your outlook.
stood first in the class.
(iii) The more you read, the more you get knowledge.
(ii) Mohan is the tallest boy in our class.
9.' The' is used before the names of important
3. “The” is used before a noun in order to give the
books.
force of a superlative.
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie cenòJehetCe& hegmlekeâeW kesâ veeceeW kesâ henues efkeâÙee
The keâe ØeÙeesie meb%ee mes henues meJeexòecelee Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS
peelee nw~
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Examples–
Examples– (i) Man Singh is the leader these day,
(i) The Tempest, The Descent of Man, The Comedy
i.e. DeLee&le Man Singh is the greatest leader these days.
of Errors, The Divine Comedy.
(ii) Sonam is the friend of Raju, i.e.
(ii) The Odyssey, The Big Fisherman.
4. ‘The’ is used before nouns which name the
(iii) The Geeta, The Vedas, The Ramayan, The Ram
inhabitants of a country collectively.
Charit Manas, The Bible, The Quran, etc.
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie Gve meb%eeDeeW kesâ henues efkeâÙee peelee nw pees
keâe ØeÙeesie veefoÙeeW, mecegõeW, IeeefšÙeeW, heJe&le
10. 'The'
meecetefnkeâ ™he mes efkeâmeer osMe kesâ efveJeeefmeÙeeW keâe veecekeâjCe keâjleer nw~
Examples– The Dutch, The Chinese, The French,
mecetneW, Øeefmeæ FceejleeW, Keeef[ Ì ÙeeW, osMeeW Deewj ØeosMeeW kesâ
The English The German, The Indians, etc. yengJeÛeve Deewj JeCe&veelcekeâ veeceeW kesâ henues efkeâÙee peelee nw~
5. ‘The’ is used in certain fixed idiomatic phrases. Examples–
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie kegâÚ efveefMÛele Meyo mecetneW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (i) The Narmada, The Yamuna, The Ravi, The
Examples– (i) the clown hoof, (ii) to the rescue, (iii) Thames, etc.
on the contrary, (iv) the wrong. (ii) The United States of America, The United
6. ‘The’ is used with a noun that is made definite Kingdom, The Soviet Union, The United arab Emirates,
by a noun that is made definite by a phrase or a clause. The Transval.
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer meb%ee keâe cegneJejs Ùee JeekeäÙeebMe kesâ Éeje (iii) The Punjab, The West Bengal, The Uttar Pradesh.
efveef§ele Meyo mecetn yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (iv) The Himalayas, The Alps, etc.
Examples– (i) Rohit told me the secret of his
(v) The Pacific Ocean, The Caspian Sea, The Arctic,
glorious achievement.
The Atlantic Ocean.
(ii) Rahul bought the wrist watch his father had
(vi) The Taj Mahal, The Red Fort, The Qutub Minar,
liked.
The Buland Gate, etc.
7. ‘The’ is used before an adjective when it is
11. The’ is used before a proper noun, when it is
used as a noun.
qualified by an adjective.
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie efJeMes<eCe kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw peye efJeMes<eCe 'The' keâe ØeÙeesie JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee kesâ meeLe kesâJeue leye efkeâÙee
(adjective) keâe ØeÙeesie meb%ee (noun) kesâ ¤he ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee nes~ peelee nw peye keâesF& efJeMes<eCe Gme meb%ee keâer efJeMes<elee yelee jne nes~
Examples– Examples : (i) The great Ashok. (ii) The great Akbar.
(i) The righteous shall prosper. 12. ‘The’ is used before a common noun in order
(ii) The poor deserve our sympathy. to give it the meaning of an abstract noun.
‘The' keâe ØeÙeesie peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%ee kesâ henues, YeeJemetÛekeâ meb%ee
(iii) The rich mostly forget the existence of God.
keâer YeeJevee Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
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 Examples– 4. ‘The’ should not be used with the names of the
(i) The judge (i.e. Spirit of justice) languages of nations.
(ii) The father (i.e Parental spirit) ‘The’ keâes je°^erÙe Yee<eeDeeW kesâ veece kesâ meeLe ØeÙegòeâ veneR efkeâÙee
13.’The’ is used with common nouns that are peevee ÛeeefnS~
unique, Examples– (i) German is spoken in Germany.
'The' keâe ØeÙeesie Gve peeefleJeeÛekeâ meb%eeDeeW kesâ henues efkeâÙee peelee (ii) The inhabitants of India speak Hindi.
nw pees efkeâ Deheves Øekeâej keâer Skeâ nesleer nQ~ 5. ‘The’ should not be used before the names of
single mountain peaks or hills.
Examples–
(i) The earth moves round the sun.
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie Dekesâues heJe&le efMeKejeW Ùee heneefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ veece
(ii) The moon is a satellite.
kesâ henues veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~
14. ‘The’ is used when a singular noun is meant Examples– (i) Everest, (ii) Mount Black.
to represent a class of object. 6. ‘The’ should be omitted before names of
diseases, regular meals and names of things which are
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie SkeâJeÛeve meb%ee kesâ henues mechetCe& Jeie& keâes JÙeòeâ
single in kind.
keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie yeerceeefjÙeeW Deewj efveÙeefcele ™he mes KeeÙes peeves
Examples– Jeeues Yeespeve kesâ veeceesb kesâ henues leLee Gve JemlegDeeW kesâ veeceeW kesâ henues pees
(i) The cow is a faithful animal.
efkeâ Deheves Øekeâej cesb Skeâ nes, veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~
(ii) The elephant is the largest mammal living on the earth.
Examples– (i) Amit is suffering from constipation
(iii) The violet is the loveliest of all flowers.
and piles.
DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE’ keâe ØeÙeesie ve nesvee Note– The is used before the names of disease when
OMISSION OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) they are plural in their forms:
(a) the mumps (b) the measles
1. The Definite Article (‘the') should not be used (i) The volunteers have porridge for breakfast.
before Proper Nouns used as proper Nouns. uesefkeâve Heaven, Hell, Paradise, God kesâ henues Yeer ’The’
Ùeefo JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee keâe ØeÙeesie JÙeefòeâJeeÛekeâ meb%ee kesâ ™he ceW keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~
ner efkeâÙee peeÙes lees Gmekesâ henues efve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ De«eMeyo keâe ØeÙeesie veneR (ii) God is omnipotent and omniscient.
keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ (iii) Hell and Heaven are like two sides of one coin.
Examples– Note– (Exception– The pope, the devil)
(i) Christopher Morlowe is a great dramatist. 7. ‘The’ should not be used before a material
(ii) Shelley is a great poet. noun or before a common noun used in its widest sense.
(iii) Delhi is the capital of India. ‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie Øeeke=âeflekeâ heoeLeeX kesâ veeceeW kesâ henues leLee Gme
2. ‘The’ should be omitted before certain titles peeef leJeeÛekeâ meb%ee kesâ henues pees efkeâ Deheves meyemes DeefOekeâ JÙeehekeâ DeLe&
and names denoting relationship. ceW ner nes, veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie mecyevOe yeleeves Jeeueer GheeefOeÙeeW Deewj veeceeW mes Examples–
henues veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~ (i) Man does not live by bread alone.
Examples– (ii) Man is mortal.
(iii) Silver is a useful metal.
(i) His uncle was count de Paris.
(vi) Gold is a precious metal.
(ii) Frederick William was King of Prussia.
8. ‘The’ should be omitted before plural nouns
3. ‘The’ should not be used after a noun when it is when they are used to denote a class.
in the possessive case (or after a possessive adjective) The keâe ØeÙeesie Gve yengJeÛeve meb%eeDeeW kesâ henues pees efkeâ Skeâ Jeie&
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer meb%ee kesâ yeeo, peye Jen mecyevOe keâejkeâ keâes yeleeves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw, veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~
ceW nes, veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~ Examples–
Examples– (i) Hari is Raju’s brother. (i) Peacocks are flying very high.
(ii) It is my black sheep. (ii) Lawyers are generally unreliable.
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 9. ‘The’ should not be used before an abstract Consonant Sounds and Vowel Sounds
noun, used in general sense.
‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie Gme YeeJeJeeÛekeâ meb%ee kesâ henues pees meeceevÙe Deb«espeer Yee<ee ceW A to Z, Alphabets ceW 26 De#ej nesles nQ efpemeceW
21 consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t v,
YeeJe ceW nes, veneR efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~ w, x, y, z) Deewj 5 vowel (a, e, i, o, u) nesles nQ~ peyeefkeâ
Example– (i) Honesty is the best policy. sounds kesâ DeeOeej hej Deb«espeer Yee<ee ceW 44 sounds nes peeles nQ~
(ii) Virtue is its own reward. ef pemeceW 24 consonant sounds SJeb 20 vowel sounds nesles nQ~
(iii) Beauty is but skin deep. Terms in phonetics
1. Articulator–One of the parts of the mouth, nose and
(iv) Morality and compassion are the two great throat used to produce speech.
qualities of man. 2. Dipthong–A combination of two vowel sounds said
one after the other, as in the words 'find' and 'fail'.
10. ‘The’ should be omitted before a noun
3. Intonation–The way in which your voice rises and
preceded by kind of. falls when you speak.
‘The’ keâes Gme meb%ee kesâ henues veneR ueieevee ÛeeefnS efpemekesâ meeLe 4. Phoneme–An individual speech sound that makes
one word different from another. For example, the 'b'
kind of Deelee nw~ and 'f' in 'bill' and 'fill'.
5. Phonetic–Using special symbols as a way of
Examples–
showing speech sounds and writing.
(i) What kind of a lotus is this? 6. Phonetics–The study of the sounds used in speech.
7. Phonology–The pattern of speech sounds used in a
(ii) What kind of a man is he?
particular language.
11. ‘The’ should not be used before nouns like 8. Syllable–A word or a part of a word that has only
college, school, market, chapel, sea, bed, hospital, one vowel sound. For example 'son' has one syllable
and 'father' has two syllables.
prison and court, when they are visited or used for
9. Morpheme–A morpheme is the smallest meaningful
their original purpose. unit of speech sounds within any one language.
'The' keâe ØeÙeesie Gve meb%eeDeeW kesâ henues pees Deheves ceewefuekeâ Deewj The Consonants sounds of English
ØeejefcYekeâ GösMÙeeW keâer hetefle& kesâ efueS efkeâÙes peeles nQ, veneR efkeâÙee peevee Sound Examples
ÛeeefnS~ he |P| pair, cup
‘Some' keâe ØeÙeesie–nceW Ùen OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnS efkeâ peye ye |b| bad, crab

‘some’ keâe ØeÙeesie ‘efkeâmeer’ Ùee ‘keâesF&’ kesâ DeLe& ceW neslee nw Deewj š |t| tall, Hit
[ |d| Dark, head
‘some’ hej peesj veneR efoÙee peelee nw DeLee&led Jen unstressed neslee
keâ |k| Cab, Lock
nw leye ‘some’ efJeMes<eCe (adjective) ve neskeâj indefinite ie |g| Good, Tag
article (Deefve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ De«eMeyo) neslee nw Deewj determiner keâe keâeÙe& heâ |f| Fine, wife
keâjlee nw~ Je |v| Very, Above
Exmple : Some Philosopher has said that thought never Oe |q| thing, both
died. me |s| saw, house

Ghejeskeäle JeekeäÙe ceW Philosopher (oeMe&efvekeâ) DeefveefMÛele meb%eeÙeW pe |z| zap, Goes
Me |s| shape, push
(Indefinite Nouns) nQ~
ped |z| pleasure, beige
Note : The Indefinite Article ‘some’ is used,
n |h| Hen, Head
without being stressed, before an indefinite noun.
Ùe |x| Loch
Deefve§eÙeJeeÛekeâ De«eMeyo ‘some’ keâe ØeÙeesie meeOeejCe Deewj Ûe |ts| cherry, match
oyeeJe jefnle DeLe& cebs (‘efkeâmeer’ Ùee ‘kegâÚ’ kesâ DeLe& ceW) efkeâmeer ope |dz| Judge, Rag
Deefve§eÙemetÛekeâ meb%ee kesâ henues efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ce |m| man, team

Examples– (i) Raghav returns from school. ve |n| nail, tan

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 Pe |η| ring, singer ØeÙeesie sentence (JeekeäÙe) ceW Noun kesâ henues neslee nw~ Ùeefo
ue |L| or let, tall Noun kesâ henues keâesF& Adjective ueiee nes lees Ssmeer efmLeefle ceW
|l|
j |r| right, scary Determiners keâe ØeÙeesie Adjective + Noun kesâ henues neslee
Je |w| wet, away nw~ pewmes–
Ùe |j| you, soya
(i) He saw a girl (Ùeneb a keâe ØeÙeesie Noun kesâ henues ngDee
The vowel sounds of english
Sound nw keäÙeeWefkeâ girl Skeâ Noun nw~
(Phonetics
vowel) (ii) He saw a beautiful girl. (Ùeneb a keâe ØeÙeesie Adjective
|i:| (F&)
mes henues ngDee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ ueÌ[keâer keâer efJeMes<elee Gmekeâer megvojlee
|I| (F)
|u| G (beautiful) nw~ JeekeäÙe ceW DeeÙee Meyo beautiful Noun
|u:| T (girl) keâer efJeMes<elee yeleeves Jeeuee Meyo efJeMes<eCe (Adjective)
|e| S
|a| Dej nww~
|z:| Dee@ Determiners meb%ee Meyo (Noun) keâer efJeMes<elee keâer Deesj
|ae| DeeF& mebkesâle keâjles nQ FmeefueS Determiners keâe mener ØeÙeesie keâjves kesâ efueS
| Λ| De
Noun kesâ efJe<eÙe ceW efvecve yeeleeW keâe %eeve nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~
|a| Ss
|o| Dees 1. Noun Singular Number keâe nw Ùee Plural Number
|Ia| FDe keâe nw~
|eI| SF& 2. Noun Countable nw Ùee Uncountable nw~
|ua| GDe
|JI| Dee@F Other Important Determiners
|au| DeG (1) Use of Some and Any–Fmekeâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘kegâÚ~
|ea| SDe Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie affirmative leLee Gve ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW neslee nw
|aI| DeeF&
efpeveceW Deveg«en (efveJesove) keâe YeeJe nes~ Any keâe DeLe& nw ‘keâesF&’~
|au| DeeG
DETERMINERS Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie negative (vekeâejelcekeâ) Deewj interrogative
sentences ceW neslee nw~ pewmes–
Jes Meyo pees efkeâmeer Noun Ùee Noun Phrase mes henues
ØeÙegòeâ neskeâj Gmes efJeMes<e Ùee efveef§ele DeLe& osles nQ Ùee GvnW efveOee&efjle 1. Sheela has read some good books. (kegâÚ)

keâjles nQ, ‘Determiners’ keânueeles nQ~ pewmes That story, This 2. Would you take some sweets please? (Deveg«en)

book, The war. 3. They have not read any book. (veneR)

(i) He got an orange. (Ùeneb an keâe ØeÙeesie Noun (orange) 4. Have you got any news about the strike? (ØeMveJeeÛekeâ)
kesâ henues ngDee nw~ (2) Use or Little, A Littles, the Little–
(i) Little keâe DeLe& neslee nw veneR kesâ yejeyej (hardly any)
(ii) He got a sweet orange (Ùeneb a keâe ØeÙeesie Adjective
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Negative sentences ceW neslee nw~ pewmes–
mes henues ngDee nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ JeekeäÙe ceW DeeÙee ngDee Meyo (sweet) mevlejs (a) There is little milk in the bottle.
keâer efJeMes<elee Gmekeâe ceer"e nesvee yelee jne nw~ (b) There is little money in my purse.
English Grammar cebs the, more, some any, a, an, (ii) A little keâe DeLe& neslee nw kegâÚ (certain quantity) pewmes–
little, few, a little, a few, many, every, the little, each (A) A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Deeefo Meyo keâes Determiners ceevee peelee nw~ Determiners keâe (B) Go and bring a little milk.

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 (iii) The little keâe DeLe& nw not much, but all that is pewmes– (7) Use of No/not any– ‘No’ keâe ØeÙeesie adjective keâer
(1) Do not spoil the little milk you have. lejn efkeâmeer noun kesâ henues efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie not any
(2) I gave the beggar the little money I had. kesâ mLeeve hej Yeer keâj mekeâles nQ~ pewmes–
(3) Use of Many, Much– Many keâe DeLe& neslee nw mebKÙee They have no work these days.
ceW yengle mes~ Many keâe ØeÙeesie efieveer pee mekeâves Jeeueer JemlegDeeW kesâ or

efueS neslee nw~ Much keâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘cee$ee’ ceW DeefOekeâ~ Much They have not any work these days.
(8) Use of This, That, These and Those–
keâe ØeÙeesie ve efieveer pee mekeâves Jeeueer JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS neslee nw~
(i) This leLee That keâe ØeÙeesie Singular Countable
(DeefOekeâlej lejue heoeLeeX kesâ efueS) pewmes–
Nouns kesâ henues neslee nw~
1. Ramesh bought many pens.
(ii) This leLee These keâe ØeÙeesie vepeoerkeâ ceW efmLele Noun kesâ
2. Sheebu eats many mangoes.
efueS neslee nw Deewj That leLee Those keâe ØeÙeesie otj efmLele Noun
3. How much milk is Aman drinking?
kesâ efueS nesslee nw~
4. We have not much money to help you.
(iii) These leLee Those keâe ØeÙeesie Plural Countable
(4) Use of Each and Every– Each leLee every oesveeW
Nouns kesâ henues neslee nw~ pewmes–
keâe DeLe& ‘ØelÙeskeâ’ neslee nw Each keâe ØeÙeesie ‘Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ’ keâs efueS
1. This boy is my brother.
leLee every keâe ØeÙeesie DeefOekeâ kesâ efueS neslee nw~ pewmes–
2. That dog is black.
1. Each of the three boys was present.
3. These girls are beautiful.
2. My father will punish each of you.
4. Those pens are mine.
3. Every word of this letters is correct.
keâe ØeÙeesie of + Noun/
(9) Use of Both and all– Both
4. He knows every boy of the class.
Pronoun kesâ henues neslee nw~ Both mebKÙee ceW oes nesves keâe yeesOe
(5) Use of few, a few, the few – Ùes leerveeW Meyo mebKÙee keâjelee nw~ All keâe DeLe& ‘meYeer’ (Jemleg, mLeeve, ØeeCeer) mes nw~ pewmes–
yeveeles nQ~ (i) Few– FmeceW negative keâe YeeJe Øekeâš neslee nw~ 1. Both Calcutta and Bombay are big cities.
Fmekeâe DeLe& veneR kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~ pewmes– 2. Both the players played well.
1. Few boys can eat this Apple. 3. All the boys were present.
2. He has few friends in the college. 4. All of us were tired after the race.
(ii) A few– Fmekeâe DeLe& neslee nw some (kegâÚ) Fmemes EXERCISE
positive keâe YeeJe Øekeâš neslee nw~ pewmes–
1. ...............dog is faithful animal.
1. Seema wants a few books.
(a) A (b) The
2. Anil spoke a few words.
(c) One (d) An
(iii) The few–Fmekeâe DeLe& not many, but all of them
Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW Dog Skeâ consonant starting
neslee nw~ Meyo nw~ Dele: GefÛele 'Article' 'A' nesiee~
pewmes– So, correct sentence is :
A dog is faithful animal.
1. The few words, she spoke, were full of wisdom.
2. I gave him a punch on ……. nose.
2. The few friends he has are sincere.
(a) the (b) to
(6) The use of None – None keâe leelheÙe& nw (keâesF& veneR)~ (c) a (d) an
None keâe ØeÙeesie affirmative sentences ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes–
Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW nose Skeâ definite word nw Dele:
1. None was sleeping in the room. Fmekesâ henues definite article keâe ØeÙeesie keâjWies~
2. None of them failed in the test. So, correct sentence is– I gave him a punch on the nose.

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3. Fill in the blanks with the correct articles. (a) the (b) a (c) no determiner (d) any
............ Taj Mahal is ............ monument Ans : (c) The article is omitted before names of
substance and abstract noun used in a general sense.
symbolizing love.
Hence option (c) is correct. Gold is a substance.
(a) The, a (b) A, an Correct sentence– The ring is made of gold.
(c) The, an (d) A, the 9. Complete the sentence by putting an
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 appropriate determiner
Ans : (a) 'Taj Mahal' definite Meyo nw Dele: Fmekesâ henues You should always carry........umbrella with you
definite article 'The' keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee Deewj monument (a) a (b) an (c) any (d) a few
consonant starting word nw Dele: Fmekesâ henues 'A' nesiee~ Ans : (b) Article 'an' is used word beginning with
so, option 'a' mener nesiee~ vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a word beginning with a vowel
sound. Here in the present sentence umbrella begins
4. Fill in the blank with the most suitable article.
with vowel 'u'. Hence option (b) is correct.
We were watching .......... news on BBC last Correct sentence– you should always carry an
evening. umbrella with you.
(a) a (b) the 10. Fill in the appropriate determiner
I have not got …….money in my bank account.
(c) an (d) None of these
(a) any (b) a
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW definite news 'BBC' keâer yeele keâer (c) a few (d) few
pee jner nw Dele: option 'b' mener nesiee~ Ans : (a) ‘any’ is used in negative and interrogative
5. Fill the correct articles in the sentence sentences. Here ‘not’ is used, the sentence is negative,
so, ‘any’ would be used. I have not got any money in
………Sun rises in ………. East.
my bank account. Hence option (a) is correct.
(a) A, the (b) The, the
11. …….people prefer tea to coffee.
(c) The, a (d) An, a
(a) A great deal of (b) Plenty of
Ans : (b) ÙeneB oesveeW ner definite Meyo nw, sun Deewj East. Dele: (c) Much (d) A lot of
definite article keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeÙesiee~ Ans : (d) ‘A lot of’ implies a quantity of more than
so, correct sentence is – The sun rises in the East. one. ‘Plenty of’ implies enough or more. Other two
6. Fill in the blanks with the correct article : options are irrelevant. Hence option (d) A lot of
Yesterday I saw ........... European riding on people prefer tea to coffee.
.......... elephant. 12. The teaching of reading by associating
(a) the, the (b) a, an characters or groups of characters with sounds
(c) a, a (d) a, the is the _______ method.
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 (a) Morphemic (b) Direct
Ans. (b) : Yesterday I saw 'a' European riding on 'an' (c) Phonic (d) whole-language
elephant. E is vowel but article deals 'a' because the Ans. (c): here blank space use of phonic.
pronunciation of European–Eu + ropean that consider
Phonic– relating to the sounds made in speech, or to the
Hindi words Ùet. But Elephant deals 'An' the rule of
article. study of these sounds. ⇒The teaching of reading by
associating characters or groups of characters with
7. Fill in the blanks.
sounds is the phonic method.
Ritu is ........ most active girl in ........ family.
(a) the, a (b) the, the 13. An intonation may not be a _______ tone.
(c) cosmopolitan (d) metropolitan (a) sliding (b) rising
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 (c) falling (d) loud
Ans: (b) Here reference is being made to a specific Ans. (d) : An intonation may not be a loud tone.
girl and her family. So, 'the' is used in both the places.
14. Dipthongs are known as
Hence sentence will be– Ritu is the most active girl in
the family. (a) Pure vowels
8. Fill in the appropriate determiner (b) Semi vowels
(c) Vowels with weak sounds
The ring is made of .......... gold.
(d) Vowel glides

68
 Ans : (a) Dipthongs are known as pure vowel. Hence Ans : (c) Word which begins with a different sound is
option (a) is correct. honour. h is silent.
Dipthongs : A sound formed by the combination 22. Which one of the following words ends in a
of two vowels in a single syllable in which the sound different sound (underlined)?
begins as one vowel and moves towards another. It is (a) City (b) Sky
pure vowel. (c) By (d) Try
15. Phonetic aspect of language deals with Ans : (a) Word ends in a different sound is City.
(a) writing 23. Identify the word which has different sound
(b) reading (underlined) in the middle
(a) foot (b) should
(c) sound, spelling and pronunciation
(c) wood (d) food
(d) understanding
Ans : (a) Word with different in the middle is foot.
Ans : (c) Phonetic aspect of language deals with
24. In which one of the following words does the
sound, spelling and pronunciation.
letter I have different sound (underlined)?
16. Diphthongs are (a) Finish (b) Final
(a) consonant sounds (c) Fit (d) Film
(b) double consonant sounds Ans : (b) The word with letter I in different sound is
(c) vowel sounds Final.
(d) double vowel sounds 25. Pick out the word which the letter 'ch' have a
different sound (underlined)
Ans : (d) Diphthongs are double vowel sounds.
(a) check (b) chess
17. A phoneme is a (c) chemical (d) chairman
(a) technique to improve pronunciation
Ans : (c) The word in which the letters 'ch' have a
(b) single sound unit different sound is chemical.
(c) sound pattern 26. Which letter of the word 'comb' is not spoken?
(d) lexical item (a) c (b) o
Ans : (b) A phoneme is a single sound unit. Hence (c) m (d) b
option (b) is correct. Ans : (d) Letter b of the word 'comb' is not spoken.
18. Choose the appropriate intonation. 27. What does the word 'diphthong' mean?
He has passed with distinction in English, (a) One sound (b) Two sound glide
however… (c) Single word (d) Double words
(a) rising-falling (b) falling-rising Ans : (b) Diphthong is a combination of two vowel
(c) rising (d) falling sounds or vowel letters for example the sound /ai/ in
Ans : (b) Intonation indicates variation in the attitudes pipe.
or emotions of the speaker which, in this case is 28. Monophthongs are .......... in numbers.
falling-rising. Hence option (b) is correct. (a) 8 (b) 9
19. Which of the following words can be made (c) 12 (d) 14
plural by changing 'f' into 'ves'?
Ans : (c) Monophthongs are vowel sound in which the
(a) Chief (b) Roof
tongue stays in one position. They are 12 in numbers.
(c) Gulf (d) Thief
29. How many fricative sounds are there in
Ans : (d) Thief plural is thieves.
English?
20. English language has.............consonants (a) 8 (b) 7
(a) 21 (b) 24 (c) 9 (d) 6
(c) 12 (d) 08 Ans : (a) The word fricative is related to phonetics ,
Ans : (a) English language has 21 consonants and 5 i.e. any of several sounds produced by an air flowing
vowels i.e.- a, e, i, o, u. through a constriction in the oral cavity and typically
21. Point out the word which begins with a different producing a sibilant hissing or buzzing quality. There
sound (underlined) are 8 such fricative sounds in English. These are F, H,
(a) house (b) home L, M, N, R, S and X and option (a) is the right answer.
(c) honour (d) hen The rest are wrong.

69
30. 'Phonetics' is basically associated with Ans: (a) Intonation is the pattern or melody of pitch
(a) sounds (b) sentences changes in connected speech, especially the pitch
(c) grammar (d) All of these patterns of a sentence.
Ans : (a) Phonetics is a branch of linguistic that
36. There are 44 sounds in English. Out of these,
comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or
in the case of sign languages the equivalent aspects of how many sounds are vowels and how many
sign. are consonants respectively?
31. Which of the following organs of speech is also (a) 20, 24 (b) 5, 39
known as 'Velum'?
(c) 22, 22 (d) 10, 34
(a) Hard palate (b) Voice box
Ans. (a) : There are 44 sounds in English out of these
(c) Alveolar ridge (d) Soft palate
20 sounds are vowels and 24 sounds are consonants.
Ans : (d) Soft palate is the organ of speech which is
37. Minimal pairs are usually used to give practice
also known as 'Velum'.
in
32. The major difference between an 'Articulate'
(a) reading (b) vocabulary
and 'Speech' is
(c) structures (d) pronunciation
(a) speech is more formal
(b) speech is more informal Ans : (d) In Phonology Minimal pairs are pairs of
words or phrases in a particular language that differ in
(c) speech if more descriptive
only one phonological element, and have distinct
(d) All of the above
meaning. They are used to demonstrate that two phones
Ans : (a) 'Speech' is more formal than 'Articulate'.
are two separate phonemes in the language. Hence
Speech is the expression of or the ability to express
option (d) is correct.
thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds.
38. In order to know the correct pronunciation of
33. Correct the pronunciation of individual sounds
English words, the learner should
is related to
(a) know the meaning only
(a) accuracy
(b) fluency (b) know the spelling

(c) both accuracy and fluency (c) known how to write the words

(d) neither accuracy nor fluency (d) know the spelling, meanings and how they
are pronounced
Ans : (c) Correct pronunciation of individual sounds
is related to both accuracy and fluency. Hence option Ans : (d) Language is a system of communication
(c) is correct. through speech & written. Phonology is the scientific

34. Example for homonym would be study of the sound pattern & phonemes of a language.

(a) aisle/isle (b) beer/bear 39. Etymology is:

(c) stale/stall (d) stock/stoke (a) Science of knowing the origin of words
Ans : (b) beer/bear Homonym is a word that is (b) science of Pedagogy
pronounced the same as another word with a different (c) science of study of language
meaning. (d) science of meaning of words
35. The rise and fall of tone is
Ans : (a) Etymology is science of knowing the origin of
(a) Intonation (b) Pronunciation words.
(c) Stress (d) Strain
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06.
PUNCTUATION
Definition – Punctuation means the right use of (f) Reported Speech keâes JeekeäÙe mes he=Lekeâ keâjves kesâ efueS;
putting in points or stops in. pewmes–
heefjYee<ee–efueKeles meceÙe GefÛele efJejece-efÛevneW kesâ ØeÙeesie keâjves
The teacher said to the student, "Do your work."
keâes Punctuation keânles nQ~
(g) Yes Ùee No kesâ yeeo; pewmes–
Punctuation keâe DeLe& nw JeekeäÙe ceW efJejece efÛevneW keâe mener
Yes, we shall see him.
ØeÙeesie~ cegKÙele: Punctuation Marks efvecve nQ– No, we shall not go there.
1. Full Stop (.) 2. Question Mark (?)
3. Comma (,) 4. Exclamation Mark (!) (h) he$e (letter) ceW Salutation (DeefYeJeeove) leLee
5. Inverted Commas ("…..") 6. Apostrophe (') Complimentary close (mecceevemetÛekeâ) kesâ yeeo pewmes–
1. Full Stop (hetCe& efJejece) (.) Dear Sir, Yours sincerely,
meyemes uecyes "njeJe kesâ efueS Full Stop keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ 4. Exclamation Mark (efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ efÛevn) (!)
Fmekeâe otmeje veece Period nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efvecveefueefKele efmLeefleÙeeW ceW It marks the end of words of a sentence expressing
neslee nw– emotion; as
(a) Assertive DeLeJee Imperative Sentence kesâ Devle ceW; Nonsense! I don’t believe it.
pewmes– What a beautiful sight it is!
1. I read a book. (Assertive Sentence) Hurrah! we have a holiday.
2. Go there at once. (Imperative Sentence) 5. Apostrophe (')
(b) MeyoeW kesâ mebef#ehle ™he kesâ yeeo; pewmes– 1. The apostrophe along with 's is used to denote
Bachelor of Arts = B.A. possession; as Mohan's house; Boy's toys.
Member of Parliament = M.P.
(c) Initials (veeceeW keâe Úesše ™he) kesâ yeeo; pewmes– 2. It also denotes that some letter or letters have
Madan Mohan Prasad = M.M. Prasad been omitted; as,
veesš–Deepe keâer Deb«espeer ceW Mr. Deewj Mrs. efyevee hetCe& efJejece kesâ Deeles Don't (do not); e'en (even); Hon'ble (Honourable)
nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ FvnW hetjer Jele&veer (Full Spelling) ceevee peelee nw~ 3. It is also used to form the plurals of numerical
2. Question Mark (ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efÛevn) (?) figures, letters of an alphabet and abbreviation; as, - 7's,
(a) Interrogative Sentence ceW Fme efÛevn keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw; a's or A's; M.A.'s.
pewmes– 4. It (') is used to show the omission of one or more
What is your name? figures year '75 (1975)
What are you doing there? 6. Inverted commas–Inverted commas cegKÙele: oes Øekeâej
(b) mebosn Øekeâš keâjves nsleg keâes‰keâ kesâ Devoj : kesâ nesles nQ–
He was born in 1550 (?) and died in 1613.
3. Comma (Deuhe efJejece) (,) 1. Single Inverted comma ('........')
(a) Skeâ ner Part of Speech kesâ leerve Ùee leerve mes DeefOekeâ MeyoeW (Skeâue Deuhe efJejece)
keâes Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes– 2. Double Inverted comma ("........")
I bought books, pens, pencils, notebooks and (efÉ Deuhe efJejece)
erasers.
(b) JeekeäÙe ceW apposition (meceeveeefOekeâjCe) keâes Deueie keâjves kesâ Skeâue Deuhe efJejece (Single Inverted comma) keâe ØeÙeesie
efueS; pewmes– Headlines/Chapter Name Ùee Quotation kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie
Sita, wife of Lord Ram, was kidnapped by Ravan.
Nehru, our first Prime Minister, was an ardent keâÙee peelee nw~ ef
socialist.
(c) efkeâmeer keâes mecyeesefOele keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes– efÉ Deuhe efJejece (Double Inverted Comma) keâe ØeÙeesie Direct
Mohan, come here soon.
Speech Ùee Important Quotations/Underline Particular
What are you doing, Sushila?
(d) Participle phrase keâes JeekeäÙe mes he=Lekeâ keâjves kesâ efueS Words kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
comma (,) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw; pewmes– 7. Bracket (keâes<"keâ)–keâes<"keâ (Bracket) keâe ØeÙeesie cetuele: Skeâ
Seeing a lion, he ran away. lejn kesâ MeyoeW JeekeäÙeeW keâes Skeâ meeLe jKeves Ùee efheâj Deueie-Deueie
Having finished his work, he went home.
(e) Clauses keâes Deueie keâjves kesâ efueS; pewmes– jKeves, efkeâmeer Meyo keâer JÙeeKÙee keâjves kesâ efueS Ùee Interject other
If you come in time, he will help you. text kesâ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùes cegKÙele: leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ~

71
( ) – Round Brackets or Parentheses (Úesše keâes<"keâ) Ans : (b) The correct sentence is – She was visiting us
{ } – Curly Brackets or Braces (ceÚesuee keâes<"keâ) for summer. Hence option (b) is correct.
[ ] – Square Brackets or Simply Brackets (yeÌ[e keâes<"keâ) 2. A very brief pause in a sentence is marked by
using a/an
8. Colon (:)–Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ DeLe& Ùee JÙeeKÙee (a) semicolon (b) comma
efueKeves ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (c) apostrophe (d) period
pewmes– The principal parts of a verb in English are : the Ans : (b) A brief pause in a sentence is marked by a
present tense, the past tense and the past participle. ‘comma’. Hence option (b) is correct.
3. Choose the sentence, where the comma is placed
9. Semicolon (;)–mesceer keâesueesve cegKÙele: yeÌ[s Ùee cenlJehetCe& keâF& correctly.
JeekeäÙeeW keâes Deueie-Deueie keâjves Deewj Skeâ meeLe meceeve DeLe& kesâ ØeÙeesie (a) Yes the play wan, fun
kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (b) No I didn’t, go backstage
pewmes– He was a brave, large-hearted man; and we all (c) Well, the ending did surprise me
honoured him. (d) No Mohan, was the lead actor
Ans : (c) In (a) comma should be placed after ‘yes’.
10. Hyphen (-)–Hyphen keâe ØeÙeesie cegKÙele: oes MeyoeW keâes In (b) after ‘No’.
peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS Ùee Skeâ ner Meyo kesâ oes syllables keâes Deueie keâjves In (d) after ‘No’.
kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Hence option (c) is correct.
pewmes– Passer-by, man-of-war, jack-of-all-trades. 4. Choose the option which gives the correct
The Use of Capital Letters abbreviation.
Capital Letter mes Meg™ neslee nw– (a) Janu. 12, 1965
(a) efkeâmeer sentence keâe henuee Meyo; pewmes– (b) Laxmi Paper Comp.
He is my friend. (c) Satur., May 19
They are my neighbours. (d) North St.
Open the door. Ans : (d) Sentence (d) North St. is correct. In (a) Jan.
(b) Poetry keâer ØelÙeskeâ hebefòeâ keâe henuee Meyo; pewmes– would be used. In (b) Co. and In (c) Sat. Hence option
Twinkle, twinkle little star, (d) is correct.
How I wonder what you are. 5. Choose the correctly punctuated sentence.
(c) Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives; pewmes– (a) Rama the son of Dasharatha, was very brave
Ramesh, Agra, Indian, Asian (b) Rama, the son of Dasharatha, was very brave
(d) efoveeW Deewj cenerveeW kesâ veece; pewmes– Sunday, Monday, (c) Rama, the son of Dasharatha was very brave
January, February Deeefo~ (d) Rama the son of Dasharatha was very brave
(e) lÙeesnejeW kesâ veece; pewmes– Holi, Diwali, Christmas, Id Ans : (b) Correctly punctuated sentence is Rama, the
Deeefo~ son of Dasharatha, was very brave.
(f) 'I' and 'O' meoe Capitals ceW efueKes peeles nQ~ 6. Choose the correctly punctuated sentence.
(g) 'God' Meyo keâe ØeLece De#ej leLee Gmekesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ meYeer (a) The king, said to his courtiers “Is there no one
Pronouns kesâ ØeLece De#ej~ pewmes– who can venture an answer?”
The Almighty watches all our actions. (b) The king said to his courtiers, “Is there no
He is just and merciful. one who can venture an answer?”
(h) Heading keâe ØelÙeskeâ Meyo yeerÛe ceW Deeves Jeeues (c) The king said to his courtiers.”Is there no one
who can venture an answer”
prepositions, conjunctions leLee articles keâes Úes[ Ì keâj; as (d) The king said to his courtiers ''Is there no one
General English at Home. The Great and the God. who can venture an answer''
(i) meceeÛeej he$eeW kesâ headlines (The Masthead) keâe ØelÙeskeâ
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe The king said to his courtiers,
Meyo; pewmes–
Serious Train Accident: Many Killed “Is there no one who can venture an answer?” efoÙes ieÙes
(j) Academic qualifications leLee Titles kesâ met#ce ™he; ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW kesâJeue efJekeâuhe (b) ceW efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe ceW ner
pewmes– punctuation keâe mener ØeÙeesie ngDee nw DevÙe efJekeâuheeW ceW
B.A., L.L.B., M.L.A., K.C.S.I. punctuation keâer ieueleer keâer ieF& nw~
(k) Political parties leLee sects kesâ veece keâe henuee De#ej; 7. Choose the correctly punctuated sentence.
pewmes– (a) She said who is there?
The Republicans joined hands with the Communists. (b) She said who is there.
(c) She said, “Who is there?”
EXERCISE (d) She sid that, “Who is there”
1. Choose the sentence that is correct with respect Ans : (c) punctuation keâer Âef° mes ÛeejeW JeekeäÙeeW ceW efJekeâuhe (c)
to punctuation and capitalization. ceW efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe She said, “Who is there?” ceW ner
(a) How glad we were to see Aunt Rekha! punctuation keâe mener ØeÙeesie Megæ ™he ceW ngDee nw DevÙe efJekeâuheeW
(b) She was visiting us for summer. ceW Ùee lees comma keâer ieueleer Ùee Inverted comma keâer DeLeJee
(c) Had she missed us?
(d) We welcomed her into our home? question mark ve nesves keâer ieueleer keâer ieF& nw~
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07.
WORD FORMATION
Word formation– It is a change in single word's ›eâce mebKÙee (i) kesâ Devleie&le Meyo 'prefixes' peesÌ[keâj yeveeÙes ieÙes
meaning either add some words or letters previously or nQ~ DeLee&led MeyoeW mes henues syllables peesÌ[keâj Ùes Meyo yeveeÙes ieÙes nQ~
after the words. Example - Unfortunately, finally.
For examples : dis+agree-disagree; im+proper-
Meyo jÛevee keâe celeueye veÙes Meyo efvecee&Ce mes nw Ûeens nce
improper, un+happy–unhappy,
Meyo efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS henues kegâÚ Meyo peesÌ[les nQ yeeo ceW pees[Ì keâj
veÙes MeyoeW keâe efvecee&Ce keâjles nQ~ ›eâce mebKÙee (ii) kesâ Devleie&le Meyo suffixes peesÌ[keâj yeveeÙes ieÙes
nQ,DeLee&led MeyoeW kesâ Devle ceWsyllables peesÌ[keâj Ùes Meyo yeveeÙes ieÙes nQ~
Word formation Deemeeveer mes efvecveefueefKele oes Øekeâej mes neslee nw~
For examples : beg+gar–beggar; friend+ship–
efpemes Morphological Derivation keânles nQ~ friendship; pay+ment–payment.
Suffix (ØelÙeÙe)–Ssmes Meyo Ùee De#ej pees efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ Deble ceW Primary words
pegÌ[keâj veÙes DeLe& Øeoeve keâjles nQ, ØelÙeÙe keânueeles nQ~ Jes Meyo efpevekesâ henues keâesF& prefix leLee Meyo kesâ Devle ceW keâesF&
suffix veneR pegÌ[e jnlee Primary words keânueeles nQ~
A letter on words that can be add at the end of a word
and changes the meaning of the word. For Examples : agree, happy, beg, friend, pay, man,
Exam - Jealous, Religious etc. work.
efyevee prefix Ùee suffix keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes primary words keâer
Prefix (Ghemeie&)–Ssmes Meyo Ùee De#ej pees efkeâmeer Meyo kesâ henues Skeâ yeÌ[er mebKÙee mes nce Gve MeyoeW keâer jÛevee keâjles nQ pees efJeefYeVe
pegÌ[keâj, Gmekeâe DeLe& yeoue osles nQ, Ghemeie& keânueeles nQ~
parts of speech keâer ßesCeer ceW jKes peeles nQ~ Ssmes MeyoeW keâer jÛevee
A letter or words that can be add at the beginning of a Gvekesâ mJe™he (form) ceW heefjJele&ve keâjkesâ keâer peeleer nw~
word to change its meaning. Examples :
Example- Antisocial, Dislike etc.
speak (Verb) – speech (Noun)
English Prefix (Deb«espeer kesâ Ghemeie&)
bind (Verb) – bound (Noun)
A-, on, in; abed, aboard, ashore, ajar, asleep. prove (Verb) – proof (Noun)
A-, out, from arise, awake, alight deceive (Verb)– deceipt (Noun)
Be-, by (sometimes intensive); beside, betimes, besmear, Uses of prefixes
bedaub.
(a) Some prefixes reverse or negate the meaning of
For-, throughly; forbear, forgive.
the word :
Fore-, before; forecast, foretell;
de : value devalue compose decompose
Gain-, against; gainsay.
In-, in; income, inland, inlay. fame defame promote demote
Mis-, wrong, wrongly; misdeed, mislead, misjudge. dis : agree disagree agreement disagreement
Over-, above, beyond; overflow, overchange. im : polite impolite pure impure
To-, this; to-day, to-night, to-morrow. possible impossible patient impatient
Un-, not; untrue, unkind, unholy. Use of suffixes
Un-, to reverse and action; untie, undo, unfold. (1) To form nouns
Under-, beneath, below; undersell, undercharge, -ar/er/or : beggar, painter, sailor
undergo, under ground. -hood : boyhood, childhood
With-, against, back; withdraw, withhold, withstand. -ship : friendship, membership
Note– There are only two prefixes of English origin in -ee : payee, employee
that are still applied freely to few words, mis and un, the -ion : action, selection, relation
former with the force of the adjective bad and the latter
with the force of a negative. (2)
-al : approve approval arrive arrival
Prefixes and Suffixes bury burial dispose disposal
1. Prefixation – the addition of a prefix before base – -age: pass passage marry marriage
unhappy in power.
stop stoppage leak leakage
2. Suffixation – The addition of a suffix at the end of
the base – agreement friend + ship. 2. Compounding– Fme Øekeâej kes â word formation ceW oes MeyoeW
Look at words given below : Ùee De#ejeW keâes pees[Ì keâj veÙes MeyoeW keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes–
(i) disagree improper unhappy Swimming + Pool – Swimming pool
(ii) beggar friendship payment Foot + path – Footpath etc.
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3. Acronym–Fme Øekeâej kesâ MeyoeW ceW oes Ùee DeefOekeâ MeyoeW keâes 24. Genuine (JeemleefJekeâ) Real
efceuee keâj Skeâ Meyo keâe efvecee&Ce keâjles nQ~ 25. Adverse (efJehejerle, Øeefleketâue) Negative
pewmes– Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemberg), 26. Elastic (hewâueves Jeeuee) Flexible
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) 27. Vacillate ([esuevee) Waver
4. Calque–Ssmes Meyo pees efJeefYevve Yee<eeDeeW
mes MeyoMe: Ùee 28. Impeccable ($egefšnerve) Faultless
DevegJeeefole keâjkesâ ues efueÙes ieÙes nQ~
29. Impediment (efJeIve, yeeOee) Obstruction
pewmes- the English phrase 'to lose face' is a calque from
the Chinese. 30. Advance (efJekeâefmele) Progress
5. Proverb (cegneJeje, ueeskeâesefkeäle)–Ùes Ssmes Meyo nesles nQ pees 31. Prognosis (hetJee&vegceeve) Forecast
DevegYeJe hej DeeOeeefjle Ùee heejcheefjkeâ Yee<ee kesâ Meyo nesles nQ~ pewmes– 32. Poach (DeveeefOekeâej efMekeâej Haunt
Haste makes waste, As cheerful as a lark. keâjvee)
6. Phrasal verb–A verb that is combined with an Repartee (MeerIeÇ ÛelegjleehetCe& Quick wiffy
33.
adverb or a preposition or sometimes both, to give a
new meaning.
Gòej) reply
Ssmeer ef›eâÙee pees ef›eâÙee efJeMes<eCe Ùee hetJe&meie& Ùee oesveeW kesâ 34. Exhort (oyeeJe [euevee, Urge
meeLe efceuekeâj veÙee Meyo efvecee&Ce keâjleer nw~ hejeceMe& osvee)
pewmes– Brake away, Look after. 35. Lurid (mevemeveerKespe) Shocking
SYNONYMS (meceeveeLeea Meyo) 36. Familiar (heefjefÛele) Well known
Words Synonym 37. Dessert (ceer"e) Sweet dish
1. Irrevocable (Dešue) Unalterable 38. Affiliate (mebyebefOele) Associate
2. Adorn (mepeevee) Beautiful 39. Explicit (mhe<š) Clear
3. Repose (Deejece keâjvee) Rest 40. Diligent (cesnveleer) Industrious
4. Commotion (nueÛeue) Disturbance 41. Infuriate (›eâesefOele keâjvee) Enrage
5. Nurture (efJekeâefmele keâjvee) To Grew 42. Prospective (mebYeeJevee) Possible
6. Deny (DemJeerkeâej keâjvee) Refuse 43. Lousy (yengle Kejeye) Awful
7. Abuse ([eBšvee, ieeueer osvee) Scorn 44. Accentuated (peesj osvee) Accent
8. Docile (DeOeerve) Submissive 45. Predominantly (cegKÙele:) Mostly
9. Considerate (OÙeeve jKeves Thoughtful 46. Paucity (keâceer, Deuhelee) Shortfall
Jeeuee) 47. Avert (hesâj osvee, otj jnvee) Avoid
10. Irresolute (DeefveefMÛele) Undecided
48. Pensive (efJeÛeejceive) Thoughtful
11. Frugal (kebâpetme) Miserly
49. Cordial (oesmleevee) Friendly
12. Motive (Fjeoe) Intention
13. Pity (oÙee) Mercy
50. Provisional (DemLeeÙeer) Temporary

14. Quash (DemJeerkeâej keâjvee) Reject 51. Horrendous (YeÙeeJen) Greatly

Unpleasant
15. Restrict (meerefcele keâjvee, Prohibit
52. Authentic (JeemleefJekeâ) Genuine
yeeefOele keâjvee)
53. Rectify (megOeejvee) Correct
16. Anticipate (Gcceero keâjvee) Expect
54. Miraculous (DeeMÛeÙe&pevekeâ) Amazing
17. Tremendous (Meeveoej) Excessive
55. Warranty (DeeMJeefmle) Guarantee
18. Meticulous (meleke&â, Painstaking
DeeflemeeJeOeeve) 56. Knave (iegueece) Scoundrel
19. Abundant (ØeÛegj cee$ee ceW) Plentiful 57. Prodigal (DeheJÙeÙeer) Wasteful
20. Acquaint (peeve-henÛeeve) Introduce 58. Impost (cenmetle, heeKeb[) Tax
21. Change (heefjJele&ve) Alter 59. Coarse (Yeodoe) Rough
22. Surreptitiously (uegkeâ efÚhe Secretly 60. Forego (lÙeeie osvee) Renounce
keâj)
23. Forebode (hetJee&Yeeme) Foretell
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 ANTONYM (efJehejerleeLe&keâ) 31. Duplicity (Úue keâheš) Honesty
Antonym - Opposite (efJehejerleeLe&keâ) 32. Brave (yeneogj) Timid
Words Opposite 33. Guilty (DehejeOeer) Innocent
(Antonym) 34. Purposely (FjeoehetJe&keâ) Unintentionally
1. Fastidious (legvekeâ Adjustable 35. Harmony (meecebpemÙe, Disagreement
efcepeepeer) menceefle)
2. Shallow (efÚÚuee) Deep 36. Vogue (Demhe<š) Precise
3. Explicit (mhe<š) Ambiguous 37. Unnerved (DeMekeäle) Confident
4. Immune (Demeb›eâecÙe, Vulnerable 38. Progressive (ØeieefleMeerue) Retrogressive
Gvcegkeäle) 39. Dissolution (efJeÛÚso) Establishment
5. Bleak (Goeme, Bright
40. Enduring (efÛejmLeeF&) Fleeting
DebOekeâejceÙe)
41. Asceticism (mevÙeemeer) Luxury
6. Veneration (ßeæe, Disrespect
42. Innovate (veJeheefjJele&ve Copy
Deeoj)
ueevee)
7. Insolent (DeefJeMJemeveerÙe) Humble
43. Fantastic (DeodYegle) Ordinary
8. Urban (Menjer) Rural
44. Thirsty (efceleJÙeÙeer, Wasteful
9. Incredible Believable
efkeâheâeÙeleer)
(DeefJeMJemeveerÙe)
45. Hazy (OebgOe mes Yeje, Clear
10. Concur (mencele nesvee) Disagree
Demhe<š)
11. Quiet (Meevle) Pandemonium
46. Anxious (efÛeefvlele) Careful
12. Vague (Demhe<š) Clear
47. Dormant (meghle, efveef<›eâÙe) Active
13. Inevitable (DeefveJeeÙe&) Avoidable
48. Collapse (Ún peevee) Rise
14. Humility (veceülee) Pride
49. Flair (ØeJe=efòe) Inability
15. Rapidly (MeerIeÇlee mes) Slowly
50. Frailty (keâcepeesjer, oes<e) Strength
16. Extol (ØeMebmee keâjvee) Censure 51. Far-fetched Realistic
17. Make (yeveevee) Break (DeefleMeÙeesefkeäle hetCe&)
18. Terminate (meceehle Begin 52. Takes off (ØeejbefYekeâ, Lends
keâjvee) ÛeÌ{eF&)
19. Successor (Jeeefjme, Predecessor 53. Niggardly (ke=â<Ce) Lavishly
GòejeefOekeâejer) 54. Melodious (ceOegj, Tuneless
20. Demolish (meceehle keâjvee) Build megjeruee)
21. Genial (nBmecegKe) Unkind 55. Advanced (efJekeâefmele Receded
22. Prevent (jeskeâ ueieevee) Induce keâjvee)
23. Plausible (meÛÛee, Implausible/ 56. Enlightened (peevekeâejer Ignorant
efJeMJemeveerÙe) Unbelievable osvee)
24. Shimmering Gloomy 57. Exceptional (efJeefMe<š, Common
(efšceefšceevee) efJeMes<e)
25. Desecration (Yeü<š keâjvee) Consecration 58. Permanent (mLeeÙeer, meoe Temporary
26. Zeal (lelhejlee, Glmeen) Apathy
kesâ efueS)
59. Moderate (Deewmele) Extreme
27. Uncompromising Flexible
(n"eruee) 60. Diffidence (mebkeâesÛe) Boldness
28. Hinder (yeeOee [euevee) Encourage 61. Superficial (Thejer, Through
29. Jocular (efJeveesoefØeÙe) Morose
yeenjer)
62. Reckless (ueehejJeen) Careful
30. Opaque (DeheejoMeea) Transparent
63. Scorn (eflejmkeâej keâjvee) Admiration

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64. Grandiose (YeJÙelee) Simple extrovert keâce yeesueves Jeeuee
65. Trivial (legÛÚ, ceecetueer) Serious oesveeW keâe iegCe
66. Lurid (YeÌ[keâeruee) Mild
jKelee nw
67. Loquacious (yeeletveer, Reserved
Amnesty A general pardon mejkeâej Éeje
JeeÛeeue) granted by a efoÙee peeves Jeeuee
government #eceeoeve
68. Unscrupulous (Deveweflekeâ Conscientious
efveue&ppe) Anarchy Absence of any Dejepekeâlee
form of political
69. Confiscate (peyle keâjvee) Release authority
70. Contaminate (DeMegæ Purify Animate Having life mepeerJe
keâjvee)
Aquatic of Animals living in peueerÙe peerJe
water
ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION
Arable Suitable for ke=âef<e ÙeesiÙe
Abattoir A slaughter house keâmeeF&Keevee growing crops
Abbreviation Superior of a church ÛeÛe& keâe cegKÙe Arid Having little or no metKee, yebpej
heeojer rain
Abdicate To give a throne mJesÛÚe mes lÙeeie Bachelor A man who is not DeefJeJeeefnle
voluntarily osvee and has never been
married
Aberration A Deviation from meeceevÙe Ùee
the normal or Øeke=âefle mes Deueie Ballad Long Song or poem Skeâ uebyeer keâneveer
typical Yejer keâefJelee
Abject Extremely yengle yegje Ùee Barometer A instrument which nJee keâer oeye keâes
contemptible or oÙeveerÙe measures ceeheves Jeeuee Ùeb$e
miserable atmosphere pressure

Abolish Do away with hetjer lejn meceehle Behead To cut off the head mej keâuece keâjvee
wholly keâjvee Belli case One who is ready to PeieÌ[euet
Aborigines Original inhabitants efkeâmeer peien keâe start argument or
of cetue efveJeemeer fight

Abstruse Hard to understand efpemes mecePevee

Betray To be disloyal to efkeâmeer mes
someone who trusts efJeMJeemeIeele
cegefMkeâue nes you
keâjvee
Absurd Wildly yeslegkeâe, yes{biee Ùee
unreasonable, nemÙeemheo Biennial Taking place for efÉJeeef<e&keâ
two years
illogical or Bifurcate To cut something oes YeeieeW ceW
ridiculous into two pieces keâešvee
Accomplice An associate in efkeâmeer DehejeOe ceW
crime DehejeOeer keâe Bigamy Practice of having oes efJeJeen
menÙeesie Biopsy Examination of the yeerceej JÙeefkeäleÙeeW
Alienate To turn friends in efce$e keâes Me$eg tissue of a diseased keâer keâesefMekeâeDeeW
enemies yevee osvee person keâer peeBÛe
Altruist Selfless concern for otmejeW keâe Brittle Hard but liable to be pees Deemeeveer mes
the welfare of hejeshekeâej keâjves easily broken štš peeÙes
others Jeeuee Cacophony A harsh jarring Meesjiegue
mixture of sounds
Amateur A person who does yeefukeâ Meewkeâ kesâ
something for efueS keâjlee nw Carnivorous Flesh eating animals ceeBme Keeves Jeeuee
pleasure rather than Cathedral A very big church ÛeÛe&
for pay Celibate One who is DeefJeJeeefnle
Ambivert Both introvert and pees yeeletveer SJeb unmarried

76
Cemetery Flace of burial keâyeÇieen selfish
Catalogue A list of books efkeâleeyeeW keâer metÛeer Elegy A song sung at the efkeâmeer keâer ce=lÙeg
Chant Say a prayer in memJej hee" death of a person hej Meeskeâ ieerle
singing voice keâjvee Elixir A magical potion Dece=le
Colt Young male horse IeesÌ[s keâe yeÛÛee Embezzlement Misappropriation of OeesKeeOeÌ[er, ieyeve
Compere A host who efkeâmeer keâeÙe&›eâce mane
introduces keâes mebÛeeefuele Enthral To be attracted efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ
keâjves Jeeuee towards something Øeefle Deekeâef<e&le
Constellation Groups of stars leejeW keâe mecetn nesvee
Continuum A continuous meceeve ÛeerpeeW keâer Exemplary Extern good yengle DeÛÚe
sequence of similar ßesCeer Explicit Stated clearly mhe<š
things Extant Still existing and efJeÅeceeve
Convey A group of vehicles JeenveeW keâer Úle known
of travelling Facsimile An exact copy efkeâmeer omleeJespe
together keâe exact copy
Cynic One who questions pees nj yeele hej Famine Extreme scarcity of YegKecejer
everything mebosn keâjlee nes food
Dandy Fashionable hewâMeve keâjves Fanatic efJeÛeejeW ceW keâój
Jeeuee JÙeefkeäle Fancy Created from the keâuhevee
Decrepit Worn out or reined pepe&j imagination rather
Delectable Pleasant or DeevebooeÙekeâ, than from life
attractive mJeeefo<š Fatal That which will Ieelekeâ
Deliverance Final release from peerJeve Ûe›eâ mes lead to death
rebirth cegefkeäle Feint Pretend attach Úodce Dee›eâceCe
Den A living place for ceebo Felicitation Words of praise for efkeâmeer GheueefyOe
lions achievement kesâ efueS keâer peeves
Depreciate To go down in DeJecetuÙeve Jeeueer ØeMebmee
value Fervent Having or Glmeen mes Yeje
Dereliction Failing to discharge keâle&JÙe keâer displacing a
one's duty DeveosKeer passionate intensity
Dermatology Medical study of lJeÛee jesieeW mes Flicker To shine unsteadily efšceefšceevee,
skin and its disease mebyebefOele YegkeâYegkeâevee
Diurnal Active in daytime efove kesâ Jekeäle Frantic Hurried, excited and yesÛewve SJeb Demle
meef›eâÙe unorganised JÙemle
Dunce A person who is cetKe& Freak Unusual or Depeeryeesiejerye
slow to learn abnormal JÙeefkeäle Ùee Ûeerpe
Drought A period of dry metKee Futurist One who can pees YeefJe<Ùe keâe
weather predict future Devegceeve keâj
Eccentric One who has mevekeâer ueslee nw
strange habits Gallant Full of Bravery yeneogjer Yeje
Economical Avoiding wastage KeÛe& keâjves ceW Greek An unfashionable or iebJeej, DemeYÙe
efkeâheâeÙeleer socially inept
Edible A thing that is fit to Keeves ÙeesiÙe person
be eaten Genocide Killing of people in yeÌ[er cee$ee ceW
Efface To rub or wipe out efceše osvee large number ceveg<ÙeeW keâer nlÙee
Egoist A person who is Deelcekesâefvõle Geriatric Relating to old yetÌ{s ueesieeW mes

77
 people mebyebefOele Immune Free from infection jesieeW mes megjef#ele
Germicide A medicine that keâeršeCegDeeW keâer
kills germs nlÙee A Study of (efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâe DeOÙeÙeve)
Glutton One who eats too hesšt
much Actiology Causes jesie kesâ keâejCeeW keâe
of
Goose Silly person cetKe& disease DeOÙeÙeve
Gratis Without payment efyevee Yegieleeve kesâ Anemology Study of wind JeeÙeg keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Gust Strong rush of air, lespe PeeWkeâe Angiology Study of blood veeÌ[er Ùee OeceefveÙeeW keâe
rain, smoke vessels DeOÙeÙeve
Hag An ugly woman kegâ®he m$eer Anthropology Study of Man DeeoefceÙeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Hallucination Seeing something Âef<šYeüce Arachnology Study of spices cekeâefÌ[ÙeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
that is not actually Cardiology Study of Heart ùoÙe keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Hamlet A small village or IejeW keâe Úesše Carpology Study of fruits heâue SJeb yeerpeeW keâe
group of houses mecetn and seeds DeOÙeÙeve
Haunt Visit a place often efkeâmeer peien hej Chronology Study of Dates leejerKeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
yeej-yeej peevee Cosmology Study of yeÇÿeeC[ keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Herbarium Collection of dried metKes heewOeeW keâe universe
plants meb«en Carniology Study of skulls KeesheÌ[er keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Heresy Opinion contrary to Deece hejbheje mes Cryptology Study of codes meebkesâeflekeâ Yee<ee keâe
accepted dutrines efJehejerle OeejCee DeOÙeÙeve
Hijack To focibly take meJeejer ieeÌ[er keâe Cytology Study of cells keâesefMekeâeDeeW keâe
control of a vehicle DehenjCe DeOÙeÙeve
Homicide Killing of a human ceveg<Ùe keâer nlÙee Dacty lology Study of nmlejsKee keâe DeOÙeÙeve
being Fingerprint
Hormony One who offers his pees Deheves efkeâS Dendrology hesÌ[eW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Study of Trees
services without ieS keâece kesâ Dermatology Study of Skin lJeÛee keâe DeOÙeÙeve
charging for it yeoues hewmee veneR Dermatologly- Study of Skin lJeÛee keâer jsKeeDeeW keâe
ueslee nes phics pattern DeOÙeÙeve
Honorific Given (title/post) as mecceeve kesâ ™he Ecology Study of JeeleeJejCe keâe DeOÙeÙeve
a mark of respect ceW efoÙee peeves Environment
but having no duties Jeeuee Endorinology Study of glands «ebefLeÙeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Hurricane Violent storm letheâeve Entomelogy Study of insect keâeršhelebieeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Hytrofoil A type of boat Skeâ Øekeâej keâer Epistonology Study of %eeve keâe DeOÙeÙeve
veewkeâe knowledge
Idiolect The speech habit of efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle kesâ Eremology Study of desertsce®mLeueeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
a person yeesueves keâer efJeMes<e Eschatology Study of culturemebmke=âefle keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Deeole Ethnology Study of human ceveg<Ùe keâer ØepeeefleÙeeW keâe
Idiosyncrasy A person's peculiar JÙeJenej keâe races DeOÙeÙeve
habit efJeMes<e Øekeâej Ùee Ethology Study of Animal peeveJejeW kesâ JÙeJenej keâe
efmeæeble behaviour DeOÙeÙeve
Illegal That which is iewj keâevetveer Genealogy Study of JebMeeJeueer keâe DeOÙeÙeve
against law Ancestry
Illegible A handwriting that Skeâ Ssmee uesKeve Glattochronol Study of DeewjleeW keâer yeerceejer keâe
cannot be read efpemes veneR heÌ{e ogy Women of DeOÙeÙeve
pee mekesâ diseases
Illiterate A person who can pees efueKe heÌ{ Haematology Study of Blood jkeäle keâe DeOÙeÙeve
not read or write veneR mekeâlee nw Helimintholog Study of worms keâerÌ[eW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
78
 y (i) Compound Words (mebÙegkeäle Ùee Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo)–oes Ùee
Hirology IeÌ[er yeveeves keâer keâuee
Study of Clock DeefOekeâ MeyoeW ceW efceueekeâj yeveeÙes ieÙes MeyoeW keâes compound words
making
keânles nQ~ pewmes- moonlight, undertake etc.
Histology heewOes keâer keâesefMekeâeDeeW
Study of Plant
tissues keâe DeOÙeÙeve (ii) Primary Derivatives (cegKÙe JÙeglhevve)–MeyoeW kesâ Devoj
Hydrology Study of water peue keâe DeOÙeÙeve kegâÚ heefjJele&ve keâjkesâ Ùee peesÌ[keâj Ssmes MeyoeW keâer jÛevee keâer peeleer nw~
Ichthyology Study of Fish ceÚueer keâe DeOÙeÙeve pewmes– Bond from bind, wrong from wring etc.
Myrmecology Study of Ants ÛeerefšÙeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve (iii) Secondary Derivatives (ieewCe JÙeglhevve)–Meyo kesâ ØeejcYe
Nosoology Classification of yeerceeefjÙeeW kesâ JeieeakeâjCe Ùee Deble ceW peesÌ[keâj yeveles nQ pewmes- Unhappy, Goodness etc.
diseases keâe DeOÙeÙeve Compound Words (mebÙegkeäle Ùee Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo)–Ùes Meyo
Odentology Study of teeth oeBleeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve DeefOekeâlej meb%ee (Noun), efJeMes<eCe (Adjective), Deewj ef›eâÙee
Oenology Study of wines Mejeye keâe DeOÙeÙeve (verb) nesles nQ~
Oncology Study of «eefvLeÙeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve (A) Ùeewefiekeâ meb%eeS efvecveefueefKele kesâ Ùeesie mes yeveleer nQ–
tumours
Oneirology Study of dreams meheveeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
Ontology Study of DeefmlelJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve 1. meb%ee + meb%ee Moonlight, tax-payer, teaspoon,
Existence (Noun + Noun) fire-escape, hourse-power, chess-
Oology Study of Eggs Deb[eW keâe DeOÙeÙeve board, postman etc.
Ophilogy Study of snakes meebheeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve 2. efJeMes<eCe + meb%ee Sweetheart, shorthand, Black-
board, strong-hold, Noble man
Ophthalmolog Study of eyes DeeBKeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve (Adjective +
y Noun) etc.
Orhithology Study of Birds efÛeefÌ[ÙeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve 3. ef›eâÙee + meb%ee Spend thrift, Breakfast,
Oralogy Study of heneÌ[eW keâe DeOÙeÙeve (Verb + Noun) Picpocket, Cut throat, Paredevil,
mountains hangman, Makeshift etc.
Osrology Study of Bones n[d[er keâe DeOÙeÙeve 4. ef›eâÙeeJeeÛekeâ Drawing-room, looking-glass,
Paedology Study of efMeMegDeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve (Gerund) + meb%ee writing-desk, spelling-book,
children walking-stick etc.
(Noun)
MANIA
Excessive Desire efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ Øeefle Deefle
about
5. ef›eâÙeeefJeMes<eCe (Ùee Outflow, after thought,
mebyebOeyeesOekeâ) + meb%ee afternoon, inmate, inside, off-
somethingleer›e FÛÚe/efkeâmeer Ûeerpe mes
(Adverb + Noun) shoot etc.
Deleeefke&âkeâ ueieeJe
Agromania To be alone or Dekesâues jnvee Ùee Kegues ceW 6. ef›eâÙee + Drawback, loop-up, Go-between,
out in the open jnvee ef›eâÙeeefJeMes<eCe (Verb Die-hard etc.
Anthemania Flowers hetâueeW keâer + Adverb)
Biblomania Book Collection efkeâleeyeeW keâe meb«en 7. ef›eâÙeeefJeMes<eCe + Outset, Income, Outcome, Out
ef›eâÙee (Adverb + cry, upkeep etc.
A. The Formation of Words verb)

(Meyo efvecee&Ce) (B) cegKÙe JÙeglhevve (Primary Derivatives) Meyo

1. ef›eâÙee Ùee efJeMes<eCe Éeje meb%ee
Verb Nouns
Meyo efvecee&Ce (The Formation of words)
Advise Advice
cetue Ùee ™Ì{ Meyo (Primary Words)–Jes Meyo pees otmejs MeyoeW Bear Bier
mes JÙeglhevve Ùee DevÙe MeyoeW mes efJekeâefmele ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nes~ Bind Bond
Such words that cant not be formated or developed Bless Bliss
by any help of words called primary words.
Break Breach
Burn Brand
Choose Choice
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Chop Chip ready lewÙeej keâjvee
Deal Dole Bear down To press down oyeevee, kegâÛeuevee
Deem Doom heavily
Dig Dike Bear out To confirm the mener meeefyele nesvee
truth
Float Fleet
Gape Gap
Bear up To remain happy cegefMkeâue heefjefmLeefle ceW
(against) in difficulty KegMe jnvee
Gird Girth
Become of to happen Ieefšle nesvee (efkeâmeer
Grieve Grief JÙeefkeäle kesâ meeLe)
Live Life Blow down To knock down PeeWkesâ mes efieje osvee
Lose Loss by gust
Prove Proof Blow out To extinguish heBtâkeâ ceejkeâj yegPee
Sing Song osvee
Sit Seat Blow over To pass without efyevee neefve hengBÛeeS
Speak Speech harming iegpej peevee
Strike Stroke Blow up To destroy by efJemheâesš mes GÌ[e osvee
explosion
Strive Strife
Wake Watch
Bod down to To summarize the efve<keâ<e& nesvee
main points
Adjectives Nouns
Bound for Going to a efkeâmeer mLeeve keâes peelee
Dull Delt destination ngDee
Proud Pride
Break down To lose control jesves ueievee
Het Heat emotionally or
mentally

PHRASAL VERB Call upon/on To invite to do kegâÚ keâjves Ùee yeesueves

B. something kesâ efueS Deecebef$ele
keâjvee
Phrasal Verb (get) Carry To get excited Gòesefpele nes peevee
Accord to To provide Øeoeve keâjvee away
Add up To make sense melÙe GefÛele Øeleerle Carry on To continue efkeâmeer keâece ceW meheâue
nesvee nesvee
Admit of To have the scope iegbpeeFMe nesvee Carry To bear one's efkeâmeer keâer pe™jleeW keâes
Answer for To be answerable efpeccesoejer uesvee through needs hetje keâjvee
for (efkeâmeer ieuele yeele Catch on To become ueeskeâefØeÙe nesvee
keâer) popular
Ask after To inquire about efkeâmeer kesâ yeejs ceW Chicken out To be afraid of [j keâj heerÚs nšvee
hetÚleeÚ Clear way To remove nševee, meeheâ keâjvee
Attend on To serve mesJee keâjvee Clear of To free from Deejeshe cegkeäle keâjvee
Back off To choose not to cegefMkeâue ceW heBâmeves mes blame
take action yeÛeves kesâ efueS keâoce Clear off To go or run keâneR mes Ûeues peevee
G"evee Ùee nšvee away
Back out To choose not to efkeâmeer mencele yeele mes Clear out To make some- meeheâ keâjvee
do something heerÚs nšvee thing clean
agreed Clear up To explain JÙeeKÙee keâjvee
Back up To support meneÙelee osvee Close with To fight Ùegæ keâjvee (Me$eg mes)
Bargain for To express to efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâer Come To offer help meneÙelee kesâ efueS
happen and be Gcceero keâjles ngS forward
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 Deeies Deevee favour etc. Deeefo Øeehle keâjves keâe)
Come off To take place meheâue nesvee Fizzle out To weaken ›eâceMe keâcepeesj
successfully gradually heÌ[vee/ Iešvee
Cry out To shout efÛeuueevee Gain on To come close to ØeefleÙeesefielee ceW
Cut across To take shortcut keâneR hengBÛeves kesâ efueS vepeoerkeâ nesvee
Úesše jemlee hekeâÌ[vee Get along To have a oesmleevee mebyebOe jKevee
(with) freindly
Cut off To seperate from otmejeW mes Deueie keâj
others, To relationship
osvee, efkeâmeer kesâ yeesueves (with)
interrupt speaking
ceW yeeOee hengBÛeevee Get away To have a Úgšdšer hej peevee
Dawn on To understand mecePe ceW Deevee (keâesF& cacation
yeele) Get on To make progress Øeieefle keâjvee
Deal in To have business efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâe Get rid of To dispose of, To Úgškeâeje heevee
off JÙeeheej keâjvee throw away, To
leave
Deal out To distribute yeeBšvee, efJeleefjle
keâjvee Give away To reveal a secret jnmÙe Gpeeiej keâj
osvee
Deal with To treat with a efkeâmeer mes JÙeJenej
person Give off To send out or OegBDee, iewme Ùee iebOe
keâjvee emit ÚesÌ[vee
Decide upon To make judge- efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ yeejs ceW Give over To hand over Øeoeve keâjvee
ment about efveCe&Ùe keâjvee Give in To surrender mecehe&Ce keâj osvee
Do away To abolish / meceehle keâj osvee Give up To stop doing lÙeeie osvee
with murder
something
Do for To ruin or destroy yeyee&o Ùee ve<š keâjvee Give way To collapse {n peevee, lÙeeie osvee
Do without to manage in the efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ efyevee Go about To go from place Skeâ peien mes otmejs
absence of keâece Ûeueevee
something to place peien peevee
Eat into To weaken KeesKeuee keâjvee Go for To attack Dee›eâceCe keâjvee
Go off To explode, To efJemheâesš nesvee, Ieefšle
Egg on To motivate keâesF& keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ happen nesvee
efueS Øesefjle keâjvee
Go on To continue peejer jKevee
End up To do something DeeefKejkeâej heej heevee doing something
finally Hear of To get the news meceeÛeej efceuevee
Fall apart To break into efyeKej peevee about
pieces Hit out To attack verbally yegjer lejn mes
Fall back on to use as a last keâef"veeF& kesâ meceÙe ceW DeeueesÛevee keâjvee
resort efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâe ØeÙeesie Hold Back To control JÙekeäle keâjves mes
keâjvee expression, Not to jeskeâvee, Úghee uesvee
reveal
Fall for To fall in love Deekeâef<e&le nesvee Hold down To prevent by peyejomleer efveÙebef$ele
with
force keâjvee
Fall out To quarrel with PeieÌ[e nesvee
(with) Hold on To keep hekeâÌ[keâj jKevee
something in a
Feel about to feel something Útkeâj cenmetme keâjvee position
by touching
Hold up To delay or osj Ùee mLeefiele keâjvee
Feel like To be excited to efkeâmeer keâece keâes keâjves postponen
do something keâe FÛÚgkeâ nesvee
Hold with To approve mencele nesvee
Figure out To understand mecePe heevee
Impress To convince ceve ceW yew"evee (keâesF&
Pish for To try to win ØeÙeeme keâjvee (ØeMebmee
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(idea) on someone yeele efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle Palm off To give by OeesKes mes os osvee
kesâ) deception
Jump at To draw peuoyeepeer ceW efve<keâ<e& Make for To result in, To efkeâmeer yeele ceW meneÙekeâ
(conclusion) conclusion in a efvekeâeuevee cause nesvee
hurry Make of To understand efkeâmeer Ûeerpe Ùee
Keep away To maintain efkeâmeer mes otj jnvee JÙeefkeäle kesâ DeefYeØeeÙe
distance keâes mecePevee
Keep up To maintain in DeÛÚer efmLeefle ceW Make off To run away with efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâes ueskeâj
good condition jKevee with Yeeie efvekeâuevee
Knock down To thrust Oekeäkeâe ceejkeâj efieje Make out To manage to see efkeâmeer Jemleg Ùee
someone to the osvee (can't and or understand JÙeefkeäle keâes mecePevee
ground couldn't)
Lay down To begin to efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâes Make the To get maximum hetje-hetje ueeYe G"evee
understand mecePevee most of
something Occur to To understand mecePe ceW Deevee
Lay into To give up arms, nefLeÙeej [eue osvee, Pass for To be assumed ceevee peevee
To state a rule efveÙece kesâ ™he ceW Pull up To criticise DeeueesÛevee keâjvee
JÙekeäle keâjvee
Put across To exress one's Deheves efJeÛeej
Let down To disappoint efvejeMe keâjvee ideas successfully ØeYeeJeMeeueer lejerkesâ mes
someone
JÙekeäle keâjvee
Light on To explain JÙeeKÙee keâjvee Put aside To save, To YeefJe<Ùe kesâ efueS
Live by To follow ceevÙeleeDeeW/efmeæebleeW ignore yeÛeekeâj jKevee, Ghes#ee
keâes ceevevee keâjvee
Live on To have money Keeme Oeve nesvee Put away To save or store YeefJe<Ùe kesâ efueS
for the need pe™jle kesâ efueS for future, To yeÛeekeâj jKevee, efkeâmeer
Live through To survive a efkeâmeer DeefØeÙe efmLeefle decide to ignore yegjer Ûeerpe keâes Yetue..
difficulty keâes Pesue uesvee something
Live up to To reach an Gcceero kesâ Devegmeej upleasant
expected standard nesvee Put in To submit ceeBie Ùee DevegjesOe
Look about To search efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle Ùee demand or order, keâjvee, efkeâmeer keâece ceW
Ûeerpe keâes Keespevee To apply ØeÙeeme keâjvee
Look after To take care of osKe-Yeeue keâjvee Idiom and Phrases
someone or A beehive Skeâ JÙemle peien
something A bone to pick Skeâ efJeJeeo efpemes efveheševee nes
Look back To reflect on/ yeerles meceÙe kesâ efkeâmeer A cakewalk Skeâ Deemeeve keâeÙe&
on considers of the DevegYeJe Ùee OeejCee A close fisted person kebâpetme JÙeefkeäle
past hej efJeÛeej keâjvee
A dime a dozen Skeâoce meeOeejCe
Look down To hold in veerÛeer efveieen mes
on /upon contempt, To osKevee A Herculean task yengle keâef"ve keâeÙe&
regard as inferior A nine day's wonder Ûeej efove keâer ÛeeBoveer
Look for To try to find Keespevee A Penelope's web keâYeer meceehle veneR nesves Jeeuee
Look To anticipate Glmegkeâlee mes Øeleer#ee Above board mhe<š SJeb F&ceeveoejer Yeje
forward to pleasantly keâjvee Ace up one's sleeve Skeâ Ssmeer ueeYe hengBÛeeves Jeeueer
Look into To investigate peeBÛe keâjvee Ûeerpe efpemekesâ yeejs ceW otmejeW keâes
Look over To examine peeBÛe keâjvee helee veneR
Look to To expect efkeâmeer mes keâesF& DeeMee Achilles heel keâcepeesj henuet
keâjvee Add fuel to the fire YeÌ[keâevee, efmLeefle keâes yeodlej yevee
82
 osvee the deep blue sea heBâmee ngDee
Add insult to injury peues hej vecekeâ efÚÌ[keâvee, efmLeefle Birds of he same Skeâ ner Øeke=âefle kesâ JÙeefkeäle
keâes yeodlej yevee osvee feather
Alive and kicking meef›eâÙe SJeb mJemLe Bite the bullet efJehejerle heefjefmLeefle keâe meecevee
All and sundry meYeer ueesie keâjvee (keäÙeeWefkeâ Gmes šeuee veneR
All ears megveves keâes hetjer lejn Glmegkeâ pee mekeâlee nw)
All thumbs keâece keâjves ceW yesÌ{biee Bite the dust hejeefpele/ve<š nesvee
Alma mater heÌ{eF& keâe henuee mebmLeeve Bite one's lip efkeâmeer yeele keâes yeesueves mes hejnspe
(mketâue/keâe@uespe) keâjvee, Deheveer (vekeâejelcekeâ)
Øeefleef›eâÙee keâe jeskeâvee
Armchair critic pees nkeâerkeâle mes hejs ÛeerpeeW keâe
efmehe&â mewæebeflekeâ DeeueesÛevee keâjlee Bite one's tongue Deheveer YeeJeveeDeeW keâer DeefYeJÙeefkeäle
nw jeskeâ uesvee leeefkeâ otmejs veejepe ve
neW
Armed to the teeth nefLeÙeejeW mes uewme
Blind's Devepeeve, Neligent
As daft as a brush Skeâoce cetKe&
Blink of an eye #eCe Yej ceW, legjble
As the crow files Skeâoce meerOeer jsKee ceW
Blow by blow hetCe& efJeJejCe Skeâ-Skeâ keâjkesâ
At a loss hetjer lejn confused
Blow hot and cold Deheves efJeÛeej Deeefo legjble-legjble
At a stone's throw yengle vepeoerkeâ yeouevee
At arm's length Deheves mes otj (hejnspe keâjves kesâ Blow one's own Deheveer yeÌ[eF& Kego keâjvee
GösMÙe mes) trumpet
At cross purposes efJejesOeer Blown over yeerle peevee (mecemÙee Deeefo)
At daggers drawn Me$egleehetCe& Cat and dog life PeieÌ[s mes Yeje peerJeve
At loose ends yesjespeieej SJeb yesÛewve Catch a tarter efkeâmeer ce]peyetle Me$eg mes heeuee
At random efyevee keâejCe kesâ heÌ[vee
At sixes and sevens eflelej-efyelej Catch red handed jbies neLeeW hekeâÌ[vee
At the drop of a hat legjble, efyevee osj efkeâS Child's play Deemeeve
At one's wit's end hetjer lejn confused Class act efvehegCe, iegCeeW ceW DemeeOeejCe
Back burner efpemes pÙeeoe cenlJe veneR efoÙee Clean hands efveoex<e
peeS (keâesF& cegöe Deeefo) Clean sweep mhe<š efJepeÙe
Back seat driver pees ncesMee otmejeW keâes keâece keâjves Cliff hanger jesceebÛekeâ efpemeceW heefjCeece keäÙee
keâe lejerkeâe yeleelee jnlee nes nesiee Debeflece lekeâ mhe<š ve nes
Back to back Skeâ kesâ yeeo legjble otmeje Clip one's wings efkeâmeer keâer mJeleb$elee hej DebkegâMe
Back to square one peneB mes ØeejbYe ngDee Lee JeneR ueieevee
hengBÛe peevee Cloak-and-dagger ieghle SJeb <e[dÙeb$e mes Yeje
Back to the wall cegefMkeâue heefjefmLeefle ceW Close fisted kebâpetme
Bad blood hegjeveer ogMceveer Close Shave ogIe&švee mes yeeue-yeeue yeÛevee
Be finished with efkeâmeer keâeÙe& keâes meceehle keâjvee Cloud nine Deefle Deevebefole
Be taken aback DeeMÛeÙe&Ûeefkeâle nesvee Cock and bull story Pet"er keâneveer, ceveie{ble
Bear fruit meheâue nesvee, DeÛÚe heefjCeece Come elean ieueleer Ùee DehejeOe mJeerkeâej keâj
osvee uesvee
(at) Beck and call mesJee ceW neefpej nesvee Come full circle JeneR Deble nesvee peneB mes Meg®
ngDee Lee
Bee in one's honnet efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâes cenlJehetCe&
ceevekeâj Come of age hetCe& efJekeâefmele nesvee
Behind closed doors ieghle ™he mes Come to a head (mecemÙee) Ûejce efyebog hej hengBÛevee
Between the devil and ogefJeOee ceW, oes cegmeeryeleeW kesâ yeerÛe Come to light Gpeeiej nesvee, helee Ûeuevee
83
Cook someone's goose efkeâmeer keâer Ùeespevee keâe yeyee&o keâj Donkey's years yengle uebyee meceÙe
osvee Down and out Deefle oefjõ SJeb meneÙelee keâer
Cook the books Pet"e accounts yeveevee (tax pe™jle ceW
yeÛeeves kesâ efueS Ùee ieuele lejerkesâ Down in the mouth ogKeer, Goeme, nleeslmeeefnle
mes hewmee keâceeves kesâ efueS) Down to the wire peneB Deble lekeâ efJepeslee kesâ yeejs ceW
Cool as a cucumber keâYeer ceeveefmekeâ meblegueve veneR efveCe&Ùe osvee cegefMkeâue nes
Keesves Jeeuee Ùee veejepe veneR nesves (competition ceW)
Jeeuee Down-to-earth JÙeeJeneefjkeâ SJeb ÙeLeeLe&Jeeoer
Couch potato Skeâ efveef<›eâÙe JÙeefkeäle pees
Drag one's feet efkeâmeer keâece keâer meercee leÙe keâjvee
television osKelee jnlee nw
Draw on one's fancy Deheveer meesÛe/keâuhevee keâe menevee
uesvee (efkeâmeer keâece ceW)
Crunch time efveCee&Ùekeâ #eCe Draw the line efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâer meercee leÙe keâjvee
Cryover spilt milk yeerles ngS keâece kesâ yeejs ceW JÙeLe&
Deheâmeesme keâjvee
Draw the longbow yengle pÙeeoe yeÌ{eÛeÌ{ekeâj yeleevee
Cry wolf Pet"e newJee KeÌ[e keâjvee
Drink like of the lees peerJeve keâe hetje Deevebo G"evee
Cuckoo in the nest YeerÌ[ mes Deueie
Drink like a fish yengle DeefOekeâ heervee (Mejeye)
Curry favour Ûeeheuetmeer keâjkesâ Dehevee keâece
Drive home efkeâmeer yeele/leLÙe hej peesj [euevee
efvekeâeuevee Drop like flies yeÌ[er cee$ee ceW cejvee (efkeâmeer ØeYeeJe
Curtain lecture helveer keâer [eBš mes)
Cut oneoff without a JemeerÙele mes efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle kesâ
Drop names efkeâmeer keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjves kesâ
shilling efueS kegâÚ veneR ÚesÌ[vee efueS yeÌ[s ueesieeW keâe veece uesvee
Cut no ice ØeYeeJenerve nesvee Dry run keâeÙe& keâes JeemleJe ceW keâjves kesâ
Cut short DeÛeevekeâ jeskeâ osvee Ùee ™keâ henues Gmekeâe hetje efjnme&ue
peevee Dutch courage cetKe&leehetCe& Ùee Kelejveekeâ yeneogjer
Cut the Gordian knot efkeâmeer cegefMkeâue mecemÙee keâes Eagle eyes yengle OÙeeve mes ÛeerpeeW keâes osKeves
Deemeeveer mes nue keâj osvee Jeeuee
Cut to the quick upset Ùee veejepe nes peevee Eat humble pie Deheves efkeâS kesâ efueS #ecee ceeBievee
Cutting edge ØeieefleMeerue iegCeeW mes megmeefppele Eat like a horse yengle DeefOekeâ Keevee
Damocles' sword Skeâ ncesMee keâe Deewj legjble Ieefšle Eat one's words meeJe&peefvekeâ ™he mes ieueleer
nesles ngS Øeleerle nesves Jeeue Keleje mJeerkeâej keâjvee
Dark horse Skeâ Ssmee efJepeslee efpemes keâcepeesj Elbow room heÙee&hle peien Ùee Deepeeoer nesvee
ceevee peelee nes SJeb efpemekesâ Eleventh hour Debeflece #eCe hej
peerleves keâer mebYeeJevee veneR nes End in in a fiasco Demeheâue nes peevee
Date back to efkeâmeer Ûeerpe keâes Meg®Deele nesves End in smoke efyevee keâesF& meeLe&keâ heefjCeece efoS
keâe meceÙe Demeheâue nesvee
Dead letter efve<ØeYeeJeer Enough rope Deheves FÛÚevegmeej keâece keâjves keâer
Dead right hetjer lejn mes mener mJeleb$elee (osvee)
Devil's advocate ieuele keâe he#e uesves Jeeuee Commonly Misspelled Words
Die is east efveCe&Ùe efueÙee pee Ûegkeâe nw Deewj
1. Absence 71. Foreign 141. Piece
heefjCeece YeeiÙe kesâ Yejesmes nw
Dime a dozen Skeâoce meeOeejCe 2. 72. Fourty 142. Planning
Doctor the document efkeâmeer omleeJespe ceW DeveeefOekeâej Accommodate
yeoueeJe keâjvee 3. Achieve 73. Forward 143. Pleasant
Dog days ieceea kesâ efove 4. Acquire 74. Friend 144. Political
Dog cat dog keâÌ[er ØeeflemheOee& keâe oewj efpemeceW 5. Across 75. Fundamental 145. Possess
nj keâesF& Skeâ otmejs keâe ØeefleÉbÉer
neslee nw 6. Address 76. Generally 146. Possible

84
7. Advertise 77. Government 147. Practical 43. Dermatitis 113. Miniature 183. Strength
8. Advice 78. Grammar 148. Prefer 44. Desperate 114. Minute 184. Studying
9. Among 79. Guarantee 149. Prejudice
45. Develop 115. Mysterious 185. Succeed
10. Apparent 80. Guidence 150. Presence
46. Difference 116. Naturally 186. Successful
11. Agreement 81. Happiness 151. Privilege
47. Dilemma 117. Necessary 187. Surely
12. Athlete 82. Heroes 152. Probably
13. Awful 83. Humorous 153. 48. Disappear 118. Neighbor 188. Surprise
Professional 49. Disappoint 119. Neither 189.
14. Balance 84. Identify 154. Promise Temperature
15. Basically 85. Imaginary 155. Proof 50. Discipline 120. Noticeable 190. Temporary
16. Becoming 86. Miniature 156.
51. Does 121. Occasion 191. Through
Psychology
52. During 122. Occurred 192. Toward
17. Before 87. Imitation 157. Quantity
18. Beginning 88. Incidentally 158. Quarter 53. Easily 123. Official 193. Tries
19. Believe 89. Independent 159. Quiet 54. Eight 124. Often 194. Truely
20. Benefit 90. Intelligent 160. Quit 55. Either 125. Omission 195. Twelfth
21. Breath 91. Interesting 161. Quite 56. Embarras 126. Operate 196. Until
22. Brilliant 92. Interfere 162. Realize
57.Environment 127. Optimise 197. Unusual
23. Business 93. Interpretation 163. Receive
58. Equipped 128. Original 198. Using
24. Calender 94. Interruption 164. Recognize
59. Exaggerate 129. Ought 199. Usually
25. Careful 95. Invitation 165.
Recommend 60. Excellant 130. Paid 200. Village
26. Category 96. Irrelevant 166. Reference 61. Except 131. Parallel 201. Weird
27. Ceiling 97. Irritable 167. Religious 62. Exercise 132. Particularly 202. Welcome
28. Cemetery 98. Island 168. Repetition
63. Existence 133. Peculiar 203. Wether
29. Certain 99. Jealous 169. Restaurant
64. Expect 134. Perceive 204. Weather
30. Chief 100. Judgment 170. Rhythm
31. Citizen 101. Knowledge 171. Ridiculous 65. Experience 135. Perform 205. Writing

32. Coming 102. Laboratory 172. Sacrifice 66. Experiment 136. Permanent
33. Competition 103. Length 173. Safety 67. Explanation 137. Persevere
34. 104. Lesson 174. Scissors 68. Familiar 138. Personally
Convenience
69. Fascinating 139. Persuade
35. Critique 105. Library 175. Secretary
70. Finally 140. Picture
36.Decide 106. License 176. Separate
37. Definite 107. Loncliness 177. Shinning EXERCISE
1. Which prefix can be used with the following
38. Deposit 108. Losing 178. Similar
words?
39. Derogatory 109.Lying,Laying 179. Sincerely Behave, guide, use
(a) in (b) dis
40. Descendent 110. Marriage 180. Soldier
(c) mis (d) re
41. Describe 111. Mathematics 181. Speech Ans. (c) : Fve leerveeW MeyoeW kesâ meeLe prefix mis keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
42. Desiccation 112. Medicine 182. Stopping peeÙesiee~
misbehave - yegje JÙeJenej keâjvee
85
misguide - Yeefceüle keâjvee Dele: Cantankerous keâe meceeveeLeea Meyo Quarrelsome nesiee
misuse - og™heÙeesie keâjvee Noisy - Meesjiegue Yeje
2. Which prefix can be used with the following Disrespectful - DemecceeveveerÙe
words? 7. Choose the appropriate synonym of the word
take, chief, behave written in Italics
(a) non (b) dis There can be different ways of solving the same
(c) in (d) mis problem.
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 (a) routes (b) manners
Ans : (d) Prefix mis can be used with the words take (c) methods (d) path
= mistake, chief = mischief, behave = misbehave. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the Ans : (c) The synonym of the word ways is methods.
stem of a word. Adding it to the beginning of the word 8. Choose the synonym of the following word.
changes it into another word. inundate
3. Which suffix can be used with the following (a) to flood (b) sink
words? (c) batter down (d) pass by
spoon, mouth Ans : (a) The synonym of the word Inundate is to
(a) ily (b) y flood.
(c) er (d) ful inundate–yeeÌ{ ueevee, sink–[tyevee, batter down–ceej-ceej keâj
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 leesÌ[ osvee, pass by–iegpejvee
Ans : (d) Suffix 'ful' can be used with the following 9. Choose the word similar in meaning
words spoon = spoonful, mouth = mouthful. Industrious
A suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a (a) Successful (b) Sensible
word. (c) Punctual (d) Diligent
4. Which one of the following words can be made Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Industrious keâe DeLe& ßeceMeerue,
plural by adding a suffix 'en'? cesnveleer, keâce&" neslee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuheeW ceW efJekeâuhe (d) ceW
(a) Box (b) Tax efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Diligent kesâ Éeje Fmekeâe GheÙegòeâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo
(c) Max (d) Ox Øeoeve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efpemekeâe DeLe& Yeer cesnveleer neslee nw~ DevÙe
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 efJekeâuheeW keâe DeLe&–
Ans. (d) : Suffix means letters which use after words Successful–meheâue, Sensible–yegefæceeve, Punctual–meceÙe keâe
prefix means letters which use words before. heeyevo, ieuele efJekeâuhe nQ~
Ox + en = Oxen 10. Choose the appropriate synonym of word.
Opulent
Box + es = Boxes
(a) Greedy (b) Hungry
Tax + es = Taxes (c) Heavy (d) Wealthy
Max + es = Maxes Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Opulent keâe DeLe& ØeÛegj OeveJeeve,
5. Pick out the correct synonym of the following DelÙeefOekeâ Oeveer neslee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes MeyoeW ceW efJekeâuhe (d) ceW
word: efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Wealthy kesâ Éeje Fmekeâe GheÙegòeâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Meyo
Attenuate efoÙee ieÙee nw efpemekeâe DeLe& Yeer Oeveer neslee nw~ DevÙe efJekeâuheeW kesâ
(a) Repent (b) Force DeLe&–
(c) Divide (d) Make thin Greedy–ueeueÛeer, Hungry–YetKee, Heavy–Yeejer, ieuele
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 efJekeâuhe nQ~
Ans. (d) : Attenuate - efkeâmeer keâes nukeâe Ùee keâcepeesj yeveevee 11. Select the appropriate synonym of word
Make thin - heleuee yeveevee~ Dele: Attenuate keâe synonym TRUNCATE.
make thin nesiee~ Repent - heÚleevee~ (a) Cancel (b) Act cruelly
(c) Cut off (d) End swiftly
6. Pick out the correct synonym of the word
Ans : (c) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Truncate keâe DeLe& Deueie-Leueie keâj
‘cantankerous’.
(a) Rash (b) Quarrelsome os vee Ùee keâeš keâj Deueie keâj osvee neslee nw~ Fme Meyo keâe GheÙegòeâ
(c) Noisy (d) Disrespectful heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuheeW ceW mes efJekeâuhe (c) ceW efoÙes ieÙes
Phrasal verb Cut off kesâ Éeje Øekeâš efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes
Ans. (b) : Cantankerous - PeieÌ[euet
DevÙe efJekeâuhe–
Quarrelsome - PeieÌ[euet

86
 Cancel–efvejmle, Act cruelly–efveo&Ùelee mes hesMe Deevee, End (c) Congratulate (d) Clarify
swiftly–MeerIeÇlee mes Devle keâjvee Ans : (a) ‘Cajole’ means to urge or coax. Hence
option (a) is correct.
12. 'Quarried' means
(a) extract 19. In the given two sentences, select from the
answer choice the word which has the same
(b) measure of capacity
meaning and can be used in the same context as
(c) used in glass windows the underlined part of both the sentences?
(d) floor tile A. The organization was established at the
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 beginning of this century.
Ans: (a) 'Quarry' means to extract materials such as B. The little girl could not twist the cap of the
stone, state, etc, from an open pit. bottles.
13. Choose the synonym for the following word. (a) Crack (b) Break
Consequence (c) Loosen (d) Turn
(a) Proof (b) Conclusion Ans : (b) The word ‘break’ can be used in place of
(c) End (d) Result ‘beginning’ in the first sentence and ‘twist’ in the
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 second sentence. Hence option (b) is correct.
20. Pick out the incorrectly spelt word
Ans: (d) Consequence means the result or outcome of
(a) Microscope (b) Opaque
something. Hence option (d) is correct.
(c) Mosaice (d) Monarchy
14. Choose the synonym of the given word.
Ans : (c) ‘Mosaice’ is incorrect. Correct word is
Deceptive ‘mosaic’ or a pattern. Hence option (c) is correct.
(a) Opaque (b) Honest
21. Choose the option that is nearly the same in
(c) Transparent (d) Misleading meaning
Ans: (d) The synonym of ‘Deceptive’ will be Ancient
‘Misleading’. Hence option (d) is correct. (a) new (b) mint
deceptive–Yeüecekeâ, keâhešhetCe&, opaque–DeheejoMeea, honest– (c) aged (d) sage
F&ceeveoej, Transparent–heejoMeea, Misleading–Yeüecekeâ UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
15. Choose the correct synonym of the word ‘Exile’ Ans : (c) The option nearly the same in meaning to
(a) Exit (b) Banishment aged is Ancient, which means belonging to the very
(c) Camp (d) Picnic distant past and no longer in existence.
Ans: (b) ‘Exile’ means to banish someone out of a 22. Choose the option that is nearly the same in
place. Hence option (b) Banishment would be correct. meaning
16. Choose the Synonym for the following word Plenty
(a) lot (b) scarce
Derogatory
(c) gift (d) bonus
(a) Resolution (b) Solace UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
(c) Humiliating (d) Forlorn Ans : (a) The option nearly the same in meaning to lot
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 is Plenty, which means a large or sufficient amount or
Ans : (c) Synonym of the word Derogatory is quantity more than enough.
Humiliating. 23. Which is not synonym of the given word?
Derogatory–Deheceevepevekeâ, Resolution–Fjeoe, mebkeâuhe, quarrel
(a) argument (b) bickering
Solace–meeblJevee, Humiliating–Deheceeve keâjvee, Forlorn– (c) discord (d) quarry
ueeÛeej, #eerCe UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
17. Choose the correct Synonym for the word given Ans : (d) 'Quarry' is not the synonym of the given
below. word quarrel. Quarrel means an angry argument or
Treason disagreement whereas, quarry means a place, typically
(a) Disloyalty (b) Passion a large, deep pit, from which stone or other materials
(c) Miserable (d) Disappear are or have been extracted.
Ans : (a) Treason is treachery or disloyally. Hence Direction : Choose the synonym of the following
option (a) is correct. words (Q. 24-27):
24. Elegant
18. Synonym of the word
(a) Grateful (b) Slothful
Cajole
(c) Graceful (d) Thankful
(a) Coax (b) Evince
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 Ans : (c) Elegant means graceful. Hence option (c) is 33. The word 'courteous' is similar in meaning to
correct. (a) related to a court (b) impolite
25. Amazing (c) polite (d) kind
(a) Frightening (b) Very surprising Ans : (c) The word 'courteous' is similar in meaning
(c) Amusing (d) Attractive to 'polite'. Courteous means polite, respectful or
Ans : (b) Amazing means surprising. Hence option considerate in manner.
(b) is correct. 34. Which word has a meaning similar to
26. Irksome 'significant'?
(a) annoying (b) soothing (a) prominent (b) magnificent
(c) pleasing (d) facile (c) efficient (d) important
Ans : (a) Irksome means annoying. Hence option (a) Ans : (d) Meaning similar to 'significant' is important.
is correct.
Significant means sufficiently great or important to be
27. 'Irrevocable' means worthy of attention : noteworthy.
(a) which can be altered (b) reversible
35. The word ‘advocate’ is similar in meaning to
(c) irreversible (d) irrecoverable
(a) adviser (b) scholar
Ans : (c) Irrevocable means irreversible or impossible
to change. (c) supporter (d) lawyer
28. Choose the correct synonym of the word Ans : (d) ‘advocate’ is a lawyer. Hence option (d) is
'Ridiculous'. correct.
(a) Love (b) Affection 36. Which one of the following words is similar in
(c) Absurd (d) Jealous meaning to the word ‘precise’?
Ans : (c) Correct synonym of 'Ridiculous' is Absurd. (a) brief (b) exact
Ridiculous means stupid or unreasonable and (c) precious (d) expensive
deserving to be laughed at. Ans : (b) ‘precise’ means exact. Hence option (b) is
29. Choose the word similar in meaning to the correct.
word ‘Generous’
(a) Dismal (b) Immense 37. Find the word nearest in meaning to 'Remorse'.
(c) Timid (d) Benevolent (a) Obdurate (b) Hard
Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Generous keâe DeLe& Goej, oÙeeJeeve (c) Penitent (d) None of these
neslee nw~ Fme Meyo keâe GefÛele heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer Benevolent neslee nw~ Ans : (c) The nearest meaning to 'Remorse' is
DevÙe efJekeâuhe Dismal – DeeMee mes keâce, Immense – Deheej, 'Penitent' which means one who repents.
Timid – [jheeskeâ Fmekesâ GheÙegòeâ heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer veneR nw~ 38.
Choose the option that conveys almost the same
meaning as the underlined word in the given
30. The synonyms of 'Barbarians' is
sentence.
(a) Wild (b) Clever
A series of unsolved murders on the island has
(c) Bold (d) Damage raised fears that a psychopathic serial killer is
Ans : (a) The synonyms of 'Barbarians' is Wild. A on the loose.
Barbarians is a human who is perceived to be either (a) mentally ill and dangerous
uncivilized or primitive. (b) anxious and worried
31. Choose the synonym of the word Malady from (c) frightening
the alternative given below (d) maniac
(a) disease (b) melody Ans : (a) Psychopathic means someone who is
(c) joy (d) comedy mentally unstable
Ans: (a) The word ‘malady’ means disease. Hence 39. As we got older we just grew apart.
option (a) is correct. The underlined word in the sentence mean
32. The meaning of 'steep' is (a) natured
(b) developed a strong bond
(a) steps of the staircase
(c) stayed at a distance
(b) church tower or spire
(d) stopped having a close relationship
(c) a position on a scale
Ans : (d) Grew apart means become distant in
(d) rising or falling sharply relationship. Hence option (d).
Ans : (b) The meaning of 'steep' is church tower or 40. The synonym of 'significant' is
spire. (a) prominent
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 (b) magnificent Particularly
(c) efficient (a) Elaborately (b) Generally
(d) important (c) Entirely (d) Comprehensively
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
Ans. (d) : Correct synonym Ans : (b) Opposite of Particularly is 'Generally'.
Significant – cenlJe – Important Particularly means especially.
Prominent – efJeefMe<š, megmhe<š Generally means considering the whole of
someone or something.
Efficient – kegâMeue, me#ece
47. Choose the word opposite in meaning to the
Magnificient – YeJÙe, Meeveoej given word.
41. Which of the following 'laugh'? 'Atheist'
(a) Goats (b) Hyenas (a) Rationalist (b) Theologist
(c) Believer (d) Ritualist
(c) Lions (d) Deer
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Atheist keâe DeLe& ‘veeefmlekeâ’ DeLeJee
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
F&Õej ceW efJeÕeeme ve jKeves Jeeuee neslee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuheeW
Ans : (b) Hyenas laugh. ceW Fme JeekeäÙe keâe GheÙegòeâ efJeueesce efJekeâuhe (b) Theologist nesiee
42. Find out the appropriate meaning of the given efpemekeâe DeLe& ‘F&Õej keâer Gheemevee keâjves Jeeuee’ neslee nw pees Fmekeâe
work GheÙegòeâ efJeueesce nw~ efoÙes ieÙes DevÙe efJekeâuhe–
Inimitable Rationalist–efJeJeskeâMeerue, Believer–efJeÕeeme keâjves Jeeuee,
(a) Incapable of being reached Ritualist–mebmkeâejeW Jeeuee, ieuele efJekeâuhe nQ~
(b) Incapable of being believed
48. Choose the opposite of the word.
(c) Incapable of being imitated
Masticate
(d) A list of goods
(a) Conceal (b) Chew
Ans : (c) The appropriate meaning of the given word (c) Review (d) Gobble
Inimitable is Incapable of being imitated.
Ans : (d) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Masticate keâe DeLe& Ûeyee-Ûeyee keâj
43. Dyslexia is associated mainly with difficulties in
Keevee neslee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuheeW ceW Fmekeâe GheÙegòeâ efJeueesce
(a) reading (b) speaking Meyo efJekeâuhe (d) Gobble kesâ Éeje efoÙee ieÙee nw efpemekeâe DeLe&
(c) listening (d) writing ‘efveieuevee’ neslee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes DevÙe efJekeâuheeW kesâ DeLe&–
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016 Conceal–efÚheevee, Chew–Ûeyeevee, Review–hegve&efJeÛeej,
Ans : (a) Dyslexia: Dyslexia is a specific learning ieuele efJekeâuhe nQ~
disability in reading. Hence option (a). 49. Select the antonym of underlined word. This
frivolous remarks provoked no comments.
44. Select the antonym for the word ‘adverse’. (a) serious (b) frantic
(a) Hostile (b) Friendly (c) momentous (d) fanciful
(c) Inimical (d) Unwilling
Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe& Deehekeâe Ùen yesJeòeâ yeesuee ieÙee
Ans. (b) : Adverse –efJehejerle, neefvekeâejkeâ, Me$egJele cetKe&leehetCe& JeekeäÙe efkeâmeer efšhheCeer keâes hewoe veneR keâjlee~ Frivolous
Friendly - efce$eJele keâe DeLe& yesJeòeâ hej yeesuee ieÙee cetKe&leehetCe& JeekeäÙe neslee nw Fmekeâe
Dele: Adverse keâe antonym friendly nesiee GheÙegòeâ efJeueesce Meyo efJekeâuhe (a) ceW efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Serious kesâ
Hostile - Me$egJele Éeje JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ DevÙe efJekeâuheeW kesâ DeLe&–
Inimical - neefvekeâejkeâ frantic–cetKe&leehetCe& mebJeeo, momentous–DeeJeMÙekeâ,
unwilling - DeefveÛÚgkeâ cenlJehetCe&, fanciful–ceewpeer Deewj keâeuheefvekeâ ieuele efJekeâuhe nQ~
45. Choose the word opposite in the meaning to the 50. Select the appropriate alternative which best
given word : expresses the meaning of the following phrase.
‘FRAILTY’ To beat the air
(a) Emancipation (b) Strength (a) To make frantic effort
(c) Health (d) Boldness
(b) To make effort that are useless or vain
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016
(c) To act foolishly
Ans : (b) Correct opposite of the word – ‘Frailty’ is (d) To make every possible effort
‘strength’ which means the quality or state of being
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes cegneJejs To beat the air keâe Meeefyokeâ DeLe&
physically strong. Hence option (b)
46. Choose the opposite of following word.
nJee ceW uee"er Yeebpevee DeLee&led keâesF& Ssmee keâeÙe& keâjvee pees yeskeâej nes

89
 Ùee DeveGlheeokeâ nes~ Ùen DeLe& efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW efJekeâuhe (b) ceW Ans : (b) The word which is opposite in meaning to
mhe° efoÙee ieÙee nw To make effort that are useless or 'assistance' is resistance. Assistance means help.
vain. DevÙe efJekeâuhe ieuele DeLe& Øeoeve keâjles nQ~ Resistance means the act of fighting against
something that is attacking you, or refusing to accept
51. Choose the antonym of the given word. something.
Brutal 57. Choose the word opposite in meaning to the
(a) Gentle (b) Inhuman given word
(c) Cruel (d) Barbarous Culpable
Ans: (a) The antonym of ‘brutal’ (which means cruel (a) Defendable (b) Careless
or barbarous) will be ‘gentle’. Hence option (a) is (c) Irresponsible (d) Blameless
correct. Ans : (d) Culpable means deserving blame so, its
52. Select the most appropriate meaning of the opposite would be blameless. Hence option (d) is
given idiom correct.
A bird of passage 58. Choose the word opposite in meaning to the
(a) A person of great importance given word
(b) An evil person Arrogant
(c) A person who travels widely (a) Humble (b) Cowardly
(d) A weak person (c) Egoistic (d) Gentlemanly
Ans: (c) A bird of passage means a person who Ans : (d) Arrogant is one who is unreasonably proud.
Its opposite would be gentlemanly or one who befits
travels widely. Hence option (c) is correct.
good nature. Hence option (d) is correct.
53. Choose the correct meaning of the following
59. Write the opposite of italic word–
phrase
This window-pane is transparent.
Beck and call
(a) solid (b) opaque
(a) Came to nothing
(c) translucent (d) fragile
(b) Under absolute control
(c) Under all conditions Ans : (b) The opposite of Transparent is opaque,
transparent is object through which you can see clearly.
(d) To rebuke
Opaque means preventing light from travelling
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 through and therefore not transparent.
Ans : (b) The correct meaning of the phrase 'Beck and 60. Write the opposite of italic word–
call' is under absolute control. His attitude is very hostile.
54. Choose the correct Antonyms for the following (a) kind (b) friendly
word (c) humane (d) helpful
Expedite Ans : (b) Opposite of hostile is friendly.
(a) Hostile (b) Reluctant kind–oÙeeueg, humane–ceeveJeleeJeeoer, friendly–efce$eJeled
(c) Delay (d) Rigid
61. Choose the word opposite in meaning to the
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 given word
Ans : (c) Expedite means to hasten, so Antonyms is FACT
delay. (a) False (b) Real
Hostile–Me$eg keâe efJejesOeer, Reluctant–DeefveÛÚgkeâ, Rigid–keâ"esj (c) Fiction (d) imaginary
Ùee keâÌ[e~ Ans : (c) ef o Ùes ieÙes Meyo fact keâe DeLe& meÛÛeeF& neslee nw~ Fmekeâe
efJeueesceeLeea Meyo fiction nesiee efpemekeâe DeLe& keâeuheefvekeâ neslee nw~
55. Choose the correct Antonym for the word given
below DevÙe efJekeâuhe false – Pet", real – JeemleefJekeâ, imaginary -
Debtor keâeuheefvekeâ
(a) Reluctant (b) Rigid 62. Choose the word opposite in meaning to the
(c) Static (d) Creditor given word
PRUDENT
Ans : (d) A ‘debtor’ is one who owes money to a
(a) Silly (b) Unwise
creditor. So the antonym would be ‘creditor’. Hence
(c) Idiot (d) Poor
option (d) is correct.
Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes Meyo Prudent keâe DeLe& yegefæceeve Ùee kegâMee«e
56. The word which is opposite in meaning to
'assistance' is yeg efæ keâe neslee nw~ Fme Meyo keâe GheÙegòeâ efJeueesce unwise kesâ Éeje
(a) fragrance (b) resistance Øekeâš efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efpemekeâe DeLe& yegefænerve neslee nw~ DevÙe efJekeâuhe
(c) persistence (d) existence Silly–cetKe&, Idiot–cetKe&, Poor – iejerye ieuele DeLe& Øeoeve keâjles nQ~

90
63. Which of the following is best antonym for creative–jÛeveelcekeâ, destructive–efJeOJebmeelcekeâ
‘ambiguous’? 70. Find the word opposite in meaning to 'Insipid'.
(a) clear (b) vague (a) Implantable (b) Bland
(c) obnoxious (d) sinister (c) Tame (d) Savory
Ans: (a) Only ‘clear’ is an antonym for ‘ambiguous’ Ans : (d) The word opposite in meaning to 'Insipid' is
from the given options. Hence option (a). 'Savory' which carry's the sense of taste, flavor, smell
64. ..................is the opposite of 'request'. or suspicion.
(a) Ask (b) Scold 71. Choose the word the meaning of which is
(c) Order (d) Speak opposite to 'refulgent'
Ans : (c) Order is the opposite of 'request'. Request (a) Effortless (b) Dim
means an act of asking politely or formally for (c) Noisy (d) Snoring
something. Ans : (b) 'refulgent' means radiant, so, its opposite
Ask–hetÚvee, Scold–[eBšvee, Speak–keânvee Ùee yeesuevee would be 'dim'. Hence option (b) is correct.
Order – An authoritative command or instruction. 72. Which of the following option can be the
65. The opposite of the word ‘dull’ is ………. antonym of 'assiduous'?
(a) clever (b) coloured (a) Discouraged (b) Frank
(c) Careless (d) Courteous
(c) bright (d) youthful
Ans : (c) Antonym of 'assiduous' are lazy, neglect,
Ans : (c) Opposite of ‘dull’ is ‘bright’. Hence option
negligent, careless.
(c) is correct.
73. The antonym of 'innocent' is
66. The opposite of the word 'optimistic' is
(a) clever (b) ignorant
(a) pessimistic (b) hopeful (c) active (d) guilty
(c) ideal (d) dull UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Ans : (a) The opposite of the word 'optimistic' is Ans. (d) : Correct Antonym of innocent is guilty
pessimistic. Innocent – yeskeâmetj
pessimistic–efvejeMeeJeeoer, hopeful–DeeMeeJeeoer, ideal–
Guilty – DehejeOeer
DeeoMe&Jeeoer, dull–veerjme Clever – Ûeeueekeâ
67. Didactic poetry means : Active – meef›eâÙe
(a) poetry which inspires Ignorant – De%eeveer, DeveefYe%e
(b) poetry which pleases 74. How many words are wrongly spelt in the
(c) poetry which teaches sentence below?
(d) poetry which informs The nurse wraped a bandege round his head.
(a) 1 (b) 2
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016 (c) 3 (d) None
Ans : (c) Didactic poetry : Didactic poetry refers to Ans : (b) The wrongly spelt words are two–
poems than contain a clear, moral or message or wraped → wrapped
purpose to convey to its reader, means poetry which bandege → bandage.
Hence option (b) is correct.
teaches. Hence option (c).
75. Choose the word opposite in meaning to the
68. The opposite of the word ‘familiar’ is given word
(a) related to a family (b) personal drought
(c) strange (d) unfriendly (a) flood (b) dryness
Ans : (c) Antonym of ‘familiar’ is ‘strange’. Hence (c) brought (d) river
option (c) is correct. Ans : (a) The word opposite in meaning to the given
familiar–heefjefÛele, strange–Depeveyeer word 'drought' is 'flood'. Drought means a period of
time when there is little or no rain.
69. The word ‘creative’ is opposite meaning to 76. Choose the word opposite in meaning to the
(a) destructive (b) positive given word
(c) artistic (d) pessimistic ability
Ans : (a) Opposite of ‘creative’ is ‘destructive’. (a) feasibility (b) unability
Hence option (a) is correct. (c) disability (d) inability
Ans : (d) The opposite of 'ability' is inability.
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77. Give one word for ‘one who hates mankind’. Ans : (b) The act of killing one's wife option (b)
(a) Nazist (b) Fascist Uxoricide is correct.
(c) Misanthrope (d) Sadist 83. Give one word substitution for the following:
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 A hater of women.
Ans. (c) : one who hates mankind Jen pees ceeveJe peeefle mes (a) Misanthrope (b) Misogynist
Ie=Cee keâjlee nes~ Ssmes JÙeefòeâ keâes Misanthrope keânles nw~ (c) Mercenary (d) Philanthropist
78. The study of population is known as Ans : (b) A hater of women is called– Misogynist.
(a) Ecology (b) Astronomy Hence option (b) is correct.
(c) Demography (d) Genealogy 84. Write one word for the following group of
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 words.
Ans. (c) : The study of population is known as pevemebKÙee Which cannot be read?
kesâ DeOÙeÙeve keâes keânles nw, Fme JeekeäÙe keâes Skeâ Meyo ceW (a) Incorrigible (b) Illegible
Demography kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ (c) Eligible (d) Illiterate
Ecology - heeefjefmLeeflekeâer UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
Astronomy - Devleefj#e MeeŒe Ans : (b) Which cannot be read is illegible.
Genealogy - efkeâmeer heefjJeej kesâ hetJe&peeW kesâ Fefleneme keâe DeOÙeÙeve~ 85. Give one word substitution for the following.
One hundred years
79. Bees are kept in (a) decade (b) century
(a) a pantry (b) a nursery (c) score (d) annual
(c) an apiary (d) an aquarium
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
Ans. (c) : ceOegceefkeäKeÙees kesâ jKeves kesâ mLeeve keâes nce apiary keânles
Ans : (b) One hundred years is a century.
nw~ Dele: efJekeâuhe (c) an apiary mener nw~
86. A person who regards the whole world as his
a pantry- peneb Keevee Ùee yele&ve jKes peeles nw~ country is called
a nursery- peneb Úesšs yeÛÛes Ùee heewOes jKes peeles nw~ (a) patriot (b) nationalist
an aquarium - peneb mepeeJeš kesâ efueÙes ceÚefueÙeeb jKeer peeleer nw~ (c) cosmopolitan (d) metropolitan
80. Give one-word substitution for the following: UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014
The scientific study of insects Ans: (c) Cosmopolitan is a person who is free from
(a) Criminology (b) Entomology local or national prejudices and feels a sense of
(c) Mycology (d) Meteorology belongingness wherever he might go.
Ans. (b) : The scientific study of insects keâerÌ[s-cekeâesÌ[s keâe 87. Give one word for the given definition.
Jew%eeefvekeâ DeOÙeÙeve~ Fme JeekeäÙe keâes Skeâ Meyo ceW Entomology kesâ One who writes stories and news for a
Éeje JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ newspaper.
Criminology - DehejeOe efJe%eeve (a) Draughtsman (b) Herbalist
(c) Copywriter (d) Correspondent
Mycology - keâJekeâ efJe%eeve
Ans: (d) A correspondent job is to write stories and
Meteorology - Debleefj#e efJe%eeve
news for a newspaper or agency. Hence option (d) is
81. Point out the meaning of the following proverb: correct.
Every cloud has a silver lining. 88. Give one-word substitution to the following Life
(a) Clouds are never without a silver lining. history of a man written by himself is called
(b) There is a positive side to every unpleasant (a) Bibliography (b) Calligraphy
situation. (c) Biography (d) Autobiography
(c) There is no hope in an unpleasant situation. UPTET (I-V) June 2013
(d) Clouds always have white lines in them.
Ans : (d) Autobiography is a life history written by
Ans : (b) Correct explanation of the proverb– Every oneself.
cloud has a silver lining is given in option (b). There
89. Find out the appropriate meaning of the given
is a positive side to every unpleasant situation.
word
82. Point out the word which can be substituted for Etymology
the given sentence: (a) Act of spying
The act of killing one's wife. (b) To free from blame
(a) Genocide (b) Uxoricide (c) Likeness of a person
(c) Canicide (d) Avicide (d) A study of the origin of works
UPTET (I-V) June 2013
92
 Ans : (d) Etymology is a kind of study which deals (a) an essay (b) a poem
the origin of words. (c) a paragraph (d) a statement
90. Choose one word for the following expression Ans : (c) A paragraph deals with a particular point or
'A lover of mankind' idea. Hence option (c) is correct.
(a) Theist (b) Veteran 98. One who specialises in the study of birds is
(c) Philanthropist (d) Omnipotent called
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 (a) ornithologist (b) psychologist
Ans : (c) Philanthropist – A Lover of mankind. (c) toxicologist (d) ethnologist
Directions (Q. Nos. 91 and 92) Find out the word Ans : (a) ef oÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙ e keâe DeLe& - ‘Ssmee JÙeefòeâ pees heef#eÙeeW kesâ
that conveys the given meanings. JÙeJenej keâe DeOÙeÙeve keâjlee nw~ Gmes ornithologist keânles nQ~ DevÙe
91. To make more rapid in speed efJekeâuhe psychologist – ceveesJew%eeefvekeâ, toxicologist – penj keâe
(a) Speedier (b) Accelerate
DeOÙeÙeve keâjves Jeeuee leLee ethnologist – peerJe leLee heewOeeW kesâ
(c) Affianced (d) Abdicate
mecyevOe keâe DeOÙeÙeve keâjves Jeeuee ieuele Gòej Øeoeve keâjles nQ~
Ans : (b) Accelerate means to speed up. Hence option
(b) is correct. 99. Give one word for the following group of words
92. Mental weariness from lack of interest. selecting from the given alternatives
(a) Exile (b) Ennui One who knows everything
(c) Enunciate (d) Expiate (a) Omnific (b) Omnipotent
Ans : (b) Ennui means boredom or mental weariness. (c) Omniscient (d) Omnipresent
Hence option (b) is correct. Ans : (c) One who knows everything is 'Omniscient'.
93. What are words that spell the same backwards 100. Used for keeping light meal is called
called? (a) light box (b) wooden box
(a) Anagram (b) Abbreviation (c) tiffin box (d) tool box
(c) Crossword (d) Palindrome
Ans : (c) Used for keeping light meal is called tiffin
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
box.
Ans : (d) The words that spell the same backwards are
called Palindrome. 101. Persons working together in an office are called
Palindrome : A palindrome is a word, phrase, (a) friends (b) companions
number or other sequence of character which reads the (c) colleagues (d) All of these
same back word as for word such as– Madam, racecar Ans : (c) Persons working together in an office are
etc. called colleagues.
94. The word pair-discrete and discreet–are called 102. Choose the correct alternative that can be
(a) homonym (b) homophone susbstituted for the given group of words.
(c) synonym (d) antonym Bringing about gentle and painless death from
Ans : (a) The pair is a homonym – similarly spelt but incurable disease.
with a different meaning. Hence option (a) is correct. (a) Euphoria (b) Amnesia
Discrete– different, separate. (c) Panacea (d) Euthanasia
Discreet– tactful. Ans: (d) Euthanasia is mercy-killing or ending life to
95. A word with same spelling and same relieve from suffering and pain. Hence option (d).
pronunciation as another, but with a different 103. Choose from the alternatives given below the
meaning is a/an appropriate one word substitute for a mass of
(a) homonym (b) homophone cells growing in or on a part of the body where
(c) antonym (d) synonym they should not, usually causing medical
Ans : (a) Option (a) i.e. homonym. problems.
96. A shorter form of a group of words, which (a) Graft (b) Ulcer
usually in an auxiliary verb, is (c) Haemorrhage (d) Tumor
(a) connotation (b) connector Ans: (d) A mass of cells growing in or on a part of the
(c) contraction (d) conjunction body is – tumor. Hence option (d) is correct.
Ans : (c) A shorter form of a group of words, which 104. One who sacrifices for any good cause is a …..
usually occurs in an auxiliary verb, is contraction. (a) mascot (b) soldier
(c) martyr (d) leader
97. A self-contained unit of a discourse in writing
dealing with a particular point or idea is
93
 Ans: (c) A martyr gives his life for a good cause. (a) from (b) since (c) for (d) do
Hence option (c) is correct. Ans : (b) I have not slept since yesterday.Yesterday
105. One who feels at home in every country is called represent point of time Hence option (b) is correct.
………
(a) metropolitan (b) citizen 114. Which set of words is arranged in the correct
(c) denizen (d) cosmopolitan alphabetical order?
Ans : (d) One who feels at home in every country is Abish Asho
called – cosmopolitan. Hence option (d) is correct. k
106. Study of meaning in a language is known as
Adity Adity
(a) syntax (b) semantics
(c) morphology (d) linguistics a a
Ans : (b) Study of meaning in a language is known as ( Alisha ( Alish
semantics. Hence option (b) is correct. a) b) a
107. A figure with more than four angles or sides is Anita Abish
called
(a) Polygon (b) Octagon Ashok Anita
(c) Parallelogram (d) Pentagon
Ans : (a) A polygon has more than four angles of Adity Abish
sides. Hence option (a) is correct. a
108. A judge must always 'be perfectly and in every Alisha Alish
way' fair. a
(a) Scrupulously (b) Temperamentally
(c) Characteristically (d) Arbitrarily ( Anita ( Adity
Ans (a) : A judge must always be scrupulously fair. c) d) a
Hence option (a) is correct. Abish Anita
109. Present day Indian urban society is labeled
Ashok Asho
'wanting to gain things for itself'.
(a) Excessive (b) Successive k
(c) Acquisitive (d) Lucrative Ans : (a) 'a' set of orders is arranged in the correct
Ans : (c) Present day Indian urban society is labelled alphabetical order i.e.
acquisitive. Hence option (c) is correct.
Abish Aditya Alisha Anita
110. .......... is an overall economic condition of falling
Ashok.
commodity and asset prices.
(a) Deflation (b) Inflation 115. Which word goes together with 'swimming' to
(c) Exhaustion (d) Boom form a new word?
Ans : (b) Rise in prices of commodities is called (a) Suite (b) Cloth
inflation. Hence inflation is the most appropriate
(c) Robe (d) Pool
option.
111. Which of the following is a lexical word? Ans : (d) Word 'Pool' goes together with 'Swimming'
(a) Principal (b) If to form a new word. New word –Swimming Pool.
(c) Some (d) Whether 116. ….beat = positive and enthusiastic.
Ans : (a) Lexical keâe DeLe& Meyo keâesMe kesâ Meyo neslee nw~ efoÙes (a) Up (b) Out
ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuheeW ceW mes efJekeâuhe (a) ceW efoÙee ieÙee Meyo ner (c) Down (d) Over
Lexical word nw~ DevÙe Meyo if leLee whether mevosn leLee Mele&
Ans : (a) Upbeat means optimistic or positive and
keâes Øekeâš keâjles nQ leLee some Skeâ Pronoun nw Meyo veneR~
enthusiastic. Hence option (a) is correct.
112. Verb of Alternation
117. Which is lexical word?
(a) Alternative (b) Alteration
(a) love (b) is
(c) Alternate (d) Altermatively
(c) the (d) might
Ans : (c) ‘Alternate’ is the verb form of the noun
‘Alternation’. Hence option (c) is correct. Ans : (a) A lexical item is a single word that forms the
basic elements of a language's vocabulary.
113. I have not slept .............. yesterday.
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118. The process of word formation consists of (a) pray to him (b) help themselves
(a) compounding and affixes (c) turn to him (d) worship him
(b) opposites and meaning UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
Ans : (b) The correct proverb is God help those who
(c) verbs and nouns
help themselves.
(d) using synonyms or euphemisms
124. Complete the following proverb.
Ans : (a) Compounding forms a word out of two or The pen is mightier ........ .
more root morphemes. Hence option (a) is correct. (a) than the King (b) than the artist
119. Phonetic is the Science of (c) than the actor (d) than the sword
(a) sounds (b) reading Ans : (d) efoÙee ieÙee DeOetje JeekeäÙe Deb«espeer keâe Skeâ cegneJeje nw
(c) pronunciation (d) writing efpemekeâe DeLe& nw efkeâ hesve pÙeeoe MeefòeâMeeueer nefLeÙeej nw leueJeej keâer
Ans: (a) Phonetic is the study of the sounds made by leguevee ceW~ Fmes Deb«espeer ceW Fme Øekeâej efoÙee ieÙee nw The pen is
human voice in speech.
mightier than the sword. pees efkeâ efJekeâuhe (d) ceW mhe° efoÙee
120. Fill in the blank with correct word to complete ieÙee nw~
the proverb:
125. Choose the correct meaning of the following
Blood is………than water. phrase.
(a) thinner (b) thicker Foot the bill
(c) purer (d) precious (a) To tear the bill (b) To kick the bill
(c) To pay (d) To throw the bill
Ans. (b) : Blood is thicker than water. Ketve heeveer mes DeefOekeâ
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014
ieeÌ{e neslee nw~ Ans: (c) 'Foot the bill' is an idiom which means 'to
121. Which of the following is a correct expression? pay for something'.
(a) As cheerful as a lark 126. As unstable as...............
(a) water (b) mule
(b) As busy as a bat
(c) mercury (d) air
(c) As cunning as a dog
UPTET (I-V) June 2013
(d) As happy as a donkey
Ans : (a) As unstable as water.
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 127. He is slow .............. he is sure.
Ans. (a) : efoÙes ieÙes ÛeejeW efJekeâuheeW ceW mes kesâJeue efJekeâuhe (a) As (a) nor (b) also (c) and (d) but
cheerful as a lark mener nw~ Ùen Skeâ Simile figure of Ans : (d) He is slow but he is sure.
Speech keâe GoenjCe nw efpemekeâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘DelÙeefOekeâ KegMe’’~ 128. The prisoner.............. from his guards.
(a) broke off (b) broke into
122. Give the meaning of the following proverb:
(c) broke down (d) broke away
A bird in hand is worth two in a bush Ans : (d) 'Break away' is a phrasal verb which means–
(a) To catch two birds with your hands to end a connection with something. Hence option (d)
(b) To be dissatisfied with what you have is correct. Correct sentence is–
The prisoner broke away from his guards.
(c) It is better to be satisfied with what you have
than to try to get what is not yours 129. He.............. most of his money to charity.
(a) gave up (b) gave in
(d) To trap birds in bushes
(c) gave away (d) gave back
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017
Ans : (c) 'Give away' is a phrasal verb which means–
Ans. (c) : A bird in hand is worth two in a bush. veew veieo to give something as a gift. Hence option (c) is
correct.
ve lesjn GOeej~ Fme cegneJejs kesâ DeLe& keâes efJekeâuhe (c) kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ
Correct sentence – He gave away most of his
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ money to charity.
123. Choose the correct phrase to complete the 130. Now he ........... his father's business.
proverb. (a) looks into (b) looks after
God helps those who.......... (c) looks out (d) looks back

95
 Ans : (b) 'Look after' is a phrasal verb which means– Ans : (b) ‘take off’ means ‘to remove’. Hence option
to take care of someone or something. Hence option (b) is correct.
(b) is correct.
Correct sentence– Now he looks after his father's 137. We decided to put off our visit to Kashmir till
business. October.
131. The fire ………….. a dense smoke. ‘Put off’ in the above sentence means
(a) gave off (b) gave away (a) arrange (b) plan
(c) gave out (d) gave up (c) reject (d) postpone
Ans: (a) ‘gave off’ will follow ‘fire’ in the sentence.
Hence option (a) is correct. Ans : (d) ‘Put off’ here means ‘postpone’. Hence
option (d) is correct.
132. Since the principal was on leave, the meeting
had been ………. 138. There isn’t enough money, so we must cut down
(a) put off (b) put up expenses.
(c) put down (d) put in
‘Cut down’ in the above sentence means
Ans : (a) ‘put off’ indicates cancellation. Hence
(a) reduce in size or amount
option (a) is correct.
(b) stop
133. Complete the phrasal verb in the following
sentence (c) increase in size or amount
You may try hard to hide the truth, but one day (d) revise
the truth will come ……….
Ans : (a) ‘Cut down’ here means reduce in amount.
(a) in (b) over
(c) out (d) at Hence option (a) is correct.

Ans : (c) In such sentences to express revelation, 139. Terrorists are trying to ....... several bridges.
‘come out’ is used. Hence option (c) is correct. (a) blow up
134. Complete the phrasal verb in the following (b) breakdown
sentence
People have been complaining about the prices (c) fallout
going ……… everyday. (d) None of the above
(a) up (b) through Ans : (a) Blow up is a phrasal verb which means– to
(c) after (d) in
destroy by explosion. Hence option (a) is correct.
Ans : (a) ‘going up’ means rise. People have been
Correct sentence– Terrorists are trying to blow up
complaining about the prices going up every day.
Hence option (a) is correct. several bridges.
135. Complete the phrasal verb in the following 140. The board at the ration shop announced.
sentence
“We have ……rice. Wait till the next stock”
Many parents were at the railway station to see
……. their children. (a) run down (b) run away
(a) away (b) at (c) run over (d) run out of
(c) off (d) after Ans : (d) ‘run out of’ is a phrasal verb which means
Ans : (c) ‘see off’ is generally used to say goodbye to "have shortage of-rice in" this case. Hence option (d).
someone who is starting a journey (to go to station, an
141. The homonym of 'bier' is
airport) . Hence option (c) is correct.
(a) beer (b) bare
136. Which one of the following phrasal verbs means (c) bar (d) bear
‘to remove’? Ans : (a) Homonym (similar sounding but different
(a) put on (b) take off meaning) of 'bier' is – 'beer'. Hence option (a) is
(c) put up (d) get off correct.

96
142. While reading for comprehension, we understand Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe efnvoer DeLe&– ‘‘Deepekeâue yeÛÛeeW keâe
that the following pairs are examples of ueeueve-heeueve Deemeeve veneR~’’ ÙeneB JeekeäÙe ceW ueeueve-heeueve keâe
homographs DeLe& efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes Phrasal Verb ceW Option (b) ceW efoÙee ieÙee
(a) mail [post] / male [gender] nw~ Bring up efpemes efjòeâ mLeeve hej Yeje peeÙesiee~ DevÙe Phrasal
(b) warm/tepid [being neither too hot nor too cold] verb train up–ØeefMe#eCe osvee, put up–Øemlegle keâjvee, Leave
(c) lead [metal] / lead [give direction] up–lÙeeievee~
(d) led [gave direction] / lead [metal] 148. Choose the correct meaning of the following
phrase.
Ans : (c) Homographs are similarly spelt words with To bring to light
different meanings as in option (c). Hence option (c) (a) To reveal (b) To conceal
is correct. (c) To appeal (d) To praise
143. ‘To chew the cud’ correctly means Ans: (a) 'To bring to light' means to present or reveal
something.
(a) to contrive against someone
149. Find the meaning of the following idiom given in
(b) to die on duty option.
(c) to meditate To read between the lines
(d) to inculcate virtues (a) to suspect
(b) to read carefully
Ans. (c) : To chew the cud- ceOÙemLelee keâjvee, efkeâmeer Ûeerpe kesâ (c) to understand the hidden meaning of the word
yeejs ceW meeJeOeeveer hetJe&keâ Ùee Oeerjs–Oeerjs meesÛevee~ Fme cegneJejs kesâ DeLe& (d) to do useless things
keâes efJekeâuhe (c) to meditate kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Ans: (c) ‘To read between the lines’ means to
understand the hidden meaning of the word. Hence
144. The idiom ‘green-eyed monster’ means option (c) is correct.
(a) to be jealous (b) to be sick 150. Choose the most appropriate meaning of the
(c) to be angry (d) to be blind given phrase
Fabian policy
Ans. (a) : Green-eyed monster - F&<Ùee& jKeves Jeeuee JÙeefòeâ (a) Dictatorial policy
Fme cegneJejs kesâ DeLe& keâes efJekeâuhe (a) to be jealous kesâ Éeje JÙeòeâ (b) Democratic policy
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ (c) Market policy
(d) Policy of using gradual reforms
145. Fill in the blank with the correct idiom. Ans : (d) Fabian policy was followed by an
I .......... of Rama at the theater but she did not association of British Socialists (1884) advocating
see me. democratic socialism by gradual reforms. Hence
option (d) is correct.
(a) held a glimpse (b) threw a glimpse
151. Choose one word for the following expression
(c) wanted a glimpse (d) caught a glimpse
‘At sixes and sevens’
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 (a) Scattered (b) Under control
Ans : (d) Caught a glimpse is the correct option. (c) Foul or fair (d) To apologise
Ans : (a) ‘At sixes and sevens’ means in a state of
146. Choose the alternative which best expresses the
total confusion or Scattered. Hence option (a) is
meaning of the phrase/idiom. correct.
The little girl with her flawless performance 152. What does the phrase ‘Cream of the crop’
stole the show. mean?
(a) Disappeared from the show (a) Putting cream in coffee
(b) Crept into the show (b) The worst of a group
(c) Icing a cake
(c) Stole something from the show
(d) The best of a group
(d) Won everybody's praise
Ans : (d) ‘Cream of the crop’ means the best in the
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
group. Hence option (d) is correct.
Ans : (d) Stole the show means won everybody's
153. Choose the appropriate meaning of the idiom
praise.hence option (d) is correct.
'Burning question'.
147. Fill in the blank with the correct phrasal verb. (a) A dying issue
It isn't easy to ............ children now-a-days. (b) A relevant problem
(a) train up (b) bring up (c) An irrelevant issue
(c) put up (d) leave up (d) A widely debated issue
97
 Ans : (d) Appropriate meaning of the idiom 'Burning Ans : (d) Synonym of the given word Carcass is
question' is A widely debated issue. Corpse. Corpse means dead body.
154. To go ‘through thick and thin’ is to 161. Pick out the incorrectly spelt word.
(a) loose a lot of weight (a) Virtue (b) Queer (c) Tradgedy (d) Legible
(b) have many kinds of experiences Ans: (c) ‘Tradgedy’ is wrong and ‘tragedy’ would be
(c) get married correct. Hence option (c) is correct.
(d) get into trouble 162. Pick out the incorrectly spelt word
Ans: (d) To go through ‘thick and thin’ is to get into (a) Elucidate (b) Exeggarate
trouble or go through difficult and easy circumstances. (c) Exile (d) Exonerate
Hence option (d). UPTET (I-V) June 2013
155. It is “a feather in your cap” it means its …….. Ans : (b) Exeggarate is incorrectly spelt word, it
(a) a problem (b) a disgrace should be Exaggerate.
(c) an honour (d) cowardly Exaggerate represent as being larger, better or worse
Ans: (c) ‘ a feather in your cap’ is an added than it really is.
achievement or an honour. Hence option (c). 163. Pick out the incorrectly spelt word
Direction Find the meaning of underlined words in (a) Enunciate (b) Gullible
above sentence. (c) Infallible (d) Instegate
156. He is not only a great political but also a man of UPTET (I-V) June 2013
letters. Ans : (d) Instegate is incorrectly spelt word, correct
(a) a man who wrote many letters spelling is 'Instigate'.
(b) a man who received more letters Instigate means bring about or initiate.
(c) a scholar with literary taste 164. Choose the correct spelling
(d) a good reader of letters (a) ricieve (b) recieve
Ans: (c) ‘A man of letters’ is a person or scholar with (c) riceive (d) receive
literary taste. Hence option (c). UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
157. Which of the following means 'A drop in the Ans : (d) The correct spelling is receive, which means
ocean'? be given, presented with, or paid.
(a) Is a small problem that will probably get larger
165. Choose the correct spelling
(b) Something so small that it won’t make any (a) posess (b) possess
noticeable difference
(c) posses (d) posseis
(c) Every small contribution helps
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
(d) None of the above
Ans : (b) The correct spelling is possess, which means
Ans : (b) ‘A drop in the ocean’ is something so small
have as belonging to one, own.
that it won’t make any noticeable difference. Hence
166. Choose the incorrect spelling
option (b).
(a) loner (b) mathemetics
158. Choose the correct meaning of the following (c) grammar (d) arithmetic
phrase. UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011
Foot the bill
Ans : (b) The incorrect spelling is mathemetics.
(a) To tear the bill (b) To kick the billCorrect spelling is– mathematics.
(c) To pay (d) To throw the bill
167. Choose the word that is spelt correctly.
Ans: (c) 'Foot the bill' is an idiom which means 'to (a) Difine (b) Maime
pay for something'. (c) Perfidy (d) Ingrace
159. Point out the correctly spelt word Ans : (c) ‘Perfidy’ is the correctly spelt word which
(a) Hamorrage (b) Hemorrhage means treachery or treason.
(c) Hammerage (d) Hammarage Difine → Define
Ans : (b) Correct spelling is – Hemorrhage. Hence Maime → Maim
option (b) is correct. Ingrace → disgrace
Hence option (c) is correct.
160. Mark the synonym of the given word.
168. Choose the word that is spelt incorrectly.
Carca0073s (a) Dulcet (b) Convulse
(a) Bulk (b) Federation (c) Principal (d) Negetive
(c) Quality (d) Corpse Ans : (d) ‘Negetive’ is incorrect. The correct spelling
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 is ‘Negative’. Hence option (d) is correct.
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169. Choose the correct spelling. Ans : (b) Grateful should be used because it is
(a) Calendar (b) Celender correctly spelt.
(c) Calandar (d) Calander 180. Find out the correct spelled word.
Ans : (a) The correct spelling is (a) Calendar. Hence (a) Mandatary (b) Compalsory
option (a) is correct. (c) Temporari (d) Arguably
170. Choose the correct spelling. Ans : (d) Mandatary → Mandatory
(a) Preveledge (b) Previlege Compalsory → Compulsory
(c) Privilege (d) Priviledge Temporari → Temporary
Ans : (c) The correct spelling is (c) Privilege. Hence Arguably is correct. Hence option (d) is correct.
option (c) is correct. 181. Find out the correct spelled word.
171. Choose the correct spelling. (a) Dialogue (b) Monolog
(a) Doesnt (b) Dosent (c) Milege (d) Damaze
(c) Doesn’t (d) Does’nt Ans : (a) Monolog → Monologue
Ans : (c) Doesn't is the correct spelling for does not. Milege → Mileage
Hence option (c) Damaze → Damage
172. The eldest prince was the..................to the Dialogue is correct. Hence option (a) is correct.
throne. 182. Find out the correct spelled word.
(a) hire (b) heir (a) Tunnle (b) Trable
(c) hier (d) hiar (c) Tumble (d) Tussel
Ans : (b) The eldest prince was the heir of the throne. Ans : (c) Tunnle → Tunnel
'Heir' is a person legally entitled to the property or
Trable → Treble
rank of another that person's death.
Tussel → Tussle
173. Please be............... Tumble is correct and means a fall or roll over. Hence
(a) breef (b) breif option (c) is correct.
(c) brif (d) brief
183. Choose the correct spelling.
Ans : (d) Correct spelling is 'brief'. (a) Contineous (b) Continuous
Brief means short duration, not lasting for long. (c) Continous (d) Continus
174. There is no much..............in the results. Ans : (b) Correct spelling is Continuous which means
(a) difference (b) differense without a pause or interruption.
(c) diferense (d) diference
184. Choose the correct spelling/word to fill in the
Ans : (a) Correct spelling is 'difference'. blank in the given sentence. Every student ......
i.e. There is no much difference in the results. Sachin was present in the class.
175. Give me a proper.................. for this payment. (a) eccept (b) except
(a) recipet (b) riciept (c) axcept (d) acsept
(c) receipt (d) receept
Ans : (b) Correct spelling here is except which means
Ans : (c) Correct spelling is 'receipt' which means the
action of receiving something or the fact of its being not including.
received. 185. Choose the correct spelling/word
i.e. Give me a proper receipt for this payment. (a) Aesthetic (b) Asthetic
176. Keep..............don't make a noise. (c) Aesthatic (d) Asethetic
(a) quite (b) queit Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes Jele&efveÙeeW (spellings) keâe OÙeeve mes
(c) quiet (d) qwait
Ans : (c) Correct spelling is quiet, which means
DeOÙeÙeve keâjves hej Ùen mhe° neslee nw efkeâ kesâJeue Aesthetic –
absence of noise or bustle. i.e. Keep quiet don't make meewvoÙe& Øesceer keâer ner Jele&veer keâe Megæ ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~
a noise. 186. Choose the correct spelling/word
177. How much money has been .............. to us? (a) Received
(a) aloted (b) alloted (b) Recieved
(c) alotted (d) allotted (c) Resieved
Ans : (d) Allotted should be used because it is (d) Recived
correctly spelt and its meaning is to give something,
especially a share of something available for a Ans : (a) efoÙes ieÙes ÛeejeW Jele&efveÙeeW kesâ DeOÙeÙeve mes Ùen mhe° neslee nw
particular purpose. efkeâ kesâJeue Received keâe ner ØeÙeesie Megæ ngDee nw~ efveÙecele: c
178. It was difficult to ............. between the two letter kesâ yeeo ncesMee ei keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee ie keâe keâYeer veneR~
candidates.
(a) dicide (b) diside 187. Choose the correct word for the following sentence
(c) decide (d) decyde Fill in the blanks with ............. words.
Ans : (c) Decide should be used because it is correctly (a) apropriate (b) appropriate
spelt. (c) approprite (d) approprit
179. I am .......... to all the teachers for their help. Ans : (b) The correct word for the following sentence
(a) greatful (b) grateful is : appropriate.
(c) greetful (d) gratefull Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
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188. Which of the following lines (marked, I, II, III 196. Causes of spelling errors are
and IV) have spelling errors? (a) silent letters
I. A stony coral is a tiny soft bodied creeture (b) poor pronunciation
that lives by eating small creetures that float (c) one letter different sounds
by. (d) All of the above
II. Each coral uses minerals from the water. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
III. With this water it makes a hard, protective Ans : (d) Causes of spelling errors are:
skelton around itself. Silent letters
IV. New corals buld there skeletons on top of Poor pronunciation
the ole ones. one letter different sounds.
(a) Lines I and II (b) Lines II and III 197. Identify the odd word from the following.
(c) Lines I, III and IV (d) Lines I, II and III (a) joy (b) sorrow
Ans : (c) (i) Correct spelling is 'creature'. (c) happiness (d) bliss
(iii) Correct spelling is 'skeleton'. UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016
(iv) Correct spelling is 'build'. Ans : (b) Sorrow is the odd one which means a
189. Pick out the word with the correct spelling feeling of great sadness.
(a) varaity (b) varietey 198. Pick out the incorrectly spelt word
(c) varieti (d) variety (a) Elucidate (b) Exeggarate
Ans : (d) Word with the correct spelling is (c) Exile (d) Exonerate
variety, which means the quality or state of being Ans : (b) Exeggarate is incorrectly spelt world, it
different or diverse. should be Exaggerate.
190. Which one of the following has the correct Exaggerate represent as being larger, better or
spelling? worse than it really is.
(a) Impresive (b) Imprescive 199. Pick out the incorrectly spelt word
(c) Impressive (d) impressivee (a) Enunciate (b) Gullible
Ans : (c) Word with the correct spelling is impressive, (c) Infallible (d) Instegate
which means evoking admiration through size, quality Ans : (d) Instegate is incorrectly spelt world, correct
or skill, gland, imposing or awesome. spelling is 'Instigate'.
191. Pick out the word which has been correctly spelt Instigate means bring about or initiate.
(a) obedaent (b) obedint 200. Find out the correct word of the asked
(c) obedient (d) obidiant grammatical category of the given word
Ans : (c) The correctly spelt word is – obedient. 'Adjective of Accent'
Hence option (c) is correct. (a) Accentuate (b) Accentual
192. Which one of the following words has been (c) Accentuated (d) Accentuation
correctly spelt? Ans : (b) It is 'Accentual'.
(a) grammar (b) grammar 201. Choose the correct spelling
(c) grammer (d) gramer (a) ricieve (b) recieve
Ans : (b) ‘grammar’ is correct. Hence option (b) is (c) riceive (d) receive
correct. Ans : (d) The correct spelling is receive, which
193. Choose the mis-spelt word means be given, presented with, or paid.
(a) Siege (b) Solemn 202. Choose the correct spelling
(c) Syllable (d) Sieze (a) posess (b) possess
Ans : (d) sieze is incorrect. The correct word is – (c) posses (d) posseis
seize. Hence option (d) is correct. Ans : (b) The correct spelling is possess, which means
194. Choose the mis-spelt word. have as belonging to one, own.
(a) Peace (b) Piece 203. Choose the incorrect spelling
(c) Peirce (d) Piety (a) loner (b) mathemetics
(c) grammar (d) arithmetic
Ans : (c) ‘Peirce’ is wrong. Correct word is ‘Pierce’.
Hence option (c)is correct. Ans : (b) The incorrect spelling is mathemetics.
Correct spelling is– mathematics.
195. Which of the following is a misspelt word?
(a) Desiccation 204. What are words that spell the same backwards
(b) Descendant called?
(c) Derogatary (a) Anagram (b) Abbreviation
(d) Dermatitis (c) Crossword (d) Palindrome
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 Ans : (d) The words that spell the same
Ans. (c) : Option 'c' is correct. backwards are called Palindrome.
Derogatory – Deheceevepevekeâ Palindrome : A palindrome is a word, phrase,
Desiccation – efvepe&ueerkeâjCe Øeef›eâÙee number or other sequence of character which reads the
Descendent – JebMepe, mevleeve same back word as for word such as– Madam, racecar
Dermatitis – lJeÛee keâer metpeve etc.

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08.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
JeekeäÙe ceW Verb keâe Jen Form pees Ùen yeleueelee nw efkeâ Jen JeekeäÙe ceW Subject in Active Voice becomes object in passive voice
Subject kesâ Deveg¤he ØeÙegòeâ ngDee nw Ùee Object kesâ ¤he ceW, Voice I becomes me
keânueelee nw~ Voice oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–(i) Active Voice (ii) We " us
Passive Voice You " you
Active voice – An Active voice is a form of verb in
They " them
which the subject is performing the action.
Passive Voice – In passive voice the person or thing He " him
is said to suffer something from some other person or She " her
thing. It " it
Passive Voice ceW ef›eâÙee Éeje keâce& (Object) keâes ØeOeevelee oer Who " by whom
peeleer nw~
Examples : (A) Active Voice kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe
Active Voice (A) Passive Voice (B)
(i) Gopal teaches Ramesh. (i) Ramesh is taught by
Passive Voice yeveevee
Gopal. Active Voice mes passive voice yeveeves kesâ cegKÙe efveÙece
(ii) I write a letter. (ii) A letter is written by efvecveefueefKele nQ –
me. (i) Subject keâes object leLee object keâes subject yeveeles nQ~
(iii) Ram killed Ravan. (iii) Ravan was killed by
(ii) Tense kesâ Devegmeej meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee (Helping Verb) efueKeles
Ram.
nQ~
(iv) They will read this (iv) This book will be read
book. by them. (iii) veÙes object mes henues by ueieeles nQ~
(A) Meyo kesâ Active Voice kesâ GheÙeg&keäle JeekeäÙeeW mes %eele neslee nw (iv) Active Voice kesâ JeekeäÙe keâer cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer third form
efkeâ FmeceW keâlee& (subject) mJeÙeb meef›eâÙelee kesâ meeLe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw peyeefkeâ (Past Participle Form) efueKeles nQ~
KeC[ (B) mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ FmeceW keâòee& efveef<›eâÙe neskeâj keâeÙe& keâjlee nw Formula –
Deewj ef›eâÙee Éeje keâce& (object) keâes ØeOeevelee oer peeleer nw~ Active – Subject + verb + object
Note-
Passive – Subject + auxiliary verb + 3rd (Past
(i) efpeve JeekeäÙeeW ceW Intransitive Verb (Dekeâce&keâ ef›eâÙee) keâe Participle) form of verb + by + object.
ØeÙeesie neslee nw, Gvekeâer Passive Voice veneR yevee keâjleer nw~
Active Voice mes Passive Voice yeveeves keâer efJeefOe –
(ii) Active Voice ceW kegâue 12 tenses nesles nQ uesefkeâve
Passive voice kesâJeue 8 tenses kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâer ner yeveeÙeer pee mekeâleer Active Voice mes Passive Voice yeveeves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB efJeefYeVe
nw~ efvecveefueefKele 4 tenses kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâer passive voice veneR Tenses kesâ Devegmeej veerÛes oer pee jner nQ –
yeveleer nw – 1. Present Indefinite tense (Simple Present)
(i) Present Perfect Continuous tense Active Voice Passive Voice
(ii) Past Perfect Continuous tense (i) Rajesh writes a poem. (i) A poem is written by
(iii) Future Continuous tense Rajesh.
(iv) Future Perfect Continuous tense (ii) They buy books. (ii) Books are bought by
subject change of voice them.
Verb in Active form object (iii) I do not like them. (iii) They are not liked by
me.
By object
(iv) Do you love her. (iv) Is she loved by you.
Subject verb in passive form
efveÙece 1–Fme Tense ceW Passive voice JeekeäÙe ceW keâlee& kesâ
Subject (keâlee&) Ùeefo Pronoun (meJe&veece) nw, lees Ùen efvecve Øekeâej
mes yeoue peelee nw~ Ùen JeekeäÙe kesâ Deble ceW Deelee nw Deewj Fmekesâ hetJe& ØeeÙe: Deveg meej Is, am, are meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeesb kesâ meeLe cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer
by keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Third form keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~

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 efveÙece 2 – He/She/It leLee Singular Nouns (Skeâ JeÛeve keâer efveÙece 3 – I, We, You, They leLee Plural Nouns kesâ meeLe
meb%eeDeesb) kesâ meeLe Is keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ I kesâ meeLe am keâe ØeÙeesie leLee Have been keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
We, You, They leLee Plural Nouns (yengJeÛeve keâer meb%eeDeesb) kesâ Formula –
meeLe Are keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Active – Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb +
Formula – object
Active – Subject + do/does + verb (1st) form + Passive – Subject + has/have + been + 3rd form of
object verb + by + object
Passive – Subject + be (is/am/are) + 3rd form of
verb+by + object Past Indefinite Tense (Simple Past)
II. Present Continuous Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Active Voice Passive Voice (i) You ate these apples. (i) These apples were
(i) I am writing a letter. (ii) A letter is being eaten by you.
written by me. (ii) Sandeep helped me (ii) I was helped by
yesterday. Sandeep yesterday.
(ii) You are buying books. (iii) Books are being
(iii) She did not sing (iii) A song was not sung
bought by you.
a song. by her.
(iii) Everyone is helping me. (iii) I am being helped by (iv) Why did he not (iv) Why were you not
every one.
call you? called by him?
(iv) Are they eating apples? (iv) Are apples being
ef veÙece 1 – Fme Tense kesâ Passive voice JeekeäÙe ceW meneÙekeâ
eaten by them?
(v) Why is Sangita not (v) Why is her
ef›eâÙee Helping Verb, Was leLee were keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe kesâ keâlee&
(Subject) kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
doing her home work? homework not being
done by Sangita? efveÙece 2 – I, He, She, it leLee Singular Nouns kesâ meeLe
efveÙece 1–Fme Tense ceW Subject (keâlee&) kesâ Devegmeej is being meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee Was ueieekeâj cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer Third Form keâe ØeÙeesie
am being leLee are being kesâ meeLe cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer third form
ef k eâÙee peelee nw~
efueKeer peeleer nw~ efveÙece 3 – We, You, They leLee Plural Nouns kesâ meeLe
efveÙece 2 – I kesâ meeLe am being, He, She, it leLee Singular meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee were ueieekeâj cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer third form keâe ØeÙeesie
Nouns kesâ meeLe is being SJeb We, You, They leLee Plural efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Nouns kesâ meeLe are being keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Formula –
Formula – Active – Subject + 2nd form of verb + object
Active – Subject + is/am/are + (verb + ing) + Passive – Subject + was/were + 3rd form of verb +
object by + object
Passive – Subject + is/am/are + being + 3rd form Past Continuous Tense
of verb + by + object Act. He was writing a letter.
Pass. A letter was being written by him.
III. Present Perfect Tense
Act. She was not singing songs.
Active Voice Passive Voice
Pass. Songs were not being sung by her.
(i) Dinesh has taught me. (i) I have been taught by
Act. I was not eating apples.
Dinesh.
Pass. Apples were not eaten by me.
(ii) He has eaten a Mango. (ii) A mango has eaten by Act. Was Sudha telling a story?
him. Pass. Was a story being told by Sudha?
(iii) Have you not stolen (iii) Have the book not been efveÙece 1 – Fme Tense kesâ Passive voice JeekeäÙeeW ceW meneÙekeâ
the books? stolen by you? ef›eâÙee (Helping Verb) was being leLee were being keâe ØeÙeesie
(iv) Have you not stolen (iv) Has the bag not been JeekeäÙe kesâ Subject kesâ Devegmeej efkeâÙee peelee nw~
the bag? stolen by you? efveÙece 2 – He, She, it, I leLee Singular Nouns kesâ meeLe
efveÙece 1 – Fme Tense kesâ Passive voice JeekeäÙe ceW keâlee& was being SJeb Plural Nouns kesâ meeLe were being keâe ØeÙeesie
(Subject) kesâ Devegmeej Helping Verb (meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee) Has been keâjkesâ cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer third form efueKeer peeleer nw~
leLee Have been keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ cegKÙe ef›eâÙee (Main Verb) keâer Formula –
Third form (Past Participle form) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Active – Subject + was/were + (verb + ing) + object
efveÙece 2 – He, She, it leLee Singular Nouns kesâ meeLe has Passive – Subject + was/were + being + 3rd form of
been keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ verb + by + object

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 Past Perfect Tense Future Perfect tense
Active Voice/Passive Voice Active voice Passive vouce
I had finished the work. (Active) (i) He will have praised you. (i) You will have been
The work had been finished by me. praised by him.
(Passive)
(ii) I shall have bought a (ii) A book will have been
He had written an essay. (Active)
book. bought by me.
An essay had been written by him.
(Passive) (iii) You will have helped (iii) I shall have been
The boys had not been eaten the apples. me. helped by you.
(Active) (iv) Will he have washed (iv) Will these dirty
The apples had not been eaten by the boys.
(Passive) these dirty clothes? clothes have been
Had she called her friends? (Active) washed by her?
Had her friends been called by her? efveÙece –Fme Tense ceW I, We kesâ meeLe meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee shall
(Passive) have been leLee DevÙe meYeer keâlee&Deesb (subjects) kesâ meeLe meneÙekeâ
I had not received your letter till today.
(Active)
ef›eâÙee will have been keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ cegKÙe ef›eâÙee (Main Verb)
Your letter had not been received till today keâer third form efueKeer peeleer nw~
by me. (Passive) Formula –
efveÙece – Past perfect tense kesâ Passive voice JeekeäÙe kesâ Active – Subject + shall/will + have + 3rd form of
efueS ØelÙeskeâ keâlee& (Subject) kesâ meeLe had been meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee verb + object
(Helping verb) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw leLee cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer
Passive – Subject + shall/will + have been + 3rd
Third form keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
form of verb + by + object
Formula –
Active – Subject + had + 3rd form of verb + object
Passive – Subject + had been + 3rd form of verb + Active Voice to Passive Voice
by + object
Future Indefinite Tense veerÛes oer ieÙeer leeefuekeâe ceW efJeefYevve Tenses kesâ Active voice kesâ
Active Voice Passive Voice JeekeäÙeeW keâes Passive voice kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW efvecveefueefKele auxiliary
(i) You will not help me. (i) I shall not be helped verb keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ yeoue mekeâles nQ~
by you.
(ii) The car will kill the rat. (ii) The rat will be killed Active Voice Passive Voice
by the cat. Present sentence
(iii) Will you call me again? (iii) Shall I be called
Do/Does is/am/are
again by you?
(iv) Who will teach her now? (iv) By whom will she be Is/Am/Are Is being/ Are being
taught now? /Am Being
(Who Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW By whom meyemes henues efueKee peelee nw~) Has/Have Has been/Have
efveÙece 1 – Future Indefinite tense (simple future) ceW been
will be leLee shall be meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeesb keâe ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe kesâ Past tense
Subject kesâ Devegmeej neslee nw~ Did Was/were
efveÙece 2 – I, We kesâ meeLe Shall be leLee DevÙe meYeer subjects Was/were was being/were
kesâ meeLe meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee will be kesâ heMÛeeled cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer third being
form keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Had Had been
Formula – Future tense
Active – Subject + shall/will + 1st form of verb +
Will/Shall Will be/Shall be
object
Passive – Subject + shall/will + be + 3rd form of Will have/Shall Will have been/
verb + by + object have Shall have been

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 OÙeeve oW ! Passive Voice without Subject
peye nce keâeÙe& keâes DeefOekeâ ØecegKelee osles nQ, leye Passive voice
efveÙece-1 : Imperative Sentences mes ØeeLe&vee, Dee%ee, ceW By kesâ meeLe keâlee& (Subject) keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjles nQ~ Fme lejn kesâ
efveJesove, megPeeJe Deeefo YeeJe Øekeâš nesles nQ~ Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW ceW keâlee&
JeekeäÙeeW ceW Agent keâes veneR efueKee peelee nw –
(Subject) efÚhee jnlee nw~ Ùen keâlee& You jnlee nw~
GoenjCe –
efveÙece-2 : Imperative sentence kesâ Positive JeekeäÙe
verb keâer first form mes DeejcYe nesles nQ~ The king was killed.
efveÙece-3 : Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâer Passive yeveeles meceÙe let kesâ jepee keâes ceej efoÙee ieÙee~
heMÛeeled keâce& (Object) efueKekeâj meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ Taxes must be paid in time.
cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâer Third form efueKeer peeleer nw~ keâj meceÙe hej pecee keâj osvee ÛeeefnS~
efveÙece-4 : Negative sentences keâer Passive yeveeles The traveller was robbed.
meceÙe be kesâ henues not efueKee peelee nw~ Ùee$eer keâes uetš efueÙee ieÙee~
efveÙece-5 : ØeeLe&vee metÛekeâ Positive sentences keâe The house was burnt down.
Passive yeveeles meceÙe Please keâes nše keâjkesâ Gmekesâ mLeeve hej you cekeâeve keâes peuee efoÙee ieÙee~
are requested to efueKekeâj JeekeäÙe kesâ Mes<e Yeeie keâes pÙeeW keâe lÙeeW
(Actual Words) ceW efueKe osles nQ~ (B) PASSIVE VOICE mes ACTIVE VOICE
efveÙece-6 : ØeeLe&vee metÛekeâ Negative sentences ceW you yeveevee
are requested not to efueKekeâj JeekeäÙe kesâ Mes<e Yeeie keâes pÙeeW keâe
lÙeeW (Actual Words) ceW efueKe osles nQ~ Passive mes Active yeveeles meceÙe Active mes Passive yeveeves
kesâ efveÙeceeW keâes Guše keâj efoÙee peelee nw DeLee&led Passive yeveeles meceÙe
Imperative Sentence
efpeve MeyoeW keâes yeÌ{eÙee peelee nw~ Active yeveeles meceÙe GvnW nše efoÙee
Active Voice Passive Voice
peelee nw~
(i) Call the servant. (i) Let the servant be
called by you. Passive mes Active yeveeves kesâ cegKÙe efveÙece
(ii) Open the door. (ii) Let the door be 1. Subject keâes Object leLee Object keâes Subject yevee efoÙee
opened by you.
peelee nw~
(iii) Do not insult the weak.(iii) Let the weak not be
insulted by you. 2. By keâes nšekeâj By kesâ yeeo Jeeues Noun keâes Active Voice
(iv) Do not call the servant.(iv) Let the servant not be keâe Subject yeveeles nQ~
called by you. 3. By kesâ yeeo ceW Objective case keâe Pronoun nes lees
(v) Please do it. (v) You are requested to do it. Subject yeveeles meceÙe Gmekeâe Nominative Case efueKee peelee nw
(vi) Please don't do it. (vi) You are requested DeLee&led him keâes he, her keâes She, them keâes they, us keâes we leLee
not to do it.
me keâes I ceW yeoue osles nQ~
Some More Examples
Passive Voice Active Voice
Active Voice Passive Voice
(i) A poem is written by Manish. (i) Mahesh writes a
(i) Ramesh laughed at me. (i) I was laughed at by
Ramesh. poem.
(ii) She must do it. (ii) It must be done by (ii) An essay has been written (ii) He has written by
her. him. an essay.
(iii) He can solve this (iii) This question can (iii) Fruits are being bought (iii) They are buying
question. be solved by him. by them. fruits
(iv) A lion can kill a wolf. (iv) A wolf can be killed (iv) A letter was written by them. (iv) They wrote a
by a lion. letter.
(v) Ants may eat the cake. (v) The cake may be (v) You are requested to go there. (v) Please go there.
eaten by ants. (vi) My friends could be (vi) They could help my
(vi) We should help the poor. (vi) The poor should be
helped by them. friends.
helped by us.
(vii) Let an essay be written (vii) Write an essay.
efveÙece– Can, Could, May, Might, Should, Would,
by you.
Must, Ought to kesâ heMÛeeled meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee be ueieekeâj cegKÙe ef›eâÙee
(Main verb) keâer Third form efueKeer peeleer nw~ (viii) The tiger had been (viii) He had shot tiger.
shot by him.
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 Direct mes Indirect ceW yeoueves kesâ
A. DIRECT AND INDIRECT
NARRATION meeceevÙe efveÙece
1. Reporting verb kesâ yeeo Comma ( , ) keâe ØeÙeesie veneR
Jeòeâe (Speaker) kesâ keâns ngS MeyoeW keâes oes Øekeâej mes Øekeâš neslee nw~
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw – 2. Indirect Speech ceW Inverted Commas ("...") keâes nše
(i) nce Jeòeâe kesâ MeyoeW keâes pÙeeW keâe lÙeeW (Actual Words) keân os les nQ ~
mekeâles nQ~ (When the Reported Speech repeats the actual 3. Reporting verb keâe Tense keâYeer veneR yeouelee nw~
words, this is called Direct Narration/Direct Speech.) 4. Reporting verb keâes Reported Speech kesâ YeeJe kesâ
pewmes – My Mother said, "It is time to go away". Devegmeej told, asked, advised, requested, ordered Deeefo ceW
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe ceW Jeòeâe (Speaker) My Mother nw leLee Gmekesâ yeoue osles nQ~
keâns ngS MeyoeW keâes pÙeeW keâe lÙeeW (Actual Words) Inverted 5. Reporting verb kesâ yeeo DeeJeMÙekeâleevegmeej efkeâmeer GefÛele
Conjunction pewmes – that, if Ùee whether keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
Commas ".........." ceW efueKee ieÙee nw~ Dele: Fmes Direct Speech
6. I leLee Proper noun keâes ÚesÌ[ keâj Reported Speech keâe
Ùee Direct Narration keânles nQ~
henuee De#ej Small letter ceW efueKee peelee nw~
(ii) nce Jeòeâe kesâ keâns ieÙes MeyoeW keâe meejebMe (Substance)
7. meJe&veece (Pronouns), keâeue (Tenses) leLee meceÙe DeLeJee
Deheves MeyoeW ceW Øekeâš keâjles nQ (When the Reported Speech efmLeefle keâer efvekeâšlee (Nearness of time or position) metÛekeâ MeyoeW
gives the substance of the words used by the speaker and ceW heefjJele&ve Deelee nw~
not the actual words, this is called Indirect
Narration/Indirect Speech). DeLe& keâer Âef° mes Sentences keâes heebÛe ØekeâejeW ceW yeebše pee
mekeâlee nw-
pewmes–My Mother said that it was time to go away.
(A) Assertive Sentences
GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe ceW Jeòeâe kesâ MeyoeW keâe YeeJe Øekeâš efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ (B) Interrogative Sentences
Dele: is keâes was ceW yeouevee heÌ[e~ Fmes Indirect Speech Ùee (C) Imperative Sentences
Indirect Narration keânles nQ~ (D) Optative Sentences
Direct Speech kesâ oes Yeeie nesles nQ – (E) Exclamatory Sentences
(i) Reporting Verb Narration kesâ heefjJele&ve ceW JeekeäÙe (Sentences) kesâ Fve YesoeW
(ii) Reported Speech Ùee Reported Part keâe OÙeeve jKevee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~
(i) Reporting Verb : Reporting Part ceW Jeòeâe kesâ yeele (A) ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
Assertive Sentences (meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe) Éeje efkeâmeer yeele keâe
keâes efpeme Finite Verb mes keânvee DeejcYe keâjlee nw, Gmes Reporting
keâLeve (Statement) %eele neslee nw~ Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâes Indirect
Verb keânles nQ~ (The Verb that introduces the Reported
Speech ceW yeoueves kesâ efveÙeceeW keâe JeCe&ve efvecve Øekeâej nw –
Speech is called Reporting Verb.)
(I) Tenses ceW heefjJele&ve mecyevOeer efveÙece (Rules for
(ii) Reported Speech : pees kegâÚ Jeòeâe Éeje keâne peelee nw
the Change of Tenses) :
Gmes Reported Part ceW Reported Speech keânles nQ~ Fmes
Rule 1 : Ùeefo Reporting Verb, Present (Jele&ceeve) DeLeJee
Inverted Commas kesâ Devoj efueKee peelee nw~ (The exact
Future (YeefJe<Ùe) Tense ceW nes lees Reported Speech kesâ Verbb
words of the speaker which are put within inverted
kesâ Tense ceW efkeâmeer Øekeâej keâe heefjJele&ve veneR keâjles nQ~ pewmes –
commas are called the Reported Speech.) pewmes –
1. Direct : Ajay says "Sudha has gone to Kanpur."
Reporting Verb Reported Part/Reported Speech Indirect : Ajay says that Sudha has gone to Kanpur.
Gaurav said, "Will you give me your book?" 2. Direct : Deepak will say, "Abhinav is very
pewmee efkeâ GheÙeg&òeâ JeekeäÙe ceW mhe° nw efkeâ Fme JeekeäÙe ceW 'said' intelligent".
Reporting Verb nw leLee "Will you give me your book?" Indirect : Deepak will say that Abhinav is very
Reported Speech nw~ intelligent.
3. Direct : She has said to me, "Asha will join the
Direct Speech kesâ cegKÙe efyevog camp."
Indirect : She has told me that Asha would join the
Reporting Verb kesâ heMÛeeled Comma ( , ) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
camp.
Jeòeâe (Speaker) kesâ keâLeve keâes Inverted Commas kesâ Devoj Note : Say, says Ùee said keâes Indirect Speech ceW tell,
jKee peelee nw~ tells Ùee told ceW Gme meceÙe yeoueles nQ, peye Fmekesâ heMÛeeled Object
Inverted Commas kesâ Devoj kesâ Yeeie keâe ØeLece De#ej (keâce&) nes~ pewmes GoenjCe 3. Ùeefo say, says Ùee said kesâ yeeo
Capital letter mes efueKee peelee nw~ Object ve nes lees GvnW veneR yeoueles nQ~ pewmes GoenjCe 1, 2.

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 Rule 2 : Ùeefo Reporting Verb, Past Tense (Yetlekeâeue) (i) Ùeefo Reporting Verb Yetlekeâeue (Past Tense) ceW nw lees
ceW
nes, lees Reported Speech kesâ Tense ceW heefjJele&ve neslee nw~Reported Speech ceW Deeves Jeeues may keâes might leLee can keâes
(a) Simple Present Tense yeouekeâj Simple Past could ceW yeoue osles nQ~ hejvleg could, should, would, must,
ought to, used to, might leLee had better ceW heefjJele&ve veneR neslee
Tense nes peelee nw~ pewmes –
nw~ pewmes –
Direct : Neelam said, "Arpita tells a lie."
1. Direct : Ram said, "He can jump into the river."
Indirect : Neelam said that Arpita told a lie.
Indirect : Ram said that he could jump into the river.
(b) Present Continuous Ùee Imperfect yeouekeâj Past 2. Direct : Anand said, "The boy may go."
Continuous Ùee Imperfect nes peelee nw~ Indirect : Anand said that the boy might go.
Direct : Mohan said to me, "Sandeep is writing a 3. Direct : He said, "Gopal must work hard."
letter." Indirect : He said that Gopal must work hard.
Indirect : Mohan told me that Sandeep was writing a 4. Direct : I said to you, "Students should obey the
letter. teachers."
(c) Present Perfect Tense keâes Past Perfect Tense ceW Indirect : I told you that students should obey the
yeoue osles nQ~ pewmes – teachers.
Direct : Suneel said, "Seema has completed her 5. Direct : My Mother said, "The children had better go
work". to bed early.
Indirect : My Mother said that the children had better
Indirect : Suneel said that Seema had completed her
go to bed early.
work.
6. Direct : The Police officer said, "Everyone ought to
(d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense keâes Past obey the rules of the road."
Perfect Continuous Tense ceW yeoue osles nQ~ pewmes - Indirect : The Police officer said that everyone ought
Direct : Anand said, "It has been raining since to obey the rules of the road.
monday." Tenses mecyevOeer efveÙece kesâ DeheJeeo (Exceptions) : efvecve
Indirect : Anand said that it had been raining since oMeeDeeW ceW Reporting Verb, Past Tense ceW nesles ngS Yeer
monday. Reported Speech keâe Tense veneR yeouelee nw~
(e) Past Indefinite Tense keâes Past Perfect Tense ceW (1) peye keâesF& meoe melÙe jnves Jeeueer yeele (Universal
keâj osles nQ~ pewmes – Truth) keâner peeÙe, pewmes –
Direct : Suneel said, "The cow died in the night." 1. Direct : She said, "The earth rotates on its own axis."
Indirect : Suneel said that the cow had died in the Indirect : She said that the earth rotates on its own
night. axis.
(f) Past Continuous Tense keâes Past Perfect 2. Direct : The teacher said, "The Sun rises in the east."
Continuous Tense ceW yeoue osles nQ~ pewmes – Indirect : The teacher said that the Sun rises in the
east.
Direct : He said, "The students were learning their
lessons." (2) peye keâesF& keâneJele (Proverb) keâner peeÙe, pewmes –
Indirect : He said that the students had been learning Ravi said, "Honesty is the best policy."
their lessons. Ravi said that honesty is the best policy.
(g) Past Perfect Tense leLee Past Perfect (3) peye keâesF& Deeole mecyevOeer melÙe (Habitual fact) keâne
Continuous Tense ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR neslee nw~ pewmes – peeÙe, pewmes –
Direct : They said, "Reena had won the match." Gita said to Reeta, "Dogs bark at the strangers."
Gita told Reeta that dogs bark at the strangers.
Indirect : They said that Reena had won the match.
(4) efkeâmeer Ssefleneefmekeâ Iešvee (Historical Fact) keâe
Direct : She said, "Usha had been reading for four
hours." ef pe›eâ nes, pewmes –
Indirect : She said that Usha had been reading for Direct : The teacher said, "Gandhiji died in January
four hours. 1948."
Indirect : The teacher said that Gandhiji died in
(h) Ùeefo Reporting Verb Yetlekeâeue (Past Tense) ceW nes, lees
January 1948.
Reported Speech ceW Deeves Jeeues will keâes would SJeb shall keâes
(5) peye Yetlekeâeue ceW Skeâ meceÙe hej nesves Jeeues oes keâeÙe&
should ceW yeoue osles nQ~ pewmes –
nes, pewmes –
Direct : Janardan said, "Radha will see a picture."
Indirect : Janardan said that Radha would see a Direct : The Captain said, "When the game began, it
picture. started raining."
Direct : I said, "I shall Play." Indirect : The Captain said that when the game
Indirect : I said that I should play. began, it started raining.
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 (II) Pronouns ceW heefjJele&ve Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
Rule 1 : Reported Speech kesâ First Person kesâ ago before here there
Pronouns (I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours) ceW come go just then
Reporting Verb kesâ Subject (keâlee&) kesâ Person, Number Deewj hence thence these those
Gender kesâ Devegmeej heefjJele&ve neslee nw, pewmes – hither wither thus so
1. Direct : Ram said, "I have completed my work." now then today that day
Indirect : Ram said that he had completed his work.
this that tomorrow the next day
2. Direct : I said, "I do not like that book."
last the previous yesterday the previous
Indirect : I said that I did not like that book.
week/ night/year/ day or the
3. Direct : You said, "I am learning my lesson." year/ weak day before
Indirect : You said that you were learning your night
lesson.
yesterday the previous next the following
Rule 2 : Reported Speech kesâ Second Person kesâ morning morning week/ week/month/
Pronouns (You, Your, Yours) ceW Reporting Verb kesâ month/ year
Object (keâce&) kesâ Person, Number Deewj Gender kesâ Devegmeej year
heefjJele&ve neslee nw~ pewmes – GoenjCe :
1. Direct : Ravi said to me, "You may go home." 1. Direct : He said to them, "I will leave you now."
Indirect : Ravi told me that I might go home. Indirect : He told them that he would leave them
2. Direct : Dinesh said to Sadhana, "You have become then.
lazy." 2. Direct : Rakesh said to Sunil, "I can not go with you
Indirect : Dinesh told Sadhana that she had become till next Monday."
lazy. Indirect : Rakesh told Sunil that he could not go with
3. Direct : Sachin said to Saurav, "You played well." him till the following Monday.
Indirect : Sachin told Saurav that he had played well. Rule 2 : Ùeefo this, here, now efkeâmeer Ssmeer Jemleg, mLeeve Ùee
Rule 3 : Reported speech kesâ third Person kesâ Pronouns meceÙe keâer Deesj mebkesâle keâjW pees Jeòeâe (Speaker) kesâ meeceves nes lees
(He, she, it, its, they, him, his, her, hers, they, them, their, Indirect yeveeles meceÙe Fve MeyoeW ceW heefjJele&ve veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS,
theirs) leLee Nouns ceW keâesF& heefjJele&ve veneR neslee nw, pewmes – pewmes-
1. Direct : Mother said, "He is a good player." 1. Direct : Mira said, "This is my pen."
Indirect : Mother said that he was a good player. Indirect : Mira said that this was her pen.
2. Direct : The teacher said, "She will pass" 2. Direct : Sarvesh said to me, "I will do it now."
Indirect : The teacher said that she would pass. Indirect : Sarvesh told me that he would do it now.
3. Direct : Anil said, "They did their job well."
(B) INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Indirect : Anill said that they had done their job well.
Interrogative Sentences mes ØeMve keâe yeesOe neslee nw, Fme
Person Subject Object Possessive Øekeâej kesâ Sentences keâes Indirect ceW yeoueles meceÙe efvecveefueefKele
Pronouns
yeeleeW keâe OÙeeve jKevee ÛeeefnÙes~
First I, We me, us my, mine, our, ours
Person Rule 1 : Reporting verb 'said to' keâes asked keâe
enquired of ceW yeoue osles nQ~
Second You You Your, Yours
Person Rule 2 : ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW that – Conjunction keâe
Third He him his
ØeÙees i e veneR neslee nw~ if Ùee whether conjunction keâe ØeÙeesie neslee
Person nw~
She her her, hers
It it its Rule 3 : Indirect ceW ØeMveJeeÛekeâ JeekeäÙe keâes meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe
They them their, theirs (Assertive Sentences) yevee osles nQ~ ØeMveJeeÛekeâ efÛevn (?) nše
efoÙee peelee nw Deewj Gmekesâ mLeeve hej full stop ( . ) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
(III) efvekeâšlee Øekeâš keâjves Jeeues MeyoeW ceW heefjJele&ve
peelee nw~
(Change in the words expressing nearness of
time or Position) Rule 4 : Pronoun (meJe&veece), ef›eâÙee (verb) leLee
Rule 1 : Reported Speech ceW ØeÙegòeâ meceÙe DeLeJee efmLeefle ef v ekeâšleemet Ûekeâ MeyoeW (Demonstrations leLee Adverbials) kesâ
keâer efvekeâšlee (Nearness of time or Position) metÛekeâ MeyoeW keâes heefjJele&ve kesâ efueS Assertive Sentences (Statements DeLee&led
otjer Øekeâš keâjves Jeeues MeyoeW ceW yeoue osles nQ~ efJeefOemetÛekeâ JeekeäÙeeW) mes mecyeefvOele efveÙeceeW keâe heeueve efkeâÙee peelee nw~
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 Rule 5 : peye Direct Speech ceW Ssmee ØeMve nes efpemekeâe Gòej Rule 2 : Reported Speech kesâ verb kesâ henues 'to' peesÌ[keâj
"Yes" Ùee "No" ceW efoÙee pee mekesâ DeLee&led Reported Speech infinitive yevee osles nQ~ pewmes –
efkeâmeer meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee (Auxiliary Verb) pewmes – is, am, are, Direct : Ram said to Mohan, "Go away."
was, were, do, does, did, shall, will, has, have, had, can, Indirect : Ram ordered Mohan to go away.
may Deeefo mes Meg™ ngF& nw lees `` '' kesâ mLeeve hej conjunction 'if' Rule 3 : Ùeefo Reported Speech efve<esOeelcekeâ nes DeLee&led 'Do
Ùee 'whether' keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Gmekesâ yeeo ØeMveJeeÛekeâ not' mes ØeejcYe nes, lees Fmekesâ heefjJele&ve keâer oes efJeefOeÙeeb nQ –
JeekeäÙe keâes meeOeejCe JeekeäÙe ceW yeouekeâj DevÙe heefjJele&ve Assertive (a) Reporting Verb keâes forbade ceW yeoue osles nQ leLee
Sentence kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes –
Reported Speech ceW DeeÙes ngS Do not keâes meceehle keâjkesâ ef›eâÙee
1. Direct : Ramesh said to me, "Are you reading a
mes henues to ueiee osles nQ~ pewmes –
book?"
Direct : The mother said to the boy, "Do not
Indirect : Ramesh asked me if I was reading a book.
abuse anyone."
2. Direct : Ram said to Mohan, "Will you go to school
Indirect : The mother forbade the boy to abuse
today?"
anyone.
Indirect : Ram asked Mohan whether he would go to
school that day. (b) efÉleerÙe efJeefOe ceW Reporting verb 'said' keâes YeeJe kesâ
Rule 6 : Deiej Reported Speech ceW meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee Do Ùee
Deveg meej advised, ordered Ùee requested ceW yeouee peelee nw efkeâvleg
Does nes Deewj Gmekesâ heMÛeeled not ve nes lees Indirect yeveeles meceÙe
FmeceW Reported Speech ceW mes kesâJeue Do nšlee nw Deewj 'not' kesâ
Gvekeâes nše osles nQ, Deewj cegKÙe ef›eâÙee keâes Simple Past Tense ceW yeeo 'to' infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes –
yeoue osles nQ~ pewmes – Direct : My brother said to me, "Don't waste
your time"
1. Direct : She said to me, "Do you know Sohan?"
Indirect : My brother advised me not to waste
Indirect : She asked me whether I knew Sohan. my time.
2. Direct : Neelam said to Mohan, "Do you go there."
Rule 4 : Reported Speech peye 'never' mes ØeejcYe nes lees
Indirect : Neelam told Mohan if he went there. Reporting Verb keâes advised ceW yeoue osles nQ leLee never Deewj
Rule 7 : Ùeefo Reported Speech ceW Do Ùee Does kesâ yeeo ef›eâÙee kesâ yeerÛe to keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes –
not nes lees Do Ùee Does kesâ mLeeve hej Did keâj efoÙee peelee nw~ Direct : The father said to the boy, "Never waste
Direct : The Mother said to me, "Do you not obey your time."
me?" Indirect : The father advised the boy never to waste
Indirect : The Mother told me whether I did not obey his time.
her. veesš–Never Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW ceW forbade keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~
Rule 8 : Ùeefo Reported Speech ØeMveJeeÛekeâ Meyo Rule 5 : peye Reported Speech ceW 'please', 'kindly',
(What, why, which, who, whom, whose, where, when, 'sir' Deeefo MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie nw lees Indirect yeveeles meceÙe Fve MeyoeW keâes
How Deeefo) mes Meg™ nesleer nw lees Indirect ceW keâesF& DevÙe nše osles nQ leLee Reporting verb keâes Requested ceW yeoueles nQ~
Connective veneR ueieeÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~ Ùes Meyo ner mJeÙeb Direct : She said to Sudha, "Kindly help me."
connective keâe keâeÙe& keâjles nQ~ Indirect : She requested Sudha to help her.
1. Direct : He said to me, "Where do you live?"
Indirect : He asked me where I lived.
Let Jeeues JeekeäÙe
2. Direct : He said me, "Where will he go tommorrow?" Let efvecve oMeeDeeW ceW ØeÙeesie ceW Deelee nw –
Indirect : He asked me where he would go the (1) ØemleeJe (Proposal) :
next day. Ùeefo Let Jeeues JeekeäÙe mes ØemleeJe keâe yeesOe nes lees let kesâ meeLe us
(C) IMPERATIVE SENTENCES keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâer Indirect yeveeves kesâ efvecve
peye efkeâmeer JeekeäÙe ceW Dee%ee (Order), hejeceMe& (advice) Ùee efveÙece nQ –
ØeeLe&vee (Request) Øekeâš keâer ieÙeer nes lees Gmes Imperative (i) Reporting Verb keâes Suggested Ùee Proposed ceW
Sentence keânles nQ~ FmeceW keâlee& 'you' efÚhee jnlee nw leLee JeekeäÙe yeoueles nQ~
finite verb mes ØeejcYe neslee nw~ (ii) Inverted Commas keâes nšekeâj connective word
Rule 1 : Reporting Verb 'said' keâes YeeJe kesâ Devegmeej Fme 'that' ueieeles nQ~
Øekeâej yeoueles nQ – (iii) Objective Case (us) keâes Nominative case (they
(a) Ùeefo advice nes – advised, urged Deeefo ceW~ Ùee we) ceW Reporting verb kesâ Subject kesâ Person kesâ Devegmeej
(b) Ùeefo order – Commanded, ordered Deeefo ceW~ yeoueles nQ~
(c) Ùeefo request – requested, implored, begged, (iv) Let keâes Should ceW yeoue osles nQ leLee Fmes they Ùee we
entreated Deeefo ceW~ kesâ heMÛeeled efueKeles nQ~
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1. Direct : Rajesh said to his friend, "Let us go out for a veesš–(a) MegYe keâecevee kesâ efueS wish leLee Meehe kesâ efueÙes
walk." curse keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Indirect : Rajesh proposed to his friend that they
should go out for a walk."
veesš-(b) F&MJej mes ØeeLe&vee Øekeâš keâjves kesâ efueS Prayed keâe
2. Direct : He said, "Let us wait for the result."
ØeÙees i e neslee nw~ pewmes –
Indirect : He proposed that they should wait for the Direct : Ram said to me, "May God help you!"
result. Indirect : Ram prayed that God might help me.
(2) DeeosMe (Command) : Rule 2 : Ùeefo Reported Speech ceW Good bye Ùee Good
night keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw lees said kesâ mLeeve hej bade keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles
1. Ùeefo Let Jeeues JeekeäÙe mes efkeâmeer keâes Dee%ee osves kesâ YeeJe keâe
nQ leLee Good morning keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees said kesâ mLeeve hej
yeesOe nes lees Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâe Indirect yeveeles meceÙe Reporting Verb
wished efueKee peelee nw –
keâes Ordered ceW yeoueles nQ~
1. Direct : Saurav said, "Good bye, my friends!"
2. Let kesâ mLeeve hej that efueKeles nQ, efHeâj Noun Ùee
Indirect : Saurav bade good bye to his friends.
Pronoun kesâ yeeo Should keâe ØeÙeesie keâj Verb leLee DevÙe MeyoeW
2. Direct : Santosh said, "Good morning, my friend!"
keâes efueKeles nQ~ Indirect : Santosh wished his friend good morning.
1. Direct : The Commander said, "Let the gate be left
open." (E) EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Indirect : The Commander ordered that the gate Ss mes JeekeäÙeeW Éeje DeeMÛeÙe& (surprise), ØemeVelee (joy) Ùee Meeskeâ
should be left open. (sorrow) Deeefo Øekeâš neslee nw~
2. Direct : The king said, "Let the man be set free." Rule 1 : Interjections (efJemceÙeeefoyeesOekeâ Meyo) keâes meceehle
Indirect : The king ordered that the man should be keâj osles nQ keäÙeeWefkeâ Fvekesâ YeeJe Reporting verb mes mhe° nes peeles nQ~
set free. Interjection – Alas mes Sorrow, Hurrah mes Joy, How leLee
(3) ØeeLe&vee (Request) : what a mes surprise leLee Bravo mes approval Øekeâš neslee nw~
Rule 2 : Mark of exclamation (!) kesâ yeoues full stop
Ùeefo Let Jeeues JeekeäÙe mes efkeâmeer otmejs mes efkeâmeer keâece keâjves keâer
keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ DeLee&led Exclamatory JeekeäÙe keâes Assertive
Devegceefle ceebieves Ùee osves kesâ efueS ØeeLe&vee keâe yeesOe nes lees Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâe (.)
Indirect yeveeves kesâ efvecve efveÙece nQ – JeekeäÙe ceW yeoue osles nQ~
(i) Reporting Verb keâes Requested ceW yeoueles nQ~ Rule 3 : Comma Deewj Inverted Commas kesâ mLeeve hej
that keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
(ii) Let keâes to let ceW yeoueles nQ DeLeJee let kesâ mLeeve hej that
ueieekeâj Noun Ùee Pronoun kesâ meeLe 'might be allowed to' Rule 4 : Tense Deewj Person keâe heefjJele&ve Assertive JeekeäÙe
efueKekeâj ef›eâÙee keâer first form ueieeles nQ~ keâer lejn neslee nw~
1. Direct : He said to his officer, "Let me go home." Rule 5 : Reporting verb 'said' kesâ mLeeve hej DeeMeÙe kesâ
Indirect : He requested his officer to let him go Devegmeej efvecve heefjJele&ve keâjles nQ –
home. (i) Ùeefo Meeskeâ Øekeâš efkeâÙee ieÙee nes, lees exclaimed with
2. Direct : Shalini said to the officer, ``Let Ritu go home sorrow Ùee exclaimed with grief Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
now."
pewmes–
Indirect : Shalini requested the officer that Ritu might
be allowed to go home then. Direct : Rajesh said, "Alas! I am ruined."
Indirect : Rajesh exclaimed with sorrow that he
(D) OPTATIVE SENTENCES was ruined.
Ùeefo Reported Speech ceW ØeeLe&vee Ùee keâecevee kesâ DeLe& ceW (ii) Ùeefo ØemeVelee Øekeâš keâer ieF& nw, lees exclaimed with
'May' keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees Jen Optative Sentence keânueelee nw~ delight Ùee exclaimed with joy Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
Rule 1 : FmeceW Reporting Verb 'said' keâes YeeJeevegmeej pewmes–
wished, 'Prayed' Ùee cursed ceW yeouekeâj Sentence keâes Direct : He said, "Hurrah! My dear friend has
Assertive ceW yeoue osles nQ, Connective word 'that' ueieeles nQ come."
leLee Interjection kesâ efÛeÖ (!) keâes nše osles nQ~ pewmes – Indirect : He exclaimed with delight that his dear
friend had come.
1. Direct : Rakesh said to me, "May you live long!"
(iii) Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW efkeâmeer keâer ØeMebmee keâer ieF& nw, lees
Indirect : Rakesh wished that I might live long.
applauded Ùee Praised Deeefo MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes –
2. Direct : Sandeep said, "May you all go to hell!" Direct : He said to us, "Bravo! You have done well."
Indirect : Sandeep cursed that they all might go to Indirect : He applauded us saying that we had done
hell. well.
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 (iv) Ùeefo JeekeäÙe ceW Good Heavens keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees jnlee nw~ forbade tion veneR
Reporting verb keâes exclaimed with surprise ceW yeoueles nQ~ DeheJeeo–Let mes ueieeles nQ~
pewmes - Meg™ nesves Jeeues
Direct : "Good Heavens! I have dropped my key JeekeäÙeeW ceW efmehe&â
some where." Ravi said that keâe ØeÙeesie
Indirect : Ravi exclaimed with surprise that he had keâjles nQ,
dropped his key somewhere. example-
(v) Exclamatory Sentences peye How Ùee What a mes Direct : Shyam
DeejcYe nes lees Fvekesâ Éeje DeefOekeâlee Øekeâš nesleer nw~ Ssmeer oMee ceW Fve said Arpit, "Let
MeyoeW kesâ mLeeve hej great Ùee very Deeefo Meyo ueieeles nQ~ How Ùee us play
cricket."
what a kesâ yeeo Ùeefo Noun Deelee nw lees Gmes (How Ùee what a
Indirect: Shyam
keâes) great ceW yeoue osles nQ, hejvleg Gmekesâ heMÛeeled Adjective Deeves suggested Arpit
hej Gmes very ceW yeoueles nQ~ Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Reporting that they should
verb said keâes exclaimed ceW yeoueles nQ~ pewmes – play cricket.
Direct : Gaurav said, "What a fool I am !" Optative FÛÚe yeesOekeâ Ùee wished Ùee that
Indirect : Gaurav exclaimed that he was a great fool. F&MJej mes ØeeLe&vee Prayed
Direct : Ramesh said to me, "How fast you are Exclamatory Meeskeâ, n<e&, Exclaimed,
walking!"
DeeMÛeÙe& keâe shouted, that
Indirect : Ramesh exclaimed that I was walking yeesOekeâ~ efJemceÙe out, cried
very fast.
metÛekeâ Meyo kesâ Deble Deeefo
Chart - Changes in Indirect Speech ceW Ùee JeekeäÙe kesâ
(Past Tense) Deble ceW
DeeMÛeÙe&yeesOekeâ (!)
Kind of the Nature of the Report- Conjunc
Sentence Sentence ing -tion
efÛeÖ
Verb INDIRECT mes DIRECT yeveevee
Assertive meeOeejCe keâLeve said/told that
Indirect mes Direct yeveeves kesâ efueS Direct mes Indirect yeveeves
Interrogat- JeekeäÙe kesâ Deble ceW enquired Jeeues efveÙeceeW keâes Gueš keâjkesâ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efvecve GoenjCe
ive ØeMveJeeÛekeâ (?) of/asked
efÛeÖ~
osefKeÙes –
(i) Do, Did, is, (A) ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
am, are, was, (i) if Ùee 1. Indirect : He says that he is going to Calcutta.
were, can, shall, whether
Direct : He says, "I am going to Calcutta."
will, Have Deeefo
meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW mes 2. Indirect : Mahesh said that he had written a letter.
(ii) Deueie
DeejcYe neslee nw~ Direct : Mahesh said, "I wrote a letter."
mes keâesF&
(ii) Why, What, mebÙeespekeâ 3. Indirect : The teacher said that the earth moves round
Who, which, (Connect the Sun.
When, How, -ive) veneR Direct : The teacher said, "The earth moves round
Where Deeefo ueieeles nQ~ the sun."
ØeMve- JeeÛekeâ MeyoeW ØeMve- 4. Indirect : He said that he wanted a book.
mes ØeejcYe neslee nw~ JeeÛekeâ Meyo Direct : He said, "I want a book."
ner
conjunc- (B) INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
tion yeve 1. Indirect : He asked me what my name was.
peelee nw~ Direct : He said to me, "What is your name?"
2. Indirect : Gaurav asked Seeta if she wanted to go.
Imperative Dee%ee, ØeeLe&vee, ordered, Report- Direct : Gaurav asked Seeta, "Do you want to go?"
meueen Deeefo JeekeäÙe requested, ing verb
3. Indirect : Suneel asked the postman if there was a
ef›eâÙee (verb) mes comman- kesâ yeeo
DeejcYe nesles nQ leLee ded, keâesF& letter for him.
keâlee& You efÚhee begged, conjunc- Direct : Suneel said the postman, "Is there a letter for
advised, me."

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 (C) IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Interchange between "too" and "so".
1. Indirect : The father advised his son not to smoke. Interchange between different forms of
"conditional Sentence."
Direct : The father said to his son, "Don't smoke."
Interchange between different forms of Sentences
2. Indirect : The teacher advised the boy to work hard. expressing "Concession or Contrast."
Direct : The teacher said to the boy, "You should Interchange of "Degrees of Adjectives."
work hard." Interchange between two 'Voices' - "Active to
3. Indirect : Shyam suggested Arpit that they should play Passive and Passive to Active."
cricket. Interchange between "Affirmative and Negative
Direct : Shyam said Arpit, "Let us play cricket." Sentences."
Interchange between "Different parts of speech."
(D) OPTATIVE SENTENCES Interchange between "Exclamatory and Assertive
1. Indirect : They prayed that the Home minister might Sentences."
live long. Interchange between "Simple and complex
Direct : They said, "Live long the Home minister." sentences- Noun, Adjective and Adverb clauses."
2. Indirect : He wished that I might be happy. Interchange between "Simple and compound
Sentences."
Direct : He said to me, "May you be happy!"
Interchange between "Complex and compound
(E) EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES Sentences."
1. Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that they had won. Interchange between principal and subordinate
Direct : he said, "Hurrah! we have won!" clauses."
2. Indirect : He exclaimed that it was a great pity I had IMPORTANT RULES
not gone. Sentences Expressing Excess
Direct : He said to me, "What a pity! you did not • dqN okD;ksa esa too dk Á;ksx gksrk gS vkSj buls fdlh xq.k dh
come." vfr'k;rk (Excess) dk Hkko O;‰ gksrk gS vkSj blfy, ml
xq.k ds cnys nks"k dk cks/k gksrk gSA ,sls okD;ksa dh cukoV gksrh
gSµ Subject + Verb + too + adj/adv.
B. TRANSFORMATION OF • She is too weak.
SENTENCES • He is too angry.
• It is too hot.
• He runs too fast.
Transformation dk vFkZ gksrk gSµ to change the form.
Rule-I : Too dks gVk nsaA
blls Li"V gS fd ge fdlh Sentence ds vFkZ dks ugha cny
Rule-II : Too ds ckn vkus okys Adjective/ Adverb dks
ldrs] gesa flQZ mlds form º:i ;k cukoVΩ dks cnyuk
Comparative Degree esa j[krs gSaA
pkfg,A bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd gesa Sentence ds vFkZ ls dksbZ
Rule-III : Than ds ckn vFkkZuqlkj] Should + Infinitive /
eryc gh ughaA blds foijhr fn, gq, Sentence ds vFkZ dks
Should be + Adj. ;k It is Proper dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA
/;kuiwoZd le>uk pkfg,A D;ksafd vFkZ le>s fcuk Sentence ds • The weather is too hot = The weather is hotter than it
form dks cnyuk laHko gks gh ugha ldrkA nwljs 'kCnksa esµ
a is proper ;k than it should be.
"To transform a sentence is to change it from one • He is too weak = He is weaker than it is proper ;k than
grammatical form to another without altering its he should be.
sense." • The news is too shocking = The news is more
vFkkZr~] flfdlh fn;s gq, okD; dks] fcuk mldk vFkZ cnys gq, shocking than it is proper ;k than it should be.
O;kdj.k dh n‘f"V ls ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa cnyus dh Áfÿ;k bl Ádkj] Subject + verb + too + adj/adverb gks tkrk gSµ
Subject + verb + Comp. adj / adv. + than + Clause.
;k ifjorZu dks gh Transformation dgrs gSaAfi
• dqN okD;ksa esa too + adj. / adv. + Infinitive dk Á;ksx gksrk
fdlh fn;s gq, okD; dks ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa cnyus dh gSA ,sls okD;ksa ds too + adj / adv. ls dkj.k (Cause) dk cks/k
izfÿ;k ds fy, dbZ rjhds gks ldrs gSaA vr% fdlh fn;s gq, okD; gksrk gS vkSj Infinitive ls ifj.kke (result) dkA ,sls okD;ksa
dh cukoV Subject+verb + too + adj. / adv. + infinitive.
dks dbZ :iksa esa Transform fd;k tk ldrk gSA • He is too weak to run.
• She is too slow to win the race.
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 ,sls okD;ksa dks transformation djus ds fy, gesa fuEu fu;eksa Though he is poor. He is honest.
dk /;ku nsuk pkfg,µ ,sls okD;ksa dh cukoV Principal Clause + adv. Clause
Rule-I : Too dks gVk nsa vkSj blds cnys So dk Á;ksx djsaA [Concession]
Rule-II : So ds ckn Adjective / adverb dks j[ksaA okD; esa contrast/concession ºfoijhr dk HkkoΩ ÁdV djus
Rule-III : blds ckn that + Clause dk Á;ksx izk;% can ds fy, bu 'kCnksa dk Á;ksx gksrk gSµ
not/could not dk iz;ksx djrs gq;s djsaA Though, Although, Despite, In spite of, Even if, No
matter, Whatever, for All, Admitting that, Granting that,
bu okD;ksa ds ifjorZu ij ;fn /;ku nsa rks fuEu:i esa gksxkµ Supposing that, may + Infinitive, may be + Noun /
• He is too weak to run. Adjective. However + Adj / Adverb, adj + As Indeed
He is so weak / that he can not run. but All the same Neverthless.
• She was too slow to win the race.
1. Though (Although) he is poor, he is honest.
She was so slow / that she could not win the race.
2. Poor as he is, he is honest.
• He is too selfish to be a friend.
3. He is poor indeed, but he is honest.
He is so selfish / that he can not be a friend.
Note : dqN okD;ksa esa too + adj + for + Noun / pronoun
,sls okD;ksa dks transform djus ds fy, bUgsa ,d&nwljs ds :i
vkrk gSA ,sls okD;ksa ds too + adjective ls dkj.k (cause) dk esa cny nsrs gSaµ
cks/k gksrk gS vkSj for + Noun / pronoun ls ifj.kke (result) 1. Though she is black. She is beautiful =
dkA ,sls okD;ksa dh cukoV gksrh gSµ Black as she is, she is beautiful
• She is too slow for a runner. or
• He is too dull for a sportsman. Despite (in spite of) her blackness, she is beautiful.
• His sorrow is too deep for tears. 2. Poor as he is honest =
• It is too much for us. Though he is poor, he is honest.
Rule-I : Too dks gVk nsa vkSj blds LFkku ij So dk 3. He is poor indeed, but he is honest =
Á;ksx djsaA Though he is poor, he is honest.
Rule-II : blds ckn that + Clause (adj. cl.) dk Á;ksx djsa Note : tc Adjective + as dk Á;ksx Contrast dks O;‰
vkSj bl Clause esa verb dk Á;ksx lko/kkuh ls djsa] D;ksafd djrk gS] rc as dk Á;ksx Adjective ds ckn gksrk gS (Poor as
okD; esa for + Noun/pronoun ds ckn dksbZ verb ugha vkrk gSA he is, Rich as he is). Clause ds vkjEHk esa ughaA tc as dk
Rule-III : ;fn too ds ckn much (too much) vk,] rks So Á;ksx fdlh Clause ds vkjEHk esa gksrk gS] rc bldk vFkZ gksrk
bad / So shocking vkfn dk Á;ksx djsaA gSµpawfd (because) As he is ill, he is absent.
bu okD;ksa ds ifjorZu dks ns[kk tk; rks Li"V gksxkµ okD; esa ftrus Adjectives ds Á;ksx gksrs gSa] os fdlh&u&fdlh
• He is too dull for a sportsman. Degree esa vo'; gh jgrs gSaµ Positive, Comparative ;k
He is so dull that he can not be a sportsman. Superlative esaA ,d Ádkj dh Degree dks nwljs esa cny ldrs
• It is too much for us. gSa vkSj muds vFkZ esa Hkh dksbZ varj ugha vkrkA ,slk ifjorZu fdl
It is so bad/shocking that we can't bear it. Ádkj gksrk gS] bl ij fopkj fd;k tk;µ
bl Ádkj Subject + verb + too + adj / too much + for + cgqr&ls Positive Degree ds Adjectives nks as (as ------
Noun / pronoun gks tkrk gSA
as) ds chp ;k so ----- as ds chp j[kk tkrk gSµ
dqN okD; ,sls gksrs gSa ftuesa nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA ,d Hkkx esa dksbZ As dull as, as good as.
Condition º'krZΩ jgrk gS vkSj nwljs Hkkx esa mlds
Rule-I : nksuksa as (as ----- as ;k so ---- as) dks gVk nsaA
consequence ºifj.kkeΩ dh ppkZ gksrh gSµ
Rule-II : Adjective dks ºtks nks as ;k so ----- as ds chp
If you work hard, you will succeed.
esa jgrk gSΩ Comparative Degree dk :i nsaA
,sls okD;ksa dh cukoV gksrh gS Principal Clause + adv.
Clause okD; esa tks Condition j[kk tkrk gS] mls bu 'kCnksa ds Rule-III : ;fn okD; Affirmative gks] rks mls Negative
}kjk O;‰ fd;k tkrk gSµ cuk nsa] vkSj ;fn Negative gks rks mls Affirmative cuk nsaA
If, When, Unless, Supposing, Provided that, were, Rule-IV : okD; ds nwljs Hkkx as ds ckn iz;qDr 'kCn
should, Had, But for, in case, one more, once, ftldh rqyuk dh tk jgh gS] dks u;s okD; esa igys vkSj igys
imperative sentence + and + clause, Interrogative
Sentence + Imperative Sentence beginning with 'then.'
Hkkx dks var esaµ
1. Ram is as dull as Shyam = Shyam is not duller than
dqN ,sls okD; gksrs gSa ftuesa nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA ,d Hkkx esa dqN Ram.
dgk tkrk gS vkSj nwljs Hkkx esa mlds foijhr dgk tkrk gSµ 2. You are as good as I = I am not better than you.
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 3. Ram is not as dull as Shyam = Shyam is duller than Rule-I : as-------as rFkk very few ds cnys one of the dk
Ram.
Á;ksx djsaA
blh Ádkj] Comparative Degree dks Positive Degree esa
cnyus ds fy, gesa fuEu fu;eksa dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg,µ Rule-II : Adjective dks Superlative dk :i ns nsaµ
Rule-I : Comparative Degree ds Adjective dks 1. Very few men were as great as Mahatma Gandhi.
─Positive
Positive esa cny nsaA
Mahatma Gandhi was one of the greatest man.
Rule-II : Adjective dks nks (as---as ;k so ---- as) ds chp
─Superlative
esa j[k nsaA
2. Very few flowers are as sweet as rose. ─Positive
Rule-III : ;fn okD; esa Affirmative gks] rks mls
Rose is one of the sweetest flowers. ─Superlative
Negative cuk nsa vkSj ;fn Negative gks] rks Affirmative.
Rule-IV : okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds rqyukRed 'kCn dks u;s dqN okD;ksa esa verb ds lkFk Point of Time (at / in + time)
okD; esa igys j[kk tkrk gS vkSj igys dks var esaµ vkrk gSA bUgsa transform djus gsrq bu fu;eksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku
1. He is better than you = You are not as good as he. j[kuk pkfg,µ
2. He is not better than you = You are as good as he. Rule-I : okD; dks Negative cuk nsa vkSj Perfect Tense
;fn Comparative Degree esa all other ;k any other dk dk Á;ksx djsaA
Á;ksx gks] rks mls fuEufyf[kr Ádkj ls Superlative Degree esa Rule-II : Point of Time ds igys since dk Á;ksx djsaA
cnyk tkrk gSµ 1. I met him at 9 O' clock .
Rule-I : All other ;k any other dks gVk nsaA I haven't met him since 9 O' clock.
Rule-II : Comparative Degree ds Adjective dks 2. He gave me presents on my birthday.
superlative esa cny nsaµ He hasn't given me present since my birthday.
1. He is better than any other boy in the class.
-Comparative dqN okD;ksa esa last ------- when vkrk gSA
He is the best boy in the class. -Superlative 1. I last saw him when I visited Delhi.
Note : blh Ádkj] Superlative Degree dks Hkh ;fn most I have not seen him since I visited Delhi.
other yxk jgs] rks bldh Superlative Degree bl Ádkj 2. He last met me when he came here.
cuk,aµ He has not met me since he came here.
Rule-I : Most other ds cnys one of the dk Á;ksx djsaA Rule-I : Since ds ckn vkus okys Clause esa Past Simple
Rule-II : Comparative Degree ds adjective dks Tense dk Á;ksx djsaA
Superlative esa cny nsaµ Rule-II : Since ds igys vkus okys Clause esa Perfect
1. He is more wicked than most other boys.
Tense dk Á;ksx djsa vkSj bls Negative cuk nsaA
─Comparative
He is one of the most wicked boys. ─Superlative dqN okD;ksa esa Ago dk Á;ksx gksrk gS vkSj buls le; dk cks/k
2. Iron is more useful than most other metals. gksrk gSA bUgsa bl Ádkj transform fd;k tk ldrk gSµ
─Comparative
Iron is one of the most useful metals. ─Superlative Rule-I : Ago ds cnys for dk Á;ksx djsaA
Note : blh Ádkj Superlative Degree dks Hkh Rule-II : okD; dks Negative cuk nsa vkSj blesa Perfect
Comparative esa cny ldrs gSaA Tense dk Á;ksx djsaA
tc okD; esa Positive Degree dks nks as (as--as ;k so---as) ds 1. He helped me a month ago.
chp esa j[kk tkrk gS vkSj mlds igys no other dk Á;ksx gksrk He hasn't helped me for a month.
gS] rc mldh Superlative Degree bl Ádkj cuk;h tkrh gSµ 2. She wrote to me a week ago.
Rule-I : Not other rFkk as----as ;k so---as dks gVk nsaA She hasn't written to me for a week.
Rule-II : Adjective dks Superlative Degree dk :i ns dqN ,sls Sentences gksrs gSa tks :i ds vuqlkj
nsrs gSaµ Interrogative ij vFkZ ds vuqlkj Assertive gksrs gSaA blfy,
1. No other boy is as poor as Ram. -Positive
Ram is the poorest boy. -Superlative ,sls Interrogative Sentences dks Assertive esa bl Ádkj
2. No other bookshop is so good as Pustak Mahal. cnyrs gSaµ
-Positive
Pustak Mahal is the best bookshop. -Superlative Rule-I : okD; esa igys Subject dks j[ksa vkSj mlds ckn
;fn okD; esa Positive Degree dks nks as (as----as) ds e/; Verb dksA
j[kk tk; vkSj very few dk Á;ksx gks] rks Positive Degree dks Rule-II : Á'uokpd fpUg (Mark of Interrogation) ds
Superlative esa bl Ádkj cnyuk pkfg,µ cnys full stop dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

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 Rule-III : ;fn Interrogative Sentence esa not ugha jgs] Rule 5. keâYe-keâYeer Assertive mes Interrogative yeveeles meceÙe
rks Assertive esa not dk Á;ksx djsa] ij ;fn Interrogative JeekeäÙe keâe ØeejcYe why, what, when, how mes keâjles nQ~ pewmes–
Sentence esa not jgs] rks Assertive esa not dk Á;ksx ugha djsaµ
1. Who would not run from a lion. -Interrogative Assertive– It is no good to help this poor old man.
Everyone would run from a lion -Assertive Interrogative– What good it is to help this poor old
2. Can the deaf hear. -Interrogative.
The deaf can not hear. -Assertive man?
3. Can human nature change. -Interrogative Or
Human nature can not change -Assertive
Is it any good to help this poor old man?
Interchange of Assertive and
Interrogative sentence keâes Assertive ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjvee–
Interrogative Sentence Interrogative mes Assertive yeveeves kesâ efueS Assertive mes
Assertive Sentence keâes Interrogative Sentence ceW Interrogative sentence yeveeves kesâ efveÙeceeW keâes Guše keâj osles nQ~
heefjJeefle&le keâjvee– pewmes–
Rule 1. Assertive mes Interrogative yeveeles meceÙe Sentence keâer Interrogative–Can I ever win the first prize?
meneÙekeâ ef›eâÙee (pewmes– is, am are, was, were, will, can etc) keâes Assertive–I can never win the first prize.
JeekeäÙe ceW meyemes henues ueeles nQ DeLee&le JeekeäÙeeW keâes Gmeer ef›eâÙee mes Interrogative–Did he not purchase a new car yesterday?
Assertive–He purchase a new car yesterday.
Meg™Deele keâjles nQ
Interrogative–Who would not like to be a wealthy man?
Rule 2. Ùeefo Assertive Sentence mJeerkeâejelcekeâ neslee nw lees Assertive–Everybody would like to be a wealthy man.
Gmekeâes Interrogative ceW yeoueves hej Jen vekeâejelcekeâ nes peelee nw~ Interchange of Exclamatory and
Fmekesâ efJehejerle Ùeefo vekeâejelcekeâ JeekeäÙe nes lees yeoueves hej Jen
Assertive Sentences
mekeâejelcekeâ (Affirmative) nes peelee nw DeLee&led GmeceW DeeÙes ngÙes
(A) Exclamatory sentence keâes Assertive sentence ceW
vekeâejelcekeâ Meyo pewmes not Deeefo nše efoÙes peeles nQ~ Never kesâ mLeeve
heefjJeefle&le keâjvee
hej Ever leLee No kesâ mLeeve hej Any nes peelee nw~
Rule 1. Ùeefo Exclamatory sentence 'How' Ùee 'What' mes
Rule 3. JeekeäÙe kesâ Devle ceW ØeMvemetÛekeâ efÛevn (?) DeJeMÙe ueieeles nQ~
ØeejcYe nes lees How Ùee What keâes nšekeâj JeekeäÙe keâes keâòee& mes DeejcYe
pewmes–
keâjles nQ Deewj Adjective mes hetJe& very keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes–
1. Assertive – Milton was a great poet.
Exclamatory–How fearful the snake is!
Interrogative– Was Milton not a great poet?
Assertive–The snake is very fearful.
2. Assertive – You cannot do this work.
Exclamatory–What a beautiful building the Taj is!
Interrogative – Can you do this work?
Assertive–The Taj is a very beautiful building.
3. Assertive– Rahim will never forget his duty.
Exclamatory–What an unhappy life he leads!
Interrogative – Will Rahim ever forget his duty?
Assertive–He leads a very unhappy life.
Rule 4. Assertive sentence ceW Ùeefo Subject kesâ mLeeve hej
Rule 2. Ùeefo Exclamatory sentence O, Oh, If, Would Deeefo
Everybody nes lees Gmekesâ mLeeve hej Who keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
mes ØeejcYe ngDee nes lees Assertive yeveeles meceÙe JeekeäÙe ceW wish keâe
pewmes–
ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes–
Assertive– Everybody likes to become a great leader.
Exclamatory–If only I could see my mother now!
Interrogative– Who does not like to become a great
Assertive–I wish that I could see my mother now.
leader?
Exclamatory–Would that they were safe!
Or
Assertive–I wish that they were safe.
Does everybody not like to become a great leader?
Exclamatory–O that I were a bird!
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Assertive–I wish that I were a bird. Ans. (c) : Active Structure
Rule 3. Ùeefo Exclamatory sentence 'Alas' mes ØeejcYe nes lees Sub + VIInd form + Obj.
Assertive sentence 'It is sad' mes Hurrah mes ØeejcYe nes lees 'It is Passive Structure
a matter of joy' mes Deewj Bravo mes ØeejcYe nes lees 'It is a matter Sub + was/were + VIIIrd form + by + Obj.
Note : Active mes Passive yeveeles meceÙe sub keâes obj leLee obj. keâes
of praise' mes Meg™ keâjles nQ~ pewmes–
sub yevee efueÙee peelee nw~
Exclamatory–Alas! she died so young.
Assertive–It is sad that she died so young. 2. Point out the sentence in the active voice.
Exclamatory–Hurrah! my old friend has come. (a) Why don’t you have your eyes tested?

Assertive–It is a matter of joy that my old friend has (b) This notice has been altered.
(c) Boys could not have done all this damage.
come.
(d) Steps had been cut in the ice by previous
Exclamatory–Bravo! you have done well.
climbers
Assertive–It is a matter of praise that you have done
Ans : (c) Option (c) is in Active voice. Hence option (c)
well.
is correct.
Assertive sentence keâes Exclamatory sentence ceW
3. Which of the following sentence is in the Passive
yeouevee– Voice?
Assertive sentence keâes Exclamatory sentence ceW yeoueves kesâ (a) He was made to surrender his passport.
efueS Exclamatory mes Assertive ceW yeoueves kesâ efveÙeceeW keâes Gueše (b) They feed the lions in the zoo twice.
(c) A jelly-fish stung her.
keâj osles nQ~ pewmes–
(d) We will not admit children under sixteen.
Assertive–The music is very sweet.
Ans : (a) Option (a) is in Passive Voice. Helping verb
Exclamatory–How sweet the music is! was is followed by V3 this condition apply only in
Assertive–I wish that spring were eternal. passive voice. Hence option (a) is correct.
Exclamatory–Would that spring were eternal! 4. Point out the active voice of the following
Assertive–It is sad that my mother has died. sentence.
Exclamatory–Alas! my mother has died. This notice has been altered.
Assertive–I wish that I were born in free country. (a) Alteration has been made in this notice by
Exclamatory–Oh that I were born in a free country! someone
Assertive–I wish that I were a princess. (b) Someone has altered this notice
Exclamatory–Would that I were a princess! (c) Already the notice has been altered
(d) The notice had been altered previously
EXERCISE
Ans : (b) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe This notice has been altered,
1. Change the following sentence into active voice:
Passive Voice keâe JeekeäÙe nw~ Passive mes Active ceW yeoueles
The visitors were shown the newborn by the
meceÙe JeekeäÙe kesâ Object keâes Passive keâe Subject yeveeles nQ~
woman.
(a) The newborn was shown to the visitors by the Object ve nesves hej Some one keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee Perfect tense
woman. mes been nševes hej Active voice Øeehle neslee nw~ GheÙeg&òeâ Gòej
(b) The woman has shown the newborn to the efoÙes ieÙes efJekeâuheeW ceW mes efJekeâuhe (b) ceW efoÙee nw~ Someone has
visitors. altered this notice. efoÙes ieÙes DevÙe efJekeâuhe ieuele nQ~
(c) The woman showed the visitors the newborn. 5. Change the following sentence into passive
(d) The woman might have shown the newborn. voice :
Have the girls asked this question?

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 (a) This question have asked by girls. 9. "Your body uses water for fat."
(b) Has this question been asked by the girls? The 'voice' in the above sentence has been
(c) Has this question asked by the girls? correctly changed in
(d) Have this question asked by the girls? (a) water was used for fat by our body
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018 (b) water could be used for fat by our body
Ans. (b) : Option 'b' is correct. (c) water is being used by our body for fat
Has this question been asked by the girls? (d) water is used for fat by your body
By the Rule Active/Passive voice. Present Perfect (verb) Ans : (d) Passive voice of the above sentence is water
Tense change in present perfect continuous (verb) is used for fat by your body. Hence option (d) is
Tense. So,
Have – Has been correct.
6. Point out the Active Voice of the following. 10. Select the active form of the following sentence.
The patients are visited by their relatives only The wall is being built by the mason.
between 4 to 6 pm. (a) The mason has built the wall
(a) Only between 4 to 6 pm the patients are visited (b) The mason was building the wall
by the relatives (c) The mason is building the wall
(b) The relatives visit the patients only between 4 (d) The mason has been building the wall
to 6 pm Ans: (c) The word ‘is being’ indicates present
(c) The relatives visited the patients only between continuous tense, so ‘is building’ would supplement it
4 to 6 pm in active form. The mason is building the wall. Hence
(d) Only between 4 to 6 pm the relatives can visit option (c) is correct.

the patients 11. They are repairing the bridge.

The passive voice of the above sentence will be
Ans: (b) Since ‘are’ is used in the passive, the active
(a) The bridge is repaired
voice will be in present tense. The correct sentence
(b) The bridge are being repaired
would be– The relatives visit the patients only
(c) The bridge is being repaired
between 4 to 6 pm. Hence option (b) is correct.
(d) The bridge has being repaired
7. Point out the sentence in Passive Voice.
Ans : (c) In passive object comes in the place of
(a) The striking students were throwing stones
subject and tense changes accordingly. The correct
(b) Twenty lessons have been finished
passive transformation is – The bridge is being
(c) The murderer hide the knife
repaired (by them). Hence option (c) is correct.
(d) The enemy will have sunk the ship by now
12. Pick out the correct passive voice of the
Ans: (b) ‘have been’ used in the second sentence
following sentence
hints that it is passive voice. Hence option (b) is They carried the injured player off the field.
correct. (a) Off the field was carried by the injured player
8. Change the following into passive voice (b) The injured player was carried off the field by
Rita writes a letter to him everyday. them
(a) To him a letter was written by Rita everyday (c) The injured player be carried off the field
(b) A letter was written to him by Rita everyday (d) The injured player has been carried off the
(c) A letter is written to him by Rita everyday field
(d) He is being written a letter by Rita everyday Ans : (b) The correct passive transformation is – The
UPTET (I-V) June 2013 injured player was carried off the field by them.
Ans : (c) A letter is written to him by Rita everyday. Hence option (b) is correct.

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13. Identify the correct passive voice of the Ans. (a) : I asked Sheela if I might know her father.
sentence: Obey me. Fmekeâes direct Speech ceW yeoueves kesâ efueÙes
(a) I should be obeyed (b) Let I be obeyed (i) asked keâes Said to ceW yeouesies
(ii) conjution If keâes nšekeâj inverted comma keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
peeÙesiee~
Ans : (c) The correct passive voice of the sentence (iiv) might keâes may ceW yeouesies leLee structure Interrogative
'Obey me' are – I should be obeyed and Let obeyed. nesiee~
So, both the passive voice are correct. pewmee efkeâ efJekeâuhe (a) I said to Sheela, “May I know your
14. Choose the correct passive construction of the father?” ceW efoÙee ieÙee nw~
sentence.
18. Point out the correct direct speech for the
‘Someone sells tickets at the box office.’
following:
(a) Tickets are sold at the box office.
I asked why he was looking through the
(b) Tickets are being sold at the box office.
keyhole.
(c) Tickets were sold at the box office by
(a) “Are you looking through the keyhole?” I
somebody.
said.
(d) At the box office, tickets were sold by
(b) “Do not look through the keyhole.” I said.
somebody.
(c) “Why are you looking through the keyhole?”
Ans : (a) In passive voice – Object + is/are/am + verb I said.
(IIIrd form) + ….. (d) “You are looking through the keyhole,” I
So, the correct passive form for the above sentence is– said.
Tickets are sold at the box office. Hence option. (a).
Ans. (c) : efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Indirect speech ceW nw~ Fmekeâes
15. While learning about the passive voice form,
Direct Narration ceW JeekeäÙe "Why are you looking through
students learn about
the keyhole?", I said.
(a) use of 'by' (b) position of verbs
(c) position of nouns (d) use of verb form 19. Identify the correct reported form of the given
sentence:
Ans: ( d) Use of verb form of active voice.
Ravi said to his friend, “work hard”.
16. Which of the following is not true about
(a) Ravi said to his friend you must work hard.
sentences in the passive voice?
(b) Ravi asked his friend that ht must work hard.
(a) The verb in passive sentences is always in
(c) Ravi advised his friend to work hard.
perfect participle form
(d) Ravi ordered his friend to work hard.
(b) It is generally used where the subject is
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016
hidden, not clear or not significant
Ans : (c) Correct reported form is option (c) Ravi
(c) Sentences with intransitive verbs cannot be
advised his friend to work hard.
passivized
‘Work hard’ is a imperative sentence. When we
(d) Any declarative sentence can be passivized
change these type of sentence into indirect speech we
Ans : (d) Declarative sentence cann't be changed into
follow the following rule.
passive form.
(I) We changed reporting verb say/says or said into
17. Transform the following sentence into a direct
order, request, urged, begged according to the sense of
sentence:
I asked Sheela if I might know her father. the sentence.
(a) I said to Sheela, “May I know your father?” (II) We used conjunction ‘to’ Hence option (c).
(b) I told Sheela, “May I know your father?”
(c) I asked Sheela, “Can I know your father?” 20. Point out the correct indirect speech of the
(d) I questioned Sheela, “Will I know your sentence.
father? “Would you like to come with us?” they said.
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 (a) They asked me to go with them. (a) My friend asked that I must accept that gift.
(b) They asked me if I would like to come with (b) My friend said that you must accept that gift
them. (c) My friend requested that I must accept the gift
(c) They invited me to go with them. (d) My friend insisted that I must accept that gift
(d) They told me to come with them. Ans : (d) The correct sentence in reported from (IIIrd
UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016 person) is–
Ans : (b) Correct indirect speech of the sentence is My friend insisted that I must accept that gift.
option (b) There is an emphasis, so ‘insisted’ is used and ‘this’is
Rule– (i) If reported speech is in interrogative, we use changed into ‘that’. Hence option (d) is correct.
conjunction if or whether. 24. Manjit said to Anisha, "Could you please open
(ii) We change reporting verb say, says or said into ask, the window?"
asks or asked. In the above sentence Manjit is
So correct indirect speech is – (a) asking a question (b) giving an instruction
They asked me if I would like to come with them. (c) offering advice (d) making request
21. "Call the first witness" said the judge. Ans : (d) Manjit said to Anisha, "Could you please
Convert to reported speech. open the window?"
(a) The judge commanded them to call the first Here Manjit is requesting to Anisha.
witness. 25. Mohan said to Savita, "Can I borrow you book
(b) The judge asked them to call witness first. for a day?"
(c) The judge told them to call first the witness. In Reported Speech the above sentence will be
(d) The judge asked them to invite the first Mohan asked Savita
witness. (a) if he could borrow her book for a day
Ans : (a) Given Direct speech – "Call the first (b) if they could borrow her book for a day
witness' said the judge, reported speech is in (c) that could he borrow her book for a day
imperative sentence. When we changed it into indirect (d) if that he could borrow her book for a day
speech we use reporting verb say, says and said into Ans : (a) In Reported Speech the above sentence will
order, command, request etc on the basis of sense. be Mohan asked Savita if he could borrow her book
And used 'To' conjunction. for a day.
So, option (a) The judge commanded them to call Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what
the first witness. Hence option (a) is correct. you or a person said before.
22. Change the following into indirect speech by 26. She said to her brother, "Do not buy mangoes",
choosing correct alternative. In Reported Speech the above sentence will be
Our teacher said to us, "sugar dissolves in She asked her brother
water."
(a) to not buy mangoes
(a) Our teacher told us that sugar dissolved in
(b) not to buy mangoes
water
(b) Our teacher told us that sugar has dissolved in (c) do not buy mangoes
water (d) do not to buy mangoes
(c) Our teacher said to us that sugar dissolves in Ans : (b) In Reported Speech the above sentence will
water be : She asked her brother not to buy mangoes.
(d) Our teacher told us that sugar dissolves in
27. The student said, "We want to learn a foreign
water
language."
Ans : (d) efoÙee ieÙee JeekeäÙe Skeâ Universal truth nw efpemekeâe
In Reported Speech the above sentence will b.
efveÙeceevegmeej keâesF& Tense heefjJele&ve veneR neslee nw~ Assertive The students said that
JeekeäÙe keâe Indirect yeveeles meceÙe that veecekeâ Conjunction keâe (a) they want to learn a foreign language
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe GheÙegòeâ Indirect Narration (b) they wanted to learn a foreign language
efJekeâuhe (d) ceW efvecve MeyoeW ceW efoÙee ieÙee nw Our teacher told (c) we want to learn a foreign language
us that sugar dissolves in water. (d) we wanted to learn a foreign language
23. Identify the correct reported form of the given Ans : (b) In Reported Speech the above sentence will
sentence. be : The students said that they wanted to learn a
My friend said, “You must accept this gift.” foreign language.

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28. He said, “Kavita, when is the next train?” The Ans. (c) : He was assisted by a group of students.
above sentence in Reported Speech will be (Passive Voice) Passive Voice is a speech of any person
(a) He asked Kavita that when the next train was or things, where object expresses the theme on patient
(b) He asked to Kavita when was the next train of the main verb and subject undergoes the action or has
(c) He asked to Kavita that when is the next train its state changed.
(d) He asked Kavita when the next train was A group of students (performing Action)
Ans : (d) In reported speech the present tense changes He (object)
to past. So, He asked Kavita when the next train was? Active Voice-
would be correct answer. A group of students assisted him.
29. The doctor said to me, “Do not swim in cold 33. Transform the following sentence by using 'too'.
water.” Choose the correct alternative given below.
In Reported Speech the above sentence will be She is over anxious for the safety of her son.
The doctor advised me (a) She is too anxious that she wants the safety of
(a) do not swim in cold water her son
(b) that do not swim in cold water (b) She is too anxious for the safety of her son
(c) not to swim in cold water (c) She is too anxious that her son may be safe
(d) to not swim in cold water (d) She is too anxious so that her son might be safe
Ans : (c) The correct reported transformation is – The Ans : (b) efoÙes ieÙes JeekeäÙe keâe DeLe&– Jen DelÙeefOekeâ yesÛewve nw
doctor advised me not to swim in cold water. Hence Deheves heg$e keâer megj#ee kesâ efueÙes~ ÙeneB Over keâe DeLe& DelÙeefOekeâ nw
option (c) is correct.
efpemekeâe heÙee&ÙeJeeÛeer too neslee nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe keâe GheÙegòeâ mLeeveeheVe
30. Choose the correct indirect form of the sentence
efJekeâuhe (b) nw~ She is too anxious for the safety for her
The man said, "Let me have the first chance."
(a) The man proposed that he should have the first son. efoÙes ieÙes DevÙe efJekeâuhe ieuele nQb~
chance. 34. Pick out the sentence which has the same
(b) The man proposed to have the first chance. meaning as the following sentence
(c) The man desired that he had the first chance. No person in my village is as wise as my uncle.
(d) The man claimed that he had the first chance. (a) My uncle is the wisest person in my village
Ans : (a & b) Sentence (a) and (b) are both correct. (b) There is no wise person in my village
Hence option (a) and (b) is correct. (c) My uncle is the only wise person in my village
31. Choose the correct indirect form of the sentence. (d) My uncle is wiser than some people in my
The policeman said, “Please move this car.” village
(a) The policeman commanded me to move the Ans : (a) The sentence means that the uncle was the
car. wisest in the village. Hence option (a) is correct.
(b) The policeman requested me to move the car. 35. Which of the following sentences is in active
(c) The policeman suggested that I move the car. voice?
(d) The policeman advised me to move the car (a) He was asked to keep quiet.
Ans : (b) ‘Please’ indicates request. So, the indirect (b) A house was bought for fifty lacs.
form would be – The policeman requested me to (c) I requested him to come in time.
move the car. Hence option (b). (d) He was hit badly.
32. Which of the following sentences is in passive UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
voice? Ans. (c) : I requested him to come in time. (Active
(a) Please mind your business. Voice) Active Voice is a speech of any person or thing
(b) I kept quiet throughout the meeting. performing the action (I) and which can take a direct
(c) He was assisted by a group of students. object (him).
(d) They came late and lost the match. Example- 'I' in the sentence performing the action and
'him' is a direct object.
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
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09.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
Singular (SkeâJeÛeve)-In this form, it is used for talking Some Nouns are the same in both their singular
about one person or things only. and plural forms.
SkeâJeÛeve ceW ncesMee efkeâmeer Skeâ JÙeefkeäle Ùee Jemleg kesâ Meyo Ùee Meyo Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
™he keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes- Ram (ueÌ[keâe) Boy, (kegâòee) Pants, Scissors, Pants, Scissors,
Dog, (hesÌ[) tree, (yenve) sister, (ieeÌ[er) Car FlÙeeefo~ Trousers Trousers
Plural (yengJeÛeve)-In this form, It is used for talking
about more than one person, place, thing or idea. Rule 4-
yengJeÛeve ceW, ncesMee nce oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ JÙeefkeäleÙeeW Ùee JemlegDeeW kegâÚ SkeâJeÛeve keâlee& (Singular Nouns) kesâ Deble ceW f' Ùee
kesâ Meyo Ùee Meyo™he keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ pewmes- ueÌ[kesâ (boys), 'fe' nes lee nw, lees Gvekeâes yengJeÛeve ceW yeveeves kesâ efueS Meyo kesâ Deble ceW
kegâòes (dogs), ueÌ[efkeâÙeeB (girls), hetâue (flowers), Ûeeketâ 'f' Ùee 'fe' nšekeâj 'ves' peesÌ[les nQ~
(knives), ieeefÌ[ÙeeB (Cars) FlÙeeefo~ Some Nouns ending in 'f' or 'fe' require that you
Rules for converting singular to plural nouns- change the 'f' to a 'v' and then add an 'es' at the end to
Rule 1- make them plural.
Skeâ JeÛeve keâlee& kesâ Deble ceW 's' peesÌ[keâj yengJeÛeve keâlee& ceW Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
heefjJeefle&le keâjles nQ~ Leaf, thief, Loaf, Leaves, thieves,
Add 's' at the end of a singluar noun to make it plural. calf, shelf, knife, loaves, calves,
wife, wolf, Half, shelves, knives,
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns self, wives, wolves,
Cup, plate, tray, Cups, Plates, trays, Halves, selves,
mug, shirt, apple, Mugs, Shirts, Rule-4 kesâ DeheJeeo
frock, lock, pen, apples, frocks, efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW hej Ùen efveÙece ueeiet veneR neslee nw~
truck, Tree, Plant, Locks, Pens,
flower trucks, Trees, Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
Plants, flowers Roof, Cuff, Proof, Roofs, Cuffs,
Cliff, Chief, Chef, Proofs, Cliffs,
Rule-2- Dwarf, Scarf, chiefs, chefs,
Singluar Nouns (SkeâJeÛeve keâlee&), efpemekesâ Deble ceW 's', 'ss', handkerchief Dwarfs or
'sh', 'ch', 'x', 'o' or 'z' Deeles nQ Gvekeâes Plural Noun (yengJeÛeve Dwarves, Scarfs or
keâlee&) ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS 's', 'ss', 'ch', 'x', 'o' Ùee 'z' Deble mes Scarves
nšekeâj 'es' peesÌ[ osles nQ~ handkerchiefs
Singular Nouns ending in 's', 'ss', 'sh', 'ch', 'x', 'o'
or 'z' need an 'es' at the end to become plural.
Rule-5–
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns Deiej SkeâJeÛeve keâlee& Meyo kesâ Deble ceW 'y' DeeS Deewj Gmemes
Bus, Watch, Pass, Buses, Watches,
Fox, Tax, dress, Passes, Foxes,
henues JÙebpeve DeeS lees 'y' nšekeâj 'ies' peesÌ[keâj yengJeÛeve ™he yeveeles
Mango, Potato, Taxes, Dresses, nQ~
Tomato, Branch, Mangoes, Potatoes,
Box, dish, brush, Tomatoes, Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
glass Branches, boxes, Baby, Lady, Army, Babies, Ladies,
Dishes, Brushes, Fly, University, Armies, Flies,
Glasses Library, Dictionary, Universities,
Rule-2 kesâ DeheJeeo Country, City, Libraries,
efvecveefueefKele GoenjCeeW hej Ùen efveÙece ueeiet veneR neslee nw~ Enemy Dictionaries,
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns Countries, Cities,
Quiz Quizzes Enemies
OX Oxen
Radio, Photo Radios, Photos Rule-6–
Rule 3- neÙeheâve Ùegkeäle Ùeewefiekeâ Meyo ceW, SkeâJeÛeve Jeeues Meyo kesâ
kegâÚ Meyo (Nouns) keâe SkeâJeÛeve Deewj yengJeÛeve oesveeW henues Jeeues Meyo keâes yengJeÛeve ceW DeLee&le 's' peesÌ[keâj yengJeÛeve yeveeles
Skeâ ner ™he ceW neslee nw~ nQ~
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 6. Which of the following words is regarded as
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns singular?
Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law (a) Dogs
Editor-in-chief Editors-in-chief (b) Mathematics
Runner-up Runners-up (c) Cats
Grandson-in-law Grandsons-in-law (d) Cars
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Rule-7– Ans. (b) : When we use 's' after noun, it becomes plural
keâF& SkeâJeÛeve Meyo yengJeÛeve ceW veÙes Meyo yeve peeles nQ~ as Dogs, Cats and Cars but mathematics itself a
Some singular nouns change into new words in complete singular word. Each subject name is always in
the plural form. singular.
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns 7. Plural of 'Phenomenon' is
Man, Woman, Men, women, (a) Phenomenons (b) Phenomena
Child, Foot, Tooth, children, Feet, (c) Phenomenas (d) Phenomenans
Mouse, Goose, teeth, mice, Geese, Ans. (b) : Plural of Phenomenon is 'Phenomena'.
Chick, Ox, Die, Chicken, Oxen,
8. The plural of tooth is
person dice, people
(a) Tooths (b) Toothes
(c) Tooth (d) Teeth
Rule-8–
Ans. (d) : The plural of tooth is 'teeth'.
Singular Nouns Jeeues Meyo efpevekesâ Deble ceW 'ex' neslee nw
9. The plural of "sheep" is :
Gvekeâes Plural Nouns yeveeves kesâ efueS 'ex' keâes nšekeâj 'ices' (a) sheeps (b) sheepse
peesÌ[keâj yengJeÛeve yeveeles nQ~ (c) sheep (d) None of these
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns Ans : (c) The plural form of 'sheep' will be 'sheep'.
Vertex Vertices 10. The plural of "ox" is
Index Indices (a) Oxes (b) Oxen
(c) Oxies (d) Ox
Ans : (b) The plural form of 'ox' is 'oxen'.
EXERCISE 11. The plural of brother - in - law- is :
1. Choose the plural of the given word (a) brother - in - law
knife (b) brothers - in - law
(a) knife (b) knifes
(c) brothers - in - laws
(c) knives (d) knifey (d) None of these
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 Ans : (b) The plural of brother - in - law- is brothers -
Ans : (c) The plural of 'knife' is knives. in - law.
2. Choose the plural of the given word 12. The plural of journey is :
(a) box (b) boxer (a) journies (b) journeis
(c) boxis (d) boxes (c) journeys (d) journey
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 Ans : (c) The plural form of journey is 'journeys'.
Ans : (d) The plural of 'box' is boxes. Note : Noun ceW s ueieekeâj, plural yeveeÙee peelee nw~
3. Choose the singular of the given word 13. Plural of "mouse" is :
Leaves (a) Mouses (b) Mice
(a) leave (b) leaf (c) Mouse (d) None of these
(c) levee (d) None of these Ans : (b) The plural form of 'mouse' is Mice.
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2011 14. Choose the alternative which is the plural of
Ans : (b) The singular of 'Leaves' is Leaf. CALF?
4. Choose the singular form of the given word (a) CALVES (b) CALFS
Gulfs (c) CALFI (d) CAVS
(a) Engulf (b) Gulp Ans. (a) : The plural of calf will be 'calves'.
(c) Gulf (d) Golf Rule- Ùeefo Noun kesâ Devle ceW 'f' Ùee 'fe' DeeÙes lees plural yeveeves
Ans : (c) ‘Gulf’ is the singular form of ‘gulfs’. Hence kesâ efueS 'f' Ùee 'fe' keâes nšekeâj 'ves' ueieeles nw~
option (c) is correct. pewmes– Wife- Wives, Half- Halves, Loaf- Loaves
5. Which of the following words is 'plural'? 15. go : goes : :
(a) Dog (b) Fox
(c) Goat (d) Mice (a) have : has (b) have : had
(c) have : been (d) have : are
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Ans. (d) : Mice is a plural word because it considers the Ans : (a) efpeme Øekeâej go (plural verb) keâe mebyebOe ÙeneB singular
whole community of Rats while Dog, Fox and Goat are verb 'goes' mes denote efkeâÙee ieÙee nw Gmeer Øekeâej have (plural
singular words. verb) keâe mebyebOe has (singular verb) mes nesiee~

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10.
GENDER
efuebie cegKÙele: meb%ee keâes Jeieeake=âle keâjlee nw pees pewefJekeâ Deewj meeceeefpekeâ • lees Fme Øekeâej mes ØeeÙe: hegefuuebie (masculine gender) keâe ØeÙeesie
OeejCeeDeeW keâes vepej jKeles ngS cegKÙele: Ûeej YeeieeW ceW yeeBšlee nw~ Gve MeyoeW kesâ efueS keâjles nQ pees Meefkeäle (strength) Deewj efnbmee
(violence) keâer Åeeslekeâ nesles nQ pewmes-The sun, Time, Death,
Grammatical gender is a system of noun classification
Winter, Summer FlÙeeefo (Death explores his icy hands)
according to biological and social factors.
• m$eerefuebie Feminine Gender keâe ØeÙeesie Gve efvepeeaJe JemlegDeeW kesâ
It classified gender in four types- efueS keâjles nQ pees megbojlee (Beauty), Yeõlee (Gentleness) Deewj
(1) Masculine Gender (hegefuuebie) ceveesnjlee (Gracefulness) keâer Åeeslekeâ nes~
(2) Feminine Gender (m$eerefuebie) pewmes-The moon, the earth, spring, Autumn, Liberty etc.
(3) Neuter Gender (vehegbmekeâ efuebie) The earth brought up her children.
(4) Common Gender (GYeÙeefuebie) The moon has hidden her face behind cloud.
hegefuuebie (Masculine) mes m$eerefuebie (Feminine) yeveeves kesâ
1. Masculine Gender (hegefuuebie)–Jen meb%ee Meyo efpememes heg®<e efveÙece–
Ùee vej peeefle keâe yeesOe neslee nw pewmes- Ram, Shyam, Lion FlÙeeefo~ 1. hegefuuebie (Masculine) MeyoeW kesâ Deble ceW 'ess' peesÌ[keâj m$eerefuebie
2. Feminine Gender (m$eerefuebie)–Jen meb%ee Meyo efpememes m$eer (Feminine) yeveeles nQ~

Ùee ceeoe peeefle keâe yeesOe neslee nw pewmes- Rani, Akanchha, wife,
daughter-in-law FlÙeeefo~ Masculine (hegefuuebie) Feminine (m$eerefuebie)

3. Neuter Gender (vehebgmekeâ efuebie)–Jen meb%ee Meyo efpememes ve Author Authoress

Baron Baroness
lees heg®<e keâe yeesOe neslee nw Deewj ve ner m$eer keâe yeesOe neslee nw, vehegbmekeâ
Count Countess
efuebie keânueelee nw~ pewmes-Book, Room, Table, Chair, Mobile Mayor Mayoress
FlÙeeefo~ Patron Patroness
Priest Priestess
Shepherd Shepherdess
4. Common Gender (GYeÙeefuebie)–Jen meb%ee Meyo efpememes heg®<e Poet Poetess
Deewj m$eer oesveeW keâe yeesOe neslee nw, GYeÙeefuebie Common Gender Manager Manageress
Lion Lioness
keânueelee nw~ pewmes-Parents, child, friend, baby, student,
Benefactor Benefactress
person FlÙeeefo~ Prince Princess
Conductor Conductress
• vehegbmekeâ efuebie ØeeÙe: efvepeeaJe JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nQ~ Enchanter Enchantress
Negro Negress
hejbleg keâYeer-keâYeer Fvekeâe ceeveJeerkeâjCe (Personified) keâj efoÙee peelee Duke Duchess
nw, leye Gmes nce heg®<e (Male) Ùee m$eer (Female) ceeve uesles nQ~ Murderer Murderess
Instruction Instructress

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2. efvecveefueefKele MeyoeW ceW efJeefYevve Øekeâej kesâ ØelÙeÙe (Suffix) EXERCISE
peesÌ[keâj m$eerefuebie meb%ee yeveeles nQ–
1. The correct feminine of “ram” is
(a) sita (b) toe
Masculine (hegefuuebie) Feminine (m$eerefuebie) (c) ewe (d) filly
Hero Heroine UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016
Ans : (c) Feminine of ‘RAM’ is ‘EWE’. Hence option
Testator Testatrix
(c) is correct.
Czar Czarina 2. Feminine of 'Hart' is
Sultan Sultana (a) Filly (b) Sow
Signor Signora (c) Roe (d) Goose
Fox Vixen Ans : (c) The Feminine of 'Hart' is 'Roe'. Hence
option (c) is correct.
3. One of these is used for both male and femal
3. henues Ùee yeeo kesâ Meyo keâes yeouekeâj m$eerefuebie yeveeles nQ~ pewmes– (a) Parent (b) Mother (c) Father (d) Actor
Ans : (a) Parent is used for both male and female.
Masculine (hegefuuebie) Feminine (m$eerefuebie) 4. "These students are most disobedient."
In the above sentence, point out the gender of
Grandfather Grandmother the word 'students.'
Great uncle Great aunt (a) Feminine gender
Manservant Maidservant (b) Common gender
Landlord Landlady (c) Masculine gender
(d) None of the above
Milkman Milkwoman
UPTET (I-V) Nov. 2018
Peacock Peahen
Ans. (b) : Common Gender–A type of gender that
Salesman Saleswoman deals whole community including male/female and
Washerman Washerwoman transgender.
These students are most disobedient.
These students, here These students contained
4. hegefuuebie (Masculine) Meyo keâes m$eerefuebie (Feminine) yeveeves male/female and transgender together.
kesâ efueS hetCe&le: efYevve MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ 5. "These mares are so fast."
In the above sentence point out the gender of
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine the word 'mares'.
(a) Feminine Gender (b) Common Gender
Bachelor Maid, Hart Roe (c) Masculine Gender (d) Neuter Gender
Spinster Ans : (a) Mares is a Feminine Gender
Boy Girl Horse Mare 6. "In the raining season, Peacocks dance
Brother Sister Husband Wife sweetly."
In the above sentence point out the gender of
Buck Doe King Queen the word 'Peacocks'.
Bull Cow Lord Lady (a) Common Gender (b) Masculine Gender
(c) Feminine Gender (d) Neuter Gender
Bullock Heifer Man Woman Ans : (b) 'Peacocks' (ceesj) is a Masculine Gender.
Cock Hen Monk Nun 7. "Sorcerer is the great man of unique tallent.
Colt Filly Nephew Niece In the above sentence point out the gender of
the word 'Sorcerer'.
Dog Bitch Papa Mamma
(a) Neuter Gender (b) Common Gender
Drake Duck Ram Ewe (c) Feminine Gender (d) Masculine Gender
Earl Countess Sir Madam Ans : (d) Sorcerer (peeotiej, peeot šesvee Jeeuee) is a Masculine
Gender.
Father Mother Son Daughter
8. "Lioness is the queen of Jungle"
Gander Goose Stag Hind In the above sentence point out the gender of
Gentleman Lady Uncle Aunt the word 'Lioness'.
(a) Masculie Gender (b) Common Gender
Wizard Witch
(c) Neuter Gender (d) Feminine Gender

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Ans : (d) 'Lioness' (Mesjveer) is a Feminine Gender. Ans : (b)
9. Benefactor is which of the following gender- (i) Grandfather – Grandmother
(a) Masculine Gender (b) Neuter Gender (ii) Testor – Testarix
(c) Feminine Gender (d) Common Gender (iii) Emperor – Empress
(iv) Traitor – Traitress
Ans : (a) 'Benefactor' (MegYeefÛeblekeâ) is a masculine gender
18. Match the following Feminine Gender word to
10. 'Testatrix' is, which of the followig gender.
its masculine gender words–
(a) Common Gender (b) Neuter Gender
(i) Giantess (A) Peacock
(c) Feminine Gender (d) Masculine Gender
(ii) Niece (B) Fox
Ans : (c) 'Testatrix' (ceefnuee JemeerÙelekeâlee&) is a feminine (iii) Vixen (C) Nephew
gender. (iv) Peahen (D) Giant
Directions :- Change the following words into (a) B, A, C, D
either masculine or Feminine Gender. (b) A, C, D, B
(c) D, C, B, A
11. The Feminine word of Bachelor is– (d) A, B, C, D
(a) Spinster (b) Girl Ans : (c)
(c) Bigamy (d) Lady (i) Giantess – Giant
(ii) Niece – Nephew
Ans : (a) Spinster is Feminine word of Bachelor.
(iii) Vixen – Fox
12. The Feminine word of Count is– (iv) Peahen – Peacock
(a) Account (b) Counts 19. The masculine gender of 'Sister-in-law' is
(c) Countess (d) Earl (a) Sister's-in-law (b) Brother-in-law
(c) Father-in-law (d) Mother-in-law
Ans : (c) Countess is Feminine word of Count.
Ans. (b) : The Masculine gender of sister-in-law is
13. The Masculine word of heifer is– 'brother-in-law'.
(a) Buffalo (b) Cow 20. Feminine gender of 'horse' is
(c) Bullock (d) Bull (a) Horsen (b) Horses
(c) Mare (d) Horse
Ans : (c) Bullock is Masculine word of heifer.
Ans. (c) : Feminine gender of horse is 'mare'.
14. The Masculine word of Nun is– 21. Plural of 'brother-in-law' is
(a) Uncle (b) Lord (a) brother-in-laws
(c) Monk (d) King (b) brothers-in-law
(c) brothers-in-laws
Ans : (c) Monk is Masculine word of Nun. (d) None of these
15. The Feminine word of shepherd is– Ans. (b) : Plural of brother-in-law is 'Brothers-in-law'
(a) Stewardess (b) Shepherdess Rule- Compound noun ceW cegKÙe Meyo kesâ meeLe 's' ueieeves hej
(c) Ladies (d) Mayor Gmekeâe Plural yeve peelee nw~
Ans : (b) Shepherdess is Feminine word of shepherd. Examples: Bed-room – Bed-rooms
step-dauther – step-daughters
16. The Feminine word of Instructor is– Pea-hen – Pea-hens
(a) Instructress (b) Director 22. The word 'Doctor' is of which gender?
(c) Dimension (d) Umpire (a) Masculine Gender
Ans : (a) Instructress is Feminine word of Instructor. (b) Feminine Gender
17. Match the following words to it's feminine (c) Neuter Gender
(d) Common Gender
gender–
Ans : (d) Doctor is a common gender.
(i) Grandfather (A) traitress
(ii) Testor (B) Grandmother 23. The gender of TEACHER is :
(iii) Emperor (C) Empress (a) feminine (b) Masculine
(iv) Traitor (D) Testatrix (c) common (d) neuter
(a) A, B, C, D (b) B, D, C, A
(c) A, D, C, B (d) B, C, A, D Ans : (c) The gender of teacher is 'common'.

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11.
FIGURES OF SPEECH, RHYME
SCHEME AND LITERARY GENRE
Figure of speech (Deuebkeâej) 4. Pathetic Fallacy-It is a figure of speech in which
A Figure of speech is a poetic device which consists in emotions are given to lifeless objects and abstract ideas.
the use of words and phrases in such a manner as to
make the meaning, more pointed and clear and the
Fme Øekeâej kesâ Deuebkeâej ceW ceeveJeerÙe YeeJeveeDeeW keâes efvepeeaJe
language more graphic and vivid. JemlegDeeW Deewj Decetle& efJeÛeejeW mes leguevee keâjles nQ~
Example-
Deuebkeâej, Jes Meyo nesles nQ, pees keâefJelee ceW Deekeâj keâefJelee keâes All Nature wept at his death and the flowers were
Deewj meejieefYe&le SJeb Deuebke=âle keâjles nQ~ filled with tears.
Example- Death lays his Icy hand of Kings. 5. Hyperbole–In this figure of speech consists in
ÙeneB death (ce=lÙeg) keâes ceeveJeerkeâjCe keâjkesâ (Icy hand) efÛeef$ele representing things as much greater or smaller than they
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ really are.

• These are the most important figure of speech which Fme Deuebkeâej ceW JemlegDeeW Deewj ÛeerpeeW keâes yeÌ{e-ÛeÌ{e keâj Øemlegle
were asked often in UP TET Examination. efkeâÙee peelee nw~
1. Simile (Ghecee)–A simile is an expression of likeness Example-"Here is the smell of blood still; all perfumes
between different objects or events. It consists in of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
placing two different things side by side and comparing
them with such words as like, as, so etc. 6. Oxymoron (efJejesOeeYeeme)–An oxymoron is the
association or bringing together of two words or phrases
Ghecee Deuebkeâej keâe ØeÙeesie oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ MeyoeW keâer leguevee having opposite meaning.
as, like, so FlÙeeefo MeyoeW kesâ ceeOÙece mes keâjles nQ~
Fme Øekeâej kesâ Deuebkeâej ceW oes MeyoeW Ùee Meyo mecetneW keâes Skeâ
Example- 1. Errors like Straus upon the surface flow. meeLe jKeles nQ pees hetCe&le: efJehejerle DeLe& Øekeâš keâjles nQ~
2. The younger brother is as good as gold.
Example- James I was the wisest fool in Christendom.
2. Metaphor (™hekeâ)–A metapher is implied simile In 7. Irony (JÙebiÙe)–It is the figure of speech in which the
this figure of speech two words comparison is implied, real meaning is just the opposite of that which is
although compared without any comparison. literally conveyed by the language used.

™hekeâ Deuebkeâej keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ MeyoeW keâer Fme Øekeâej kesâ Deuebkeâej ceW MeyoeW keâe efyeukegâue efJehejerle DeLe& Øekeâš
leguevee kesâ efueS keâjles nQ, efpemeceW GhecesÙe keâe Gheceeve ceW DeYesOe ™he mes keâjles ngS DeLe& kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw celeueye JÙebiÙe ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee
ØeÙeseie keâj efoÙee peelee nw pewmes- peelee nw~
a. The camel is the ship of the desert. Example-(a) No doubt but ye are the people, and
b. He is the pillar of the state. wisdom shall die with you.
3. Personification (ceeveJeerkeâjCe)–In this figure of speech (b) The student was given 'excellent' on getting
inanimate objects and abstract ideas or qualities are zero in the examination.
spoken of as if they were persons or human being.
8. Alliteration (DevegØeeme Deuebkeâej)–In this figure of
ceeveJeerkeâjCe Deuebkeâej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Yeer efvepeeaJe Jemleg keâes speech, It consists in the repetition of the letters or
mepeerJelee Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS ceeveJe kesâ efJeefYevve DebieeW mes leguevee syllable or the same sound at the beginning of two or
keâjles nQ~ more words in a line.

Example-(a) Opportunity knocks at the door but once. Fme Deuebkeâej ceW Skeâ Meyo Ùee Skeâ ner JeCe& keâer yeej-yeej
(b) Death lays his Icy hands on kings. heg v ejeJe= efòe nesleer nw~
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 Ans. (b) : Death lays his icy hand on kings Fme JeekeäÙe ceW
Example-(a) How High His Honour holds his laughty
head. Personification (ceeveJeerkeâjCe Deuebkeâej) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
(b) The fair breeze blow, the white foam flow ÙeneB Death keâes ceveg<Ùe kesâ ™he ceW Øemlegle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
the furrow followed free. 2. Which of the following is not a form of
literature?
9. Onomatopoeia (OJeefve DevegkeâjCeelcekeâ)–In this figure of (a) One-Act Play (b) Dictionary
speech the factual words containing sounds similer to (c) Memoir (d) Travelogue
the noises they describe the use of the words like . for Ans. (b) : Dictionary is not a form of literature.
example- 'hiss' or 'thud'. 3. Which of the following is an example of simile?
(a) I wandered lonely as a cloud.
10. Apostrophe (mebyeesOeve)–FmeceW ce=lekeâ, DevegheefmLele Ùee (b) Life is a dream.
ceeveJeerkeâjCe efkeâS ngS heoeLe& Ùee YeeJe (efJeÛeej) keâes meerOes mebyeesefOele (c) Anxiety is sitting on her face.
(d) A lie has no legs.
keâjles nQ Ùen Deuebkeâej ceeveJeerkeâjCe (personification) keâe efJeMes<e
Ans. (a) : I wandered lonely as a cloud. Ùen simile
mJe™he nw~
Deuebkeâej keâe GoenjCe nw~ Fme lejn kesâ Deuebkeâej ceW oes efJeefYeVe ÛeerpeeW
Example-(a) Milton! thou should'st be living at this
hour. kesâ yeerÛe keâer meceevelee keâer leguevee keâer peeleer nw~ Fme JeekeäÙe cesW efkeâmeer
(b) O Judgement! thou art fled to brutish beasts. JÙeefòeâ kesâ FOej-GOej Ietceves keâer leguevee efkeâmeer yeeoue mes keâer pee
11. Antithesis (efJejesOe Ùee Øeeflehe#elee)–FmeceW Skeâ ner JeekeäÙe ceW jner nw~
oes efJehejerle Ùee JÙeeflejskeâer MeyoeW Ùee YeeJeeW keâes JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 4. Choose the correct figures of speech in the
Example: (a) Man proposes, God disposes following sentence:
(b) Speech is sliver, but silence is golden. Her mother too upon this occasion felt a
(c) To err is human, to forgive divine. pleasing distress.
12. Metonymy (ue#eCee)–Meyo mes mhe<š nw-veece keâe heefjJele&ve~ (a) Personification (b) Oxymoron
(c) Hyperbole (d) Simile
Fmekesâ Deuebkeâej ceW efJeMes<Ùe kesâ efueS efJeMes<eCe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee UPTET (I-V) Dec. 2016
nw~ Ans : (b) In the sentence – ‘Her mother too upon this
Example-(a) The Crown, for the king. occasion felt a pleasing distress used figure of speech is
The House, For the members of loksabha. – Oxymoron.
13. Transferred Epithet–Fme Deuebkeâej ceW efJeMes<eCe keâe Oxymoron: In this figure of speech two terms which are
efJeheÙee&Ùe (transferred) JeemleefJekeâ Meyo mes Ssmes otmejs Meyo mes keâj opposite in meaning are placed side by side and they
efoÙee peelee nw pees JeekeäÙe ceW Gmekesâ meeLe Ieefve<" ™he mes mebyebefOele nes~ formed one lovely phrase. Here in the present sentence
word – Pleasing and ‘distress’ are opposite. Hence
Example-(a) He passed a sleepless night.
option (b).
(b) The ploughman homeward plods his weary way.
5. Tick the figure of speech in the following
14. Litotes (heÙee&Ùeesefkeäle)–FmeceW efJehejerle kesâ efve<esOe Éeje mJeerke=âefle
sentence.
JÙekeäle efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemekesâ keâejCe Meefkeälenerve kesâ Éeje MeefkeälehetCe& Cocks crow cock a doodle do.
DeefYeJÙeefkeäle metefÛele keâer peeleer nw~ Ùen Hyperbola keâe efJeueesce neslee (a) Oxymoron (b) Onomatopoeia
nw~ (c) Metaphor (d) Simile
Example: (a) I am citizen of no mean (a very Ans : (b) In this present line – Cocks crow cock a
celebrated) city. doodle do, Onomatopoeia figure of speech is used.
(b) The man is no fool (very clever). Onomatopoeia–Onomatopoeia is defined as a
word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It
EXERCISE creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described
1. Choose the correct figure of speech in the making the description more expressive and
following sentence: interesting.
Death lays his icy hand on kings. 6. Which of the following is a short musical poem
(a) Metaphor (b) Personification expressing the poet's emotion?
(c) Apostrophe (d) Simile (a) Lyric (b) Sonnet
UPTET (I-V) Oct. 2017 (c) Idyll (d) Ode

126
 Ans : (a) Lyric is a short musical poem expressing the 12. Choose the correct figure of speech in the
poet's emotion. It is definition of lyric. following sentence
Hence option (a) is correct. 'Fair is foul and foul is fair
7. Which of the following is an 'Oxymoron'? (a) Hyperbole (b) Oxymoron
(a) Bright light (b) Cluster beans (c) Metaphor (d) Simile
(c) Deafening silence (d) Misty eyed UPTET (I-V) June 2013
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2016 Ans : (b) 'Fair is foul and foul is fair'; the correct
Ans : (c) Deafening silence is an Oxymoron. figure of speech is Oxymoron. Oxymoron is a figure
Deafening means extremely loud. of speech in which apparently contradictory terms in
Whereas silence means complete quiet. conjunction.
Oxymoron → two words used together that have, 13. Point out the Figure of speech used in the
or seem to have, opposite meanings. following sentence
8. Point out the figure of speech in the following Integrity is the backbone of character
sentence. (a) Simile (b) Metaphor
'Here's the smell of the blood still, all the (c) Apostrophe (d) Oxymoron
perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little UPTET (I-V) June 2013
hand'. Ans : (b) 'Integrity is the backbone of character', the
(a) Metaphor (b) Hyperbole figure of speech here is Metaphor.
(c) Oxymoron (d) Personification Metaphor is implied Simile.
Ans : (b) peye efkeâmeer Iešvee keâes DelÙevle yeÌ{e-ÛeÌ{e keâj JÙeòeâ 14. Which one of the following is not a poetic
device?
efkeâÙee peelee nw lees Ùen DeefleMeÙeesefòeâ Deuebkeâej keânueelee nw~ Ùen
(a) Imagery (b) Morpheme
hebefòeâÙeeb yeleeleer nQ meejs Dejye keâe megieefvOele F$e Yeer uent kesâ iebOe keâes (c) Metaphor (d) Alliteration
efceše veneR mekeâleer nw~ Ùen Skeâ DeefleMeÙeesefòeâ nw efpemes Hyperbole Ans : (b) Morpheme is a language unit and not a
keânles nQ pees efkeâ efJekeâuhe (b) ceW efoÙee ieÙee nw Deewj mener nw~ poetic unit. Hence option (b) is correct.
9. Choose the correct figure of speech in the 15. 'I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers Could
following sentence. not, with all their quantity of love Make up my
'The wind lies asleep in the arms of dawn.' sum'.
(a) Metaphor (b) Hyperbole The phrase '.....forty thousand brothers' illustrates a
(c) Personification (d) Oxymoron figure of speech called
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 (a) personification (b) hyperbole
Ans: (c) Personification is a figure of speech where (c) allegory (d) imagery
human qualities are given to animals, objects or ideas. Ans : (b) The figure of speech used in the phrase forty
Here wind and dawn (in animate object) are being thousand brother's is hyperbole which means
thought of as living beings, i.e. they are being exaggeration (DeefleMeÙeesefòeâ). Hence option (b) is correct.
personified humans. 16. “O my love’s like a red, red rose.”
10. Point out figure of speech in the following The figure of speech used here is
sentence. (a) Metaphor (b) Simile
(c) Personification (d) Oxymoron
'And having nothing he hath all'.
(a) Onomatopoeia (b) Oxymoron Ans : (b) ‘like’ indicates the figure of speech used is
(c) Simile (d) Apostrophe ‘simile’. Hence option (b) is correct.
UPTET (I-V) Feb. 2014 17. ‘O my love is a red, rose
Ans: (b) Oxymoron has been used in above sentence. Direction The above line is an example of (choose
An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which the appropriate answers from the alternatives given
below)
seemingly contradictory terms appear side by side.
(a) Simle (b) Metaphor
11. The quality of mercy is not strained. It droppeth
(c) Hyperbole (d) Alliteration
as the gentle rain from heaven.
Ans: (d) The original line was – ‘O my love is like a
Point out the figure of speech in the above lines
(a) Simile (b) Metaphor red, red rose.”
(c) Personification (d) Apostrophe ‘Like’ and ‘as indicate the use of simile. But here
Ans: (a) Since ‘as’ is used the above sentence is an ‘like’ is not used, so, it is an example of alliteration (a
example of simile. Hence option (a) is correct. repetition of consonant sounds). Hence option (d).

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18. Choose from the following alternatives the one Ans : (a) The English sonnet has three quatrains and a
which can be described as bold overstatement or couplet. It is a fourteen line poem that follows a strict
the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of rhyme scheme and specific structure. English sonnets
possibility. were 16th century.
(a) Pun (b) Hyperbole 25. The elegy is a
(c) Elegy (d) Ode (a) Mourning or lamentation poem
Ans: (b) Hyperbole is a bold or over statement which (b) It is formal and sustained poem
is an extravagant exaggeration of something. Hence (c) It is judged by its theme or subject matter by
option (b) is correct. its meter or stanza form
19. The word form of ‘to be’ is wed in a (d) All of the above
(a) sonnet (b) alliteration Ans : (a) The elegy is a Mourning poem, it is formal
(c) simile (d) metaphor and sustained poem, it is judge by its theme or subject
Ans: (d) The word form of ‘to be’ is a metaphor matter not by its meter or stanza form.
(compare one object to another unlike one). Hence 26. Drama differs from poetry as
option (d) is correct. (a) it has metaphor
20. Which poetry term refers to the repetition of the (b) it has action
same or very similar consonant sounds in words (c) it has rhyme scheme
that are close together.
(a) personification (b) free verse (d) it is always written in stanzas
(c) alliteration (d) quatrain Ans : (b) A poetry contains out burst of emotion that
Ans: (c) Repetition of similar sounding consonants is oozes from the nib of a composer and takes form of a
alliteration. Hence option (c) is correct. poetry and it lacks any action but on the hand. A
21. Which pair below contains rhyming words? drama is full action and cannot be sung like poetry.
(a) Fruit and shut (b) There and appear Hence option (b) is the only appropriate answer "It
(c) Throw and do (d) Fruit and shoot has action".
Ans : (d) Fruit and shoot contains rhyming words. A
27. In present critical usage elegy is a
rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (or the same
sound) in two or more words, most often in the final (a) poem of lament for death of particular person
syllables of lines in poems and songs. (b) a long narrative poem on great subject
22. A sonnet usually contains (c) a short narrative poem presenting a single
(a) eight lines (b) six lines speaker
(c) twelve lines (d) fourteen lines (d) a lyric poem written in a single stanza
Ans : (d) A sonnet has fourteen lines. Hence option Ans: (a) An ‘Elegy’ is a poem lamenting the death of
(d) is correct. a person or a subject. Hence option (a) is correct.
23. The dramatic monologue, a technique of drama,
28. Point out the figure of speech used in the
is a
(a) dialogue with self by the character sentence given below:
(b) it is for the audience The moon smiled at the stars around her.
(c) it expresses mind and innermost feeling of the (a) Metaphor
character on the stage (b) Oxymoron
(d) All of the above (c) Personification
Ans : (d) The dramatic monologue*, a technique of (d) Simile
drama, is a dialogue with self by the character, it is for
Ans : (c) Personification is the attribution of a personal
the audience and it expresses mind and innermost
feeling of the character on the stage. nature or human characteristics to something non-
* A monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person human, or the representation of an abstract quality in
in a play, when a character utters a monologue that human form.
expresses his or her private thoughts, it is called a 29. Which of the following is a correct expression?
soliloquy. Dramatic monologue, however does not (a) As cheerful as a lark
designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric (b) As busy as a bat
poem. (c) As cunning as a dog
24. The English sonnet has (d) As happy as a donkey
(a) three quatrains and a couplet Ans. (a) : efoÙes ieÙes Ûeejes efJekeâuhees ceW mes kesâJeue efJekeâuhe (a) As
(b) two quatrains and a couplet
cheerful as a lark mener nw~ Ùen Skeâ Simile figure of
(c) four quatrains and a couplet
(d) None of the above Speech keâe GoenjCe nw efpemekeâe DeLe& neslee nw ‘‘DelÙeefOekeâ KegMe’’~

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