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Introduction to CNC

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) automates machine tools using programmed commands, enhancing precision and efficiency in manufacturing. It includes various operations such as milling, drilling, and plasma cutting, with advantages like continuous operation and high accuracy, but also has drawbacks like higher costs and potential job losses. CNC systems utilize G and M codes for programming, allowing for intricate designs and improved production rates, especially with advanced 5-axis machines.

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10 views

Introduction to CNC

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) automates machine tools using programmed commands, enhancing precision and efficiency in manufacturing. It includes various operations such as milling, drilling, and plasma cutting, with advantages like continuous operation and high accuracy, but also has drawbacks like higher costs and potential job losses. CNC systems utilize G and M codes for programming, allowing for intricate designs and improved production rates, especially with advanced 5-axis machines.

Uploaded by

ankitaghosh177
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to CNC

• Numerical control (NC) is the automation of machine tools that are


operated by precisely programmed commands encoded on a storage
medium, as opposed to controlled manually.

• Most NC today is computer numerical control (CNC), in which


computers play an integral part of the control.

• In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly


automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) programs.

1
Operations in CNC

CNC Milling

CNC Plasma Cutter CNC Electric Discharge Machining


2
• Other CNC Operations are:-
• CNC Water Jet Cutter

• Drilling

• Sheet metal works (Turret punch)

• Wire bending machines

• Surface grinders

• Cylindrical grinders

• submerged welding

• Glass cutting

4
Advantages of CNC

• CNC machines can be used continuously


• Batch production with high accuracy
• can be updated by improving the software
• Training in the use of CNCs is available through the use of ‘virtual
software’.
• Intricate detail machining
• no need to make a prototype or a model
• One person can supervise many CNC machines simultaneously
• saves time

5
Disadvantages

• more expensive than manually operated machines

• The CNC machine operator only needs basic training and skills,
enough to supervise several machines. In years gone by, engineers
needed years of training to operate centre lathes, milling machines
and other manually operated machines. This means many of the old
skills are been lost.

• Investment in CNC machines can lead to unemployment

6
Axes of CNC Machine Tool

7
From 3-axis to 5-axis machining

• dozens of views need to be defined


• more tool movements
• not sufficient for the complete • programming is quite difficult
finishing process for very • sum of all views does not cover the
deep part and having narrow whole geometry
cavities • overlapping views lead to surface
• results in a bad surface quality quality problems
and long machining times in • More number of lead-in and out
Case of harder material movements

8
Five Axis CNC

9
ADVANTAGES OF 5 AXIS CNC

• to machine complex shapes in a single setup


• reduces the machinist setup time and increases production rates
• By eliminating multiple set-ups, time and errors are reduced
• the feature-to-features accuracy is improved because the same zero
or datum reference frame is used throughout the manufacturing
process
• since simultaneous movement is allowed along the X and Y axis,
shorter and more rigid tools may be used
• higher spindle/cutting tool speeds may be achieved while reducing
the load on the cutting tool
• Shorter and thicker cutters also reduce vibration when machining
deep pockets or contoured features with three-axis machines.

10
Application

• complex three dimensional profiles


• for impellers, turbine blades, and plastic mold tools

11
Types of machine configurations for 5-axis
machining

Swivel Head with Rotary Traveling Column


Table Integrated Trunnion Table
12
CNC Machines- How do they look like?

cnc-machine-m3x-3s

Servo Motors

Display Console Coolant


control
Slides Automated
Tool changer

Controller
Controller

Chip collection and


removal
Elements of CNC Machine

• A CNC machine consist of following 6 major elements:


i. Input Device
ii. Machine Control Unit
iii. Machine Tool
iv. Driving System
v. Feedback Devices
vi. Display Unit
Block diagram of CNC Machine
Open loop and Closed loop controls
cnc_f7

In open loop systems the slide may overshoot or may not reach desired
position because of inertia, wear and tear and friction, hence inaccurate
machining.
In closed loop systems the position sensors are used to correct slide
movements and achieve higher accuracy and repeatability
How CNC Works

• Controlled by G and M codes.


• These are number values and co-ordinates.
• Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation.
• Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.
• G & M codes are automatically generated by the computer software.
Features of CNC Machinery

• The tool or material moves automatically.


• Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
• Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages
operations.
• Movement is controlled by motors (actuators).
• Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)
• Tool magazines are used to change tools automatically.
CNC Programming Basics

• CNC instructions are called part program commands.

• When running, a part program is interpreted one command


line at a time until all lines are completed.

• Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up


of words which each begin with a letter address and end with a
numerical value.
CNC programming
Important things to know: Programming consists of a series
of instructions in form of letter codes

• Coordinate System •Preparatory Codes:


G codes- Initial machining setup and
• Units, incremental or absolute establishing operating conditions
positioning N codes- specify program line number
to executed by the MCU
• Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ •Axis Codes: X,Y,Z
Used to specify motion of the slide along
• Feed rate and spindle speed X, Y, Z direction

•Feed and Speed Codes: F and S


• Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Specify feed and spindle speed
Mist
•Tool codes: T – specify tool number
• Tool Control: Tool and tool
parameters •Miscellaneous codes – M codes
For coolant control and other activities
Common Format of a Block

Sequence Preparatory Dimension Feed Spindle Tool Misc.


# Function Words Rate Function Function Function

N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03

Individual Words
Programming Key Letters
• O - Program number (Used for program identification)
• N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
• G - Preparatory function
• X - X axis designation
• Y - Y axis designation
• Z - Z axis designation
• R - Radius designation
• F – Feed rate designation
• S - Spindle speed designation
• H - Tool length offset designation
• D - Tool radius offset designation
• T - Tool Designation
• M - Miscellaneous function
Table of Important G codes
G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane
G20/G70 Inch units
G21/G71 Metric Units
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G90 Absolute positioning
G91 Incremental positioning
Table of Important M codes
• M00 Program stop
• M01 Optional program stop
• M02 Program end
• M03 Spindle on clockwise
• M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
• M05 Spindle stop
• M06 Tool change
• M08 Coolant on
• M09 Coolant off
• M10 Clamps on
• M11 Clamps off
• M30 Program stop, reset to start
Advantages of CNC

i. - Easier to program;

ii. - Easy storage of existing programs;

iii. - Easy to change a program

iv. - Avoids human errors

v. - CNC machines are safe to operate

vi. - Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple ones

vii. - Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines


Thank You

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