18. Remember this! F ® Ratio of areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the products of their bases and corresponding heights. : e Areas of triangles with equal heights are proportional to their corresponding bases. e Areas of triangles with equal bases are proportional to their corresponding heights.Lye ember this! |_———— A a ——__J q (1) Basic proportionality theorem, InA ABC, if seg PQ || seg AC AP _ QC then —— = —— B S " Bp” BQ | 7 c Fig. 1.25 | (2) Converse of basi | = asic proportionality P In Apr, if 2S = PT SQ TR s then seg ST ll seg QR. Q R Fig. 1.26 A (3) Theorem of bisector of an angle of D a triangle. Ifin A ABC, BDisbisector of Z ABC, AB _ AD then zc pet B i Fig, 1.27 (4) Property of three parallel lines and their transversals. If line AX || line BY || line CZ and line / and line m are their XY t sals th noes ransversals then | = 7U9 Remember thisy_— ]-———— Q) @Si (a) Similarity and right angled triangle In APQR ZO = 90° , seg QS Ls: eg APQR ~ APSQ ~ AQSR. Thus all the right angled triangles in the figure are D similar to one another. Fig. 2.10 (b) Theorem of geometric mean In the above figure, APSQ ~ AQSR *. QS? = PS x SR *. seg QS is the geometric mean of seg PS and seg (2) Pythagoras Theorem: In 1 right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse ts “2e squares of remaining two sides. ual to the sum of (2) Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal te the sum of the squares of the remaining two sides, then the triangle is a right angled triangle (4) Let us remember one more very useful property. In a right angled triangle, if one side is half of the hypotenuse then the angle opposite to that side is 30°. This property is the converse of 30°-60°~ 90° theoremThe point of contact of the touching circles lies on the line joining the centres. If the circles touch each other externally, distance between their centres equal to the sum of their radii. The distance between the centres of the circles touching intemally is equ to the difference of their radii.[- ee Ke Remember this! . — la) An angle whose vertex is the centre of a circle is called a central angle. | (2) Definition ofmeasure ofan are - (i) The measure of aminorarc isthe measure of its | central angle. (ii) Measure of a major arc = 360°- measure of its corresponding minor are. (iii) measure of a semicircle is 180°. (3) When two ares are of the same radius and same measure, they are congruent. | (4) When only one point C is common to arc ABC, and are CDE of the same circle, m(arc ABC) + m(are CDE) = m(are ACE) (5) Chords of the same or congruent circles are equal if the related arcs are congruent. (6) Arcs of the same or congruent circles are equal if the related chords are congruent. Practice cet 3.2 wn memgle is half the measure of the arc intercepted + measure of an inscribed ans (1) The it. (2) Angle: (3) Angle inscribed in ase (4) Ifall vertices of a qua called a cyclic quadrilateral. (5) Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral (6) An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral its adjacent interior angle. (7) If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is sup; s inscribed in the same are are congruent. micircle is a right angle. drilateral lie on the same circle then the quadrilateral ; are supplementary. | is congruent to the angle opposite to plementary, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. (8) Iftwo points on a given line subtend equal angles at two different points which lic on the same side of the line, then those four points are concyclic. (9). In figure 3.54, . 1 (i) ZAEC= 5 [m(are AC) +m(areDB)] 1 (ii) Z CEB= 5 {m(are AD) + m(areCB)]10) In figure 3.55, ZBED = + [m(are BD) - m(are AC)}ey es In figure 3.70, AEX EB =CExED This property is known as theorem of chords intersecting inside the circle. A (2) In figure : B AE x EB = CE x ED Cc D E This property is known as theorem of chords intersecting Fig. 3.71 outside the cirele. In figure 3.72, EA x EB = ET? This property is known as tangent secant segments theorem. r ~ Fig. 3.72UVa , _Kemempber this: © Co-ordinates of origin are (0, 0). Hence if co-ordinates of point P are (x, y) then d(O, P) = Jr ry. © Ifpoints P(x, y,), Q(x,,¥,) lie on the XY plane then AP, Q) = Youn) HO that is, PQ? = (x,-m) HO, -¥)) = (aya) HGa Remember tnis: ~ U eee - Section formula The co-ordinates of a point which divides the line segment joined by two points (x,, y,) and (x,, y,) in the ratiom : mare | 272% Fy = \ om-n ° m » Midpoint formula The co-ordinates of midpoint of a line segment joining two distinct por (x,, y,) and (x,, y,) are (4 2 Ath) . 2 2 » Centroid formula If (x,, Y,), OY) and (x,, V,) are the vertices of a triangle then co-ordinates the centroid are (A25te 4 a + 21) ii gn y The relation between the trigonometric ratios, according to the definitions of cosec, sec and cot ratios 1 © Fag teosecO sin 9 x cosec 9 = | ° cosg = Sec 8 . cos 8 X sec 8 = 1 1 e —— =cotd “. tan@ x cot6=1 tan@Frigonomenic ae Not defined 3 4 | Y = Angle 30 _| 45° 60° | 90° sin 8 0 L aly 8B 1 2 v2 2 1 | B ale 1 2 v2 2 | ° A 1 B 1 v3 Not defined | | 2 Not defined 2 V2 B | 1 | _| |— | 3 | 1 B v2 2 Not definedsin? 9 + cos?6 = 1)......... Now dividing both the side sin* 0 . cos’ OI sin?@ sin’@~ sin?@ 1 + cot? 0 = cosec’6 j/...... Dividing both the sides of sin’ O | cos’ @ _ 1 cos @ cos cos’@ cos’ @ tan?9 + 1 =sec’6 1 + tan? = sec’Q ).......- Relations (I]),(11}), and (Ifo. Three dimensional | | . | Cuboid i Lateral surface area = 2h (1+5) Total surface area = 2 (Jb + bh +h) Volume = /bh Lateral surface area = 4° Total surface area = 6/ Volume = /° Volume = trh Slant height (2) = Jaay Curved surface area = mri Total surface area = mr (rtd 1 Volume = xX arh “Formulae Curved surface area = 27trh Total surface area = 2nr (r+ hh)| Formulae =, LUCE er Surface area = 4 1? Volume = 4 xp 3 Curved surface area = 27077 Total surface area of a solid hemisphere = Volume = : 7 3nr |A¥i}Remember thisy -————— ——Wer thist | h = height of a frustum, r, and Pr, = radii of circula 1= slant height height of a frustum, t faces of a frustum Cr >7,) slant height of a frustum = 1s fies(,—ny Curved surface area of a frustum = T(r, +r, ) Total surface area of a frustum Volume of a frustum em (1, +r) +02 + ars sl Th(r? +13 +r xr) | : Fig. 7.21