Lecture 12

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF GRAMMAR

For many years language was approached as just a system, outside the processes of
its acquisition and use. Nowadays it has become quite popular to study language in
action, taking into account the human factor. There has been a great interest in the
analysis of different parameters of the communicative speech situation, like time
place and social environment. It is evident that when we speak, we are influenced
by everything around us as well as by our own inner selves. It would be very easy
to analyze texts, if people spoke like computers, following the principle of formal
logic and that of economy. Luckily, it is not so. If we were absolutely logical,
trying to relate to others, our speech would be very dull and lifeless.
Psycholinguistics is one of several linguistic disciplines which focus on the
relationship between language structures and the one who uses them it stands on
the borderline between Psychology and Linguistics. The subject matter of
Psychology is the nature and function of the human soul. The term itself is derived
from the two Greek words "psyche" which means "soul" and "logos" which stands
for "science". There are three aspects in the human soul: "mind", "will" and
"emotions", and all of them are studied by Psychology. The subject matter of
Psycho linguistics is, of course, narrower. It is not concerned with human soul as it
is. Its scope of interest is human ability to use language.
On the other hand, Psycholinguistics is not a completely independent discipline, it
is a branch of General Linguistics. Psycholinguistics can be briefly defined as a
branch of language science studying speech behavior of man. B.Skinller, a famous
American psychologist, suggests that language is a part of a more encompassing
human behavior.
Psycho linguistics was officially recognized as a discipline, as a branch of
linguistics in 1953, in the city of Bloomington, USA. It was based on the principles
of the "theory of information". The key terms that were used were "sender",
"channef' and "recipient". The importance of using the channel effectively was
underlined. The channel is described in terms of "effectiveness" and "reliability".
The effectiveness of the channel is related to the number of the bites of
information that can be conveyed for a certain time unit. It means that the more
information is conveyed for, let us say, an hour or a minute the more effective the
channel is.
The reliability of the channel can be defined as the answer to the question "Is there
any difference between what was sent and what was received?" To increase the
reliability the speaker may want to speak slower, repeating the same over and over
again, which, of course, will decrease the effectiveness of the channel. It has been
proved for example that the study material covered by an average half-an-hour
lecture could be successfully presented for just twenty minutes, if the teacher were
after the efficiency of the channel only. However, it would be extremely difficult,
if not impossible, for the students to receive pure semiological (or logical)
information, not dissolved by any flashbacks or jokes. Normal speech is half-
reliable and half-effective.
In 1954 a book by Ch. Osgood and L. Sebeok was published. The title of it was
"Psycholinguistics: A study of Theory and Research Problems" and it gave birth to
psycho linguistics as an independent discipline. Psycholinguistics is defined as "a
science which provides for the use of linguistic analysis of grammar to identify the
mental and behavioral processes which underlie language acquisition and
development". Ch. Osgood suggested a three-level model of the derivation of the
utterance. The speaker (sender) realizes his communicative intention step by step,
level by level, choosing one of the possible phonetic, lexical and morphological
variants. According to P.L. Newcomer and D.D. Hanllill, psycholinguistics is the
study of the mental processes which underlie the acquisition and use of language.
A.A. Leontyev, defines the subject matter of psycholinguistics as the relationship
between language system and linguistic competence. What is meant, scholars no
longer focus on language as a system, but they also analyze the person's ability to
use the linguistic units and structures more effectively.
Psycholinguistics focuses on the speaking individual. Therefore, I. the human
factor is extremely important in defining psycholinguistics as an independent
discipline. It is not the product of speaking, that is of greatest importance, it is also
the speaking person, with all of its strengths, weaknesses, creative abilities and
disturbances. It is interesting to study the differences between women's and men's
speech, for example. Men and women are sure to speak differently, because their
personalities are not the same. Children's speech is something to be studied too. It
can hardly be denied that teenagers speak somewhat differently from senior adults.
The speaker's personality type as well as his current emotional state can't but affect
the choice of language structures.
II. Another thing is the situation factor. If we look at any text more or less
carefully, we will see that all the parameters of the communicative speech
situations are somehow reflected in it. We can basically determine where and when
this or that conversation takes place.
III. Experimental factor is important too. The experiment is generally recognized
as the leading method of psychology. The experiment helps to create an artificial
situation, allowing the speaker to resort to special linguistic devices, those that are
of special interest to the scholar. On the other hand, the experimental situation may
cause the speaker to exercise certain linguistic abilities, so that the scholar may
determine whether the latter are well developed, underdeveloped or impaired.
Tests are extremely popular in psycho linguistic studies.
IV. The abnormal factor. Linguistics has always been a normocentric discipline.
It means that linguists have analyzed "correct" texts only. It has never been clear
what is to be done with "wrong" texts. Stories derived by illiterate people,
foreigners or mentally sick individuals were merely defined as "incorrect' and,
therefore, not considered worth studying at all. However, those texts do exist, so
something must be done with them. The term "wrong" is not a very lucky one,
because it adds nothing to the understanding of what those texts are actually like
and what are the mechanisms that bring them into being. It was the Russian
academician L.V. Scherba that suggested the term "negative speech material",
including everything that does not meet the existing norms and standards. Here are
some genres or types of the text that L.V. Scherba considers negative:
1. Children's speech;
2. Mistakes in adults' speech;
3. Foreigners'speech;
4. Speech in stress situations;
5. Speech disturbances.
Without any doubt all those phenomena are worth studying too.
Psycho linguistics is an interdisciplinary study of language development, language
in relation to human mind, language in thought, etc. Therefore the analysis of
different language units and structures can hardly be separated from the study of
human mind and the way it functions. Let us proceed from the assumption that
there are two spheres in human soul: the conscious sphere and the subconscious
one. We will talk about those spheres in the next chapter.
When studying different aspects of the subconscious sphere, modern psychologists
use the term "MIND SET".
It was D.N. Uznadze, a Georgian psychologist, who defined mind set as a state that
precedes every human activity, including speaking. It is a special form of soul
modification that underlies every involvement into the world. The mind set is the
person's readiness to perform an action, it is the modality of human behavior. D.N.
Uznadze shows that it is in the mind set that the person's need and the concrete
situation are reflected in the form of a drive. So the mind set is the beginning of
every human activity, and it underlies both conscious and subconscious behavior.
Speaking about the language, we can think of two possible mind sets that underlie
the process of speaking:
1) the communicative mind set and
2) the expressive mind set,
which correspond to the two main functions of language: the communicative
function and the expressive function. Of course, when we speak, both functions are
realized. However, the person's desire to say something may proceed from the
necessity to get something from the hearer, which can be either of material or ideal
nature: an object, an action, a piece of advice, even understanding and compassion.
Of course, the speaker will do his best to be understood by the hearer. He will
control what he is saying, he will keep in mind the hearer's social status, his
specific character traits as well as different parameters of the communicative
speech situation, like the time and the place. So 'when the speaker wants to share
some information with somebody, he will proceed from the communicative mind
set. Most speech acts are realizations of the communicative mind set.
Therefore, any speech activity, proceeding from the communicative mind-set is
well controlled, and attention is highly involved, even though certain operations
are realized automatically without the speaker actually controlling them.
When the expressive mind set is realized, the person is driven by the desire to pour
out his soul, to get rid of something that is tormenting him. He doesn't care
whether he will be understood or not. He perceives linguistic signs as a part of
himself. The speaker creates, he is just like an artist or a composer. And it doesn't
matter what will eventually appear: a poem, a hypnotic text, a joke or a
schizophrenic text. What is really important is that the expressive mind set has
been realized. The speaker forgets about the hearer or the reader to some extent. Of
course, there can be different stages or levels of the speaker's drift from reality.
Still it is the logic of wish-fulfillment that underlies everything that goes on. That
is why the texts that are the product of speech based on the expressive mind set
are, in most cases, samples of the negative speech material. Questions and tasks
for discussion
1. What is the subject matter of psycholinguistics?
2. What is the channel of Information and how is its reliability measured?
3. What factors of psycholinguistics can you name?
4. Explain the term “negative speech material”?
5. What are the essential features of the subconscious language?