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LAB 11 ECD 190994

This lab manual focuses on Class A output stages in electronic circuit design, detailing the operation and analysis of Class A amplifiers. It explains the components required, the characteristics of Class A amplifiers, and their efficiency, which typically ranges from 10% to 20%. The lab concludes that Class A amplifiers provide an output signal that is an exact scaled-up replica of the input without clipping.

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28 views8 pages

LAB 11 ECD 190994

This lab manual focuses on Class A output stages in electronic circuit design, detailing the operation and analysis of Class A amplifiers. It explains the components required, the characteristics of Class A amplifiers, and their efficiency, which typically ranges from 10% to 20%. The lab concludes that Class A amplifiers provide an output signal that is an exact scaled-up replica of the input without clipping.

Uploaded by

jvbantugan34
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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D epartment of Mechatronics Engineering

LAB MANUAL

Electronic Circuit Design


(MT-247 )

Air University, Sector E -9 , Islamabad


Name: JAMSHAID ALI
Roll No. 190994

Class: BEMTS-F19-A

Section: A
Lab # 11

Class A output stage

Objective:
To understand how a Class A amplifier works and analyze its output.

Components Required:
Function Generator
Power Supply
Oscilloscope
Digital Multi meter
BJT (NPN 2N3904)
Resistors

Description:
Amplifier:

The term amplifier means either a circuit (or stage) using a single active device or a complete
system such as a packaged audio hi-fi amplifier.

An electronic amplifier is a device for increasing the power and/or amplitude of a signal. It does
this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal
shape but with larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier may be considered as modulating the
output of the power supply.

An important function of the output stage is to provide the amplifier with a low output stage
resistance so that it can deliver the output signal to the load without loss of gain. Since the output
stage is the final stage of the amplifier, it usually deals with the relatively large signals. Thus the
small signal approximations and models are not applicable or must be used with care. Measure of
goodness of design of the output stage is the total harmonic distortion it introduces. This is the
RMS value of the harmonic components of the output signal.
Power amplifier is simply an amplifier with a high power output stage. The most challenging
requirement in the design of the output stage is that it delivers the required amount of power to the
load in an efficient manner. This implies that the power dissipated in the output stage transistors
must be as low as possible.

Classification of Output stages:

Power amplifier circuits (output stages) are classified as A, B, AB and C for analog designs, and
class D and E for switching designs based upon the conduction angle or 'angle of flow' of the input
signal through the amplifying device, that is, the portion of the input signal cycle during which the
amplifying device conducts. The image of the conduction angle is derived from amplifying a
sinusoidal signal. (If the device is always on, = 360°.) The angle of flow is closely related to the
amplifier power efficiency.
Output stages for transistors are classified according to the collector current waveform that results
when input is applied.

a) Class A output stage


b) Class B output stage
c) Class AB output stage

Class A Amplifier:

Class A stage, whose waveform is shown in the figure below, is biased at a current Ic greater than
the amplitude of signal current. Thus transistor in class A stage conducts for the entire cycle i.e.
360 degrees. Class A amplifying devices operate over the whole of the input cycle such that the
output signal is an exact scaled-up replica of the input with no clipping. Class A amplifiers are the
usual means of implementing small-signal amplifiers. They are not very efficient; a theoretical
maximum of 50% is obtainable with inductive output coupling and only 25% with capacitive
coupling.
In a Class A circuit, the amplifying element is biased so the device is always conducting to some
extent, and is operated over the most linear portion of its characteristic curve (known as its transfer
characteristic or transconductance (curve). Because the device is always conducting, even if there
is no input at all, power is drawn from the power supply. This is the chief reason for its inefficiency.
The formula for calculating efficiency is:
ή = ¼ (Vo/IRL) (Vo/Vcc)
The maximum efficiency attainable is 25%. Because this is a rather low figure, the class A output
stage is rarely used in large power applications. Thus the efficiency achieved is usually in the
10% to 20% range.

Circuit to be implemented:
CIRCUIT ON PROTEUS:
CIRCUIT ON BREADBOARD:

INPUT WAVEFORM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

CALCULATIONS:

Input Current = 0.34mA

Output Current = 11.9mA

Current Gain = Ai= Iout / Iin


= 11.9/ 0.34 = 40.2
EFFICIENCY:
ή = ¼ (Vo/IRL) (Vo/Vcc)
=¼ (10/2.6x3.3) (10/12)
= 19 %
CONCLUSION:

From this lab we conclude that transistor in a Stage A amplifier conducts for the entire cycle i.e
360 degree. So in class A amplifier output signal is exactly the same as the input signle but with
no clipping .

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