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unit 3 vibration and waves

The document discusses the concepts of periodic motion, Hook's law, and simple harmonic motion (SHM), defining key terms such as period, frequency, and spring constant. It explains the relationship between force, displacement, and acceleration in SHM, and outlines the energy dynamics of a simple harmonic oscillator. Additionally, it compares SHM with uniform circular motion and provides equations for calculating various parameters related to these motions.

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thamandishe97
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8 views7 pages

unit 3 vibration and waves

The document discusses the concepts of periodic motion, Hook's law, and simple harmonic motion (SHM), defining key terms such as period, frequency, and spring constant. It explains the relationship between force, displacement, and acceleration in SHM, and outlines the energy dynamics of a simple harmonic oscillator. Additionally, it compares SHM with uniform circular motion and provides equations for calculating various parameters related to these motions.

Uploaded by

thamandishe97
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

1. VIBRATION AND WAVES

1.1 Periodic motion


This is motion repeated in equal intervals of time, for example,
pendulum a rocking chair, bouncing ball, a vibrating turning fork, a
swing in motion, and water wave etc.
Fig 1: pendulum

Note
If the motion of an object is periodic, then there is a characteristic time:
the time it takes for the motion to repeat itself. This is called the period
(of the periodic motion) and is usually given the symbol T:
Period (T): The time for one complete cycle of the periodic motion.
For example, the period of the rotation of the earth about its axis is one
day. During the quarter, when classes are in session, the period of our
activities is one week. We can also speak of the number of cycles
repeated per unit time. This is called the frequency of the periodic
motion:
frequency (f): The number of cycles per unit time.
2

1.2 Hook’s law spring


Hooke's law is a law of physics that states that the force needed to extend
or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to
that distance—that is, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the
spring, and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the
spring.
It is given by;
𝐹𝑠 = -kx where 𝐹𝑠 =spring force, k=spring constant or constant of
proportionality, x=spring stretch or compression.

Note;
i. Small value of K means soft spring or far less stiff spring
ii. Large values of K mean stiff spring.
Note: customarily the negative is added to signify that the restoring
force due to the spring is in the opposite direction to the force which
caused the displacement. Pulling down on a spring will cause an
extension of the spring downward, which will in turn result in
an upward force due to the spring.
Applications
1. A force of 200N stretches a spring by 4m. what is the value of the
spring constant.
2. If the spring constant is 300N/m, what is force is required to stretch a
spring by 45cm?
3. A force of 250N is required to stretch a spring by 24cm.how far can a
force of 900N stretch it.

1.3 Simple harmonic motion


simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion where the
restoring force on the moving object is directly proportional to the object's
displacement magnitude and acts towards the object's equilibrium
position.
Simple harmonic motion occurs when the net force along the direction of
motion obeys Hooke’s law — when the net force is proportional to the
displacement from the equilibrium point and is always directed toward the
equilibrium point.
3

Note
Simple harmonic motion occurs when;
a) When the net force along the direction of motion is a Hooke’s law
type of force.
b) When F is directly proportional to -x.
The following three concepts are important in discussing any kind
of periodic motion:
i. The amplitude A is the maximum distance of the object from
its equilibrium position.
ii. The period T is the time it takes the object to move through
one complete cycle of motion.
iii. The frequency f is the number of complete cycles or
vibrations per unit of time, and is the reciprocal of the period
(f=1⁄𝑇).
The acceleration of an object moving with simple harmonic
motion can be found by using Hooke’s law in the equation
for Newton’s second law, F =ma. This gives
F=ma…….1
And F=-Kx….2
Sub 1 into 2 we get;
Kx=ma
Making a subject we get;
𝒌𝒙
a= ,this is an expression for acceleration.
𝒎
Applications
1. A 0.350 - kg object attached to a spring of force constant 1.30 × 102 N/m
is free to move on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the object is
released from rest at x=0.100 m, find the force on it and its acceleration
at x=0.100 m, x=0.050 0 m, x = 0 m, x=0.050 0 m, and x =0.100 m.
4

Solution
Write Hooke’s force law:
𝐹𝑠 =-kx
Substitute the value for k and take x =A =0.100 m, finding the spring force
at that point:
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 =-kA=(1.30× 102 N/m) (0.100m)

𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙 =-13.0 N
Solve Newton’s second law for a and substitute to find the
acceleration at x = A:
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 =ma
−𝟏𝟑.𝟎𝑵
𝒂= =-37.1m/s
𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒌𝒈

Repeat the same process for the other four points, assembling a table:

X(m) F(N) a (m/𝑠 2 )


0.100 -13.0 -37.1
0.050 -6.50 -18.6
0 0 0
-0.050 +6.50 +18.6
-0.100 +13.0 +37.1

2. A spring oriented vertically is attached to a hard-horizontal surface. The


spring has a force constant of 1.46 kN/m. how much is the spring
compressed when an object of mass m =2.30 kg is placed on top the
spring and the system is at rest?
Solution
we have k = 1.46×103 N/m and m = 2.30 kg.
ky=mg
𝑚𝑔 (2.30𝑘𝑔)(9.80𝑚/𝑠 2)
y= = 𝑁
𝑘 1.46×103
𝑚
y=1.54× 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 m or y=1.54cm
5

1.4 Energy and Motion of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO).


a. The energy stored in a stretched/compressed spring (or other
elastic material) is called elastic potential energy PEs:

1
PEs ≡ 𝑘𝑥 2
2

b. Energy equation of a SHO:


Wnc = (𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸𝑔 + 𝑃𝐸𝑆 )𝑓 - (𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸𝑔 + 𝑃𝐸𝑆 )𝑖
Where,
Wnc ≡ work done by a non-conservative force.
i, f ≡ initial and final values.
1
KE ≡ kinetic energy = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
PEg ≡ gravitational potential energy = mgy.
PEs ≡ elastic potential energy given by Eq.
Note that if there are no non-conservative forces present,
Wnc = 0 and the conservation of energy results:
(𝑲𝑬 + 𝑷𝑬𝒈 + 𝑷𝑬𝑺 )𝒊 = (𝑲𝑬 + 𝑷𝑬𝒈 + 𝑷𝑬𝑺 )𝒇
This equation satisfies the conservation of energy.
c. Velocity as a Function of Position
From these energy equations, we can deduce v as a function of x:
i. Assume the spring is horizontal (hi = hf = 0) and no
non-conservative forces are present (i.e., no friction):
(𝑃𝐸𝑔 )𝑖 =(𝑃𝐸𝑔 )𝑓 =0then
(𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸𝑆 )𝑖 = (𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸𝑆 )𝑓 .
ii. Now extend the spring a distance A from the equilibrium
position and release from rest (v = 0).
1
• 𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖 2 =0
2
1
• (𝑃𝐸𝑠 )𝑖 = 𝑘𝐴2 (x=A)
2

c) using the conservation of energy equation and setting 𝑣𝑓 =v and


𝑥𝑓 = x,
we can write
(𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸𝑆 )𝑖 = (𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸𝑆 )𝑓 .
1 1 1
0+ 𝑘𝐴2 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2 2
6

and solving for v gives


𝑘
v=±√ (𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑚

𝑘
If x = ±A, then v = 0 also If x = 0, then v =±√
𝑚𝐴

d. Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion


SHO motion is very similar to circular motion.
i. An “orbit” is analogous to a SHO “cycle.”
ii. Remember from circular motion,
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝐴
𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 = = =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑇 𝑇
R= amp. of orbit = A).
iii. The radius of the orbit is analogous to the position of a
SHO when passing through its equilibrium position, thus

2𝜋𝐴
T= =
𝐴√𝐾⁄𝑚

Note that only the ‘+’ solution 3. From these energy equations, we can
deduce v as a function of

T=2𝜋√𝑘⁄𝑚
Eq. is the oscillation period of a SHO. The frequency is then
1 1 𝑘
f= = √
𝑇 2𝜋 𝑚

⇒ the unit of frequency is hertz=1/s


7

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