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periodic classification

Chapter 5 discusses the periodic classification of elements, detailing the historical development of the periodic table and various classification methods, including Dobereiner's triads and Newlands' law of octaves. Mendeleev's periodic table is highlighted for its systematic arrangement of elements based on atomic mass and chemical properties, allowing for predictions of undiscovered elements. However, the chapter also addresses the limitations and drawbacks of these classification systems, such as the placement of hydrogen and isotopes.

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12 views5 pages

periodic classification

Chapter 5 discusses the periodic classification of elements, detailing the historical development of the periodic table and various classification methods, including Dobereiner's triads and Newlands' law of octaves. Mendeleev's periodic table is highlighted for its systematic arrangement of elements based on atomic mass and chemical properties, allowing for predictions of undiscovered elements. However, the chapter also addresses the limitations and drawbacks of these classification systems, such as the placement of hydrogen and isotopes.

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laishram dhanachandra singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5:Periodic classification of

elements

Introduction :
Before the beginning of the eighteenth centuray when there are only 30
elements were known, it was earier to study and rember their properties. In later
years when number of elements discovered were increased then it became
difficult to study them. So scientist fell the need of simple method to facilitale the
study of the properties of various elements and their compounds. After
numerous attempts they got sucess & elements were arranged in such manner
that similar elements were grouped together and different elements were
separated. This arrangement of elements is known as classification of elements
which led to the formation of periodic table.
Periodic table may be defined as the arrangement of all the known elements
according to their properties in such way that the elements of similar properties
are grouped together in a tabular form.
Earlier attempts of classification of elements (development of periodic
table) :
Earlier attempts to classify the elements resulted in grouping as metals and non-
metals. Later on they were classified on the basis of their atomic masses.
Dobereiner Triads rule :
In 1817, Johann walfgang dobereiner. A German chemist, arranged
the elements is group of three elements and in a manner that the atomic mass of
middle element was roughly the average of the atomic masses of the other two
elements of the triad.
Example : Element : Lithium, Sodium and Potassium.
Atomic mass 7 23 39
Average of the atomic masses of Lithium and Potassium is only three
triads could be arranged in this manner at that time. They were :

Triads Elements Atomic masses Average of the atomic masses of first and
third element

Short coming of Dobereiner's triads rule :

This classification was not found satisfactory as it could be applied to the limited
number of elements. Now a days some more triads have been made they are
(i) Potassium Rubidium Cesium
K Rb Cs
(ii) Phosphours Arsenic Antimony
P As Sb
(iii) Sulphur Selenium Tellurium
S Se Te
(iv) Hydrogen Fluorine Chlorine
H F Cl
(v) Scandium Itrium Lanthanum
Sc Y La

For a Debereiner's triad all the three elements should belong to the same
group and the difference in atomic number should be 8 or 18.
New lands law of octave : In 1866, J.A.R. Newlands correlated the chemical
properties of the elements with the increasing order of atomic masses. i.e. to
arrange the element having lowest atomic mass (H) firstely and ended to at
secondly the element having highest atomic mass. (Thorium which was
56 th known element at that time).
Definition : When the elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic
masses, every eighth element has the properties similar to those of the first
elements like the eighth note of an octav in music. Thus according to this law,
the physical & chemical properties are repeated after an interval of eight
elements and this is similar to eight notes of an octave on a musical scale
shown below :

The properties of Lithium are similar to that of 8 th element i.e. Na, Be is similar to
Mg and so on.
Limitations :
1. Law of octaves was applicable only up to calcium. It worked well with lighter
elements only.
2. At that time only 56 elements were existed in nature, but later several
elements were discovered which can not be kept in periodic table as per this
law. Their properties were not in accordance with the law of octaves.
Law of octaves :
3. (i) In order to fit element in to his table New lands adjusted two elements in
the same column. For example cobalt and nickel were placed in the same
position and in the same column as fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
(ii) Iron which resembles cobalt and nickel in properties were placed far away
from these elements.
4. After the discovery of inert gases & included in the periodic table it becomes
the eighth element from alkali so this law has to be dropped out.

Mendeleev's Periodic table :


In the year 1861, D Mitri Ivanovich Mendeleev arranged all the known
elements (63 elements) in the form of a table in which elements were arranged
in the increasing order of their atomic mass and also on the similarities of
chemical properties.

r The arrangement of element was based on the physical and chemical


properties of the elements and also the formulae of the compounds they formed
with oxygen and hydrogen. He selected hydrogen and oxygen as they are very
reactive and formed compounds with most elements.
The table which classifies the elements in such a way that elements having
similar properties are placed in same vertical column or group in known as
periodic table. The term periodic means repetition of elements having similar
properties after a certain regular interval. The periodic table consists of vertical
columns which are called as groups and horizontal rows called as
periods. Mendeleev's periodic table had six periods and eight groups as shown
in the table, he arranged all the elements horizontally in the order of their
increasing atomic masses and vertically according to their similarities in
properties. Each group was further sub divided into two sub groups A & B.
Achievements of the Mendeleev's periodic table :
1. Systematic study of the elements : All the elements in general were
arranged systematically in increasing order of their atomic masses. This
arrangement helped to study the properties of various elements. If the nature of
the element present in a group is known, it become easier to predict or guess
the expected properties of other elements.

2. Prediction of new elements : Mendeleev predicted the properties of some


unknown elements and left gaps for these elements to be filled as and when
discovered. For eg. Scandium, Gallium and Germanium were not known at that
time but Mendeleev already named these elements as eka-boron, eka-
aluminium and
eka-silicon. When these elements were later on discovered, they were found to
have more or less similar properties as predicted by Mendeleev.
3. Position of Noble gases : When noble gases were discovered they were
placed in a new group without disturbing the existing order.
4. Correction of atomic masses : Atomic masses of several elements were
corrected on the basis of periodic table. eg. Atomic mass of Beryllium was
corrected from 135 to 9. Mendeleev predicted that atomic mass of gold is
incorrect. Later on it was found to be so. similarly atomic masses of Indium,
Uranium and Platinum were also corrected.
Drawbacks of Mandeleev's periodic table :
Position of Hydrogen is uncertain becomes it resemble with IA group alkali
metals elements and VII A (halogens) group elements.
(i) Isotopes : Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties but
different atomic masses.
(ii) Position of isotopes : Since basis of periodic table was increasing atomic
mass. So isotopes should be placed separately but no separate place was given
to isotopes.
(iii) Anamolus pairs of certain elements : Certain elements were not arranged
according to their increasing atomic mass eg.
(a) Argon (Atomic mass 39.9) was placed before potassium (atomic mass 39.0)

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