INPUT AND OUTPUT

Application of Information and Communication

Technologies

Dr. Muhammad Nadeem Majeed

Faculty of Computing and Information Technology (FCIT)

University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the purpose of a computer keyboard and the types of
keyboards widely used today.
2. List several different pointing devices and describe their
functions.
3. Describe the purposes of scanners and readers and list some
types of scanners and readers in use today.
4. Explain what digital cameras are and how they are used
today.
5. Understand the devices that can be used for audio input.

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Learning Objectives
6. Describe the characteristics of a display device and explain
some of the technologies used to display images.
7. List several types of printers and explain their functions.
8. Identify the hardware devices typically used for audio
output.

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Overview
• This chapter covers:
– The most common input devices
– Hardware designed for capturing data in electronic form
– Audio input
– Types of display devices and how they work
– Types of printers and how they work
– Audio output devices

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Keyboards
• An input device used to enter characters at the location
marked by the insertion point or cursor
– Can be wired or wireless
– Typically contains:
• Standard alphanumeric keys
• Numeric keypad
• Function keys
• Delete and Backspace keys
• Control and Alternate keys
• Arrow directional keys and special keys

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Keyboards

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 Keyboards
• Mobile devices often use:
– Slide-out keyboard
– Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard)
– Keyboard dock

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Pointing and Touch Devices
• Pointing devices are used to:
– Select and manipulate objects
– Input data
– Issue commands to the computer
• Common types of pointing devices:
– Mouse
– Pen/stylus
– Devices that use touch input

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Mice
• Mouse
– Common pointing device that the user slides along a flat
surface to move a pointer around the screen and clicks its
buttons to make selections
– Older mechanical mice use a ball
– Optical or laser mice track with light
– Touch mice support two-dimensional gestures

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Mice

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Trend Box
Perceptual Computing
– Users control devices with 3D gestures, voice commands,
and facial expressions
– Noncontact system
– Allows for full body input and input from a slight distance
away

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Pens/Styluses
• Stylus
– Pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the
screen
– Also called digital pen, electronic pen, tablet pen
– Pen input is being used for:
• Photography, graphic design, animation
• Industrial design, document processing, and healthcare
applications
• Navigating through a document
• Issuing commands

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Pens/Styluses
– Pen-Based Computers and Mobile Devices
• Pen input used with mobile devices and tablet computers
– Used to input handwritten text and sketches and to
manipulate objects
– If handwriting recognition is used, written text can be
converted to editable typed text

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 Pens/Styluses
• Digital Writing Systems
– Pen-based systems that capture handwritten input as it is
being written
– Requires special paper with a grid of dots
– Handwritten input can be transferred to computer
• Graphics Tablets
– Pen tablets or digitizing devices
– Flat, touch sensitive tablet typically connected to
computer using a USB port

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 Pens/Styluses
• Signature Capture Devices
– Found at check out counters to record customer signatures

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Touch Screens
• Touch Screens
– Display devices that are touched with the finger to select
commands or otherwise provide input to the computer
– Common on portable computers, smartphones, and other
mobile devices
– Multi-touch
• Can recognize input from more than one finger at a
time
– Table PC
• Large screen computer either built into a table or
designed to be used on a table

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Touch Screens

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Other Pointing Devices
• Gaming devices
• Trackballs
• Control buttons and
wheels
• Touch pads

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Quick Quiz
1. An optical mouse is .
a. the same as a wireless mouse
b. a mouse that tracks movements with light instead of a ball
c. a mouse that contains a scroll wheel on the top
2. True or False: With handwriting recognition, text is input as a
graphical image so the text cannot later be edited as text.
3. An input device that looks like an upside-down mouse with
the ball on top is a(n) .

Answers:
1) b; 2) False; 3) trackball

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How It Works Box
Augmented Reality
– Computer generated images are overlaid on top of real-
time images
– Today, most often with smartphones using camera input,
location info, and other data
– Displays appropriate information related to images
captured by the smartphone

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Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras
• Source documents
– Already exists in physical form (photographs, checks, or
product label)
• Source data automation
– Captures data directly from a source
document
• Saves time
• Increases accuracy
• Utilizes scanning or
reading devices

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Scanners
• Scanners (Optical Scanners)
– Input devices that read printed text and graphics and
transfers them to a computer in digital form
– Data is typically input as a single image
– Can scan photos, documents, images
– Types of scanners
• Flatbed
• Portable
• 3D
• Receipt and business card scanners

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Scanners

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Scanners
• Scanning Quality and Resolution
– Quality of scanned images
indicated by optical resolution
• Measured in number of dots
per inch (dpi)
• Can often be specified when
image is scanned
• Can be changed when
scanned image is edited
– Higher resolution means better
quality but larger file size

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Readers
• Barcode Readers
– Input devices that read barcodes
• Barcodes
– Machine-readable codes that represent data as
a set of bars
– Common Types
• Universal Product Code (UPC)
• ISBN
• DataBar
• QR Codes

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Readers

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Readers

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Readers
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Readers
– Technology used to store and
transmit data located in RFID tags
– RFID tags contain tiny chips and
radio antennas
• Can be attached to objects
• Read by RFID readers
• Tags only need to be within
range of the reader, rather than
in the line of sight

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 Readers
• Applications
– Tracking inventory and assets
– Electronic toll collection
– Tracking patients in hospitals
– Ticketing applications
– Speeding up ID process of travelers at border crossings
• Types of RFID Readers
– Handheld, portal, and stationary
• Slow to catch on in retail industry due to privacy and security
issues

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 29

Readers

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Readers
• Optical Mark Readers (OMRs)
– Input data from special forms to score or tally exams,
questionnaires, ballots
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices
– OCR is the ability of a computer to recognize scanned text
characters and convert them to electronic form as text, not
images
– OCR software is used to identify each character and
convert it to editable text
– Used to process turnaround documents like monthly
bills

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Readers
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers
– Also called check scanners
– Used primarily for banking
– Read the special magnetic
characters printed at the
bottom of checks
– High volume readers
process deposited checks
– Used to facilitate remote
deposits and electronic check
processing

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Readers
• Biometric Readers
– Used to input biometric data such as an individual’s
fingerprint or voice
– Can be stand-alone or built into another piece of hardware
– Most often used for
access control, to
authorize electronic
payments, log on to
secure Web sites

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Technology and You Box
Mobile Deposits
– Mobile remote deposit
capture
– Transmit check information
via smartphone app and
camera
– App optimizes the check
front and back images and
transmits images and
deposit data to your bank

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Digital Cameras
• Digital Cameras
– Take pictures and records them as digital images
– Can either be still cameras or video cameras
– Integrated into many portable computers and mobile
phones
• Digital Still Cameras
– Primary appeal is that images are immediately available
– Camera quality is measured in megapixels
– Typically use flash memory for storage
– Camera phones can be used to read barcodes, remotely
deposit checks, etc.
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Digital Cameras

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Digital Cameras
• Digital Video Cameras
– Digital camcorders, PC video cameras (PC cams, webcams)
– Built-in or stand alone
– Store images on digital media (flash memory, DVDs, hard
drives, etc.)
• Applications
– Surveillance video
cameras
– Video conferences
and Webinars
– Face recognition
systems

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 Audio Input
• Voice Input and Speech Recognition Systems
– Audio Input
• The process of entering audio data into the computer
– Voice Input
• Inputting spoken words and converting them to digital
form via microphone or headset
• Can be used for podcasts and with VoIP (Voice over IP)
systems
• Provides spoken instructions to computer when used
with speech recognition systems

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Audio Input

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Audio Input
• Music Input Systems
– Used to input music
• Existing music can be input
using CDs or a Web download
• For original compositions,
microphones, keyboard
controllers, and guitar
controllers can be used to
input music

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 Quick Quiz
1. Which of the following is used in conjunction with Scantron test
forms, voting ballots, and other documents in which the selection is
bubbled in?
a. OCR
b. MICR
c. OMR
2. True or False: Flatbed scanners can be used to scan photos, as well
as documents on conventional paper.
3. A voice input system requires software and a(n) in
order to input voice data or commands into a computer.

Answers:
1) c; 2) True; 3) microphone

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 Display Devices

• Display Device
– Presents output visually on some type of screen
– Monitor
• Display device for a desktop computer
– Display Screen
• Screen built into a variety of devices
– Notebook and other portable computers
– Mobile phones and mobile devices
– Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment
devices, kitchen appliances
– Digital photo frames, e-book readers, smart watches
– Digital signage systems, digital billboards
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 Display Devices
• Display Device Characteristics
– Color vs. Monochrome Displays
• Images are formed using
pixels
• Most displays today are
color displays
– CRT vs. Flat-Panel Displays
• Cathode ray tube (CRT)
displays: large, bulky, and
heavy
• Flat-panel displays: take up
less desk space; use less
power
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 Display Devices
• Size and Aspect Ratio
– Device size measured diagonally from corner to corner
• Screen Resolution
– Number of pixels used on a display determines resolution
– Affects the amount of information that can be displayed
on the screen at one time
– Can be changed to match users’ preference

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 Display Devices
• Video Adapters, Interfaces, and Ports
– Video cards determine the graphic capabilities of a
computer
– VGA, DVI, and HDMI are the three most common
interfaces to connect monitors to a computer
– Ports exposed in the system unit cases are to connect
monitors to computers
• New option is to use USB
ports

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 Display Devices
• Wired vs. Wireless Displays
– Wired display are physically connected to the system via a
cable
– Wireless displays connect using a wireless network
connection (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth)
• 2D vs. 3D Displays
– Most displays are 2D
– 3D displays use filters, prisms, and multiple lenses to
create the 3D effects

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Display Devices
• Wearable Displays
– Project images from a mobile
device to a display screen
built into glasses
• Touch and Gesture Capabilities
– Kiosks and portable gaming
devices
– Mobile phones and media
tablets

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Flat Panel Display Technologies
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
– Use charged liquid crystals between sheets of glass or
plastic
– Requires backlighting
• Light Emitting Diode (LED) Displays
– Used in alarm clocks and Christmas lights
– Currently used to backlight LCD panels

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Flat Panel Display Technologies
• Organic Light Emitting Diode
(OLED) Displays
– Use layers of organic material
– Emit visible light when
current is applied
– Are thinner than LCDs
– Have a wider viewing angle
– Incorporated into many digital
cameras, mobile phones, and
portable digital media players

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 Flat Panel Display Technologies
• Special Types of OLEDs
– FOLED (Flexible OLED)
• OLED displays built on flexible surfaces such as plastic
or metallic foil
– TOLED (Transparent OLED)
• Displays are transparent
• Emit light toward top and bottom of display surface
– PHOLED (Phosphorescent OLED)
• Process that results in much more conversion of
electrical energy into light instead of heat

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Flat Panel Display Technologies

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 Flat Panel Display Technologies
– Interferometric Modulator (IMOD)
Displays
• Essentially a complex mirror that
uses external light to display images
• Designed initially for mobile phones
and portable devices
• Images are bright and clear, even in
sunlight
– Plasma Displays
• Use layers of gas between two plates
of glass
• Being replaced by LCDs

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 Inside the Industry Box
E-Paper
– Used for e-readers and other devices
– Easier to read in direct sunlight
– Content can change
wireless
– Only uses power to
change images, not
maintain an image
– Use electronic ink
– Monochrome or color

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 Data and Multimedia Projectors
• Display output from a computer to a wall or projection screen
• Found in classrooms and conference rooms
• Can be wireless or integrated into devices
• Some contain an iPod dock
• Pico projectors are pocket-size and connect mobile and
portable devices
• Hologram projectors used to display 3D images
• 3D projectors are designed to project 3D images that are
viewed with 3D glasses

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Data and Multimedia Projectors

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 Printers
• Printing Technology
– Impact Printers (Dot Matrix)
• Print mechanism strikes an inked
ribbon to transfer ink to the paper
• Used to produce multipart forms
– Non-Impact Printers (Ink-Jet/Laser)
• Use liquid ink or toner
• Produce higher quality images
• Much quieter than impact printers

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Printers
• Color vs. Black and White
– Colors printers use magenta, cyan, yellow, and black ink
• Print Resolution
– Measured in dpi (dots per inch)
– More dots per inch results in higher quality output
– 300 dpi for general purpose printing; 1,200 dpi for
photographs; 2,400 dpi for professional applications
• Print Speed
– Measured in pages per minute (PPM)
– Range from about 15 to 65 ppm

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Printers
• Personal vs. Network Printers
– Personal printers connect directly to a single computer
– Network printers connect directly to a home or an office
network; some can perform cloud printing
– Connection Options
• USB connection most common
• Multifunction Capabilities
– Copy, fax, scan, print
– All-in-ones

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 Laser Printers
• Use toner powder and technology similar to that of a
photocopier to produce images on paper
• The standard for business documents
• Print one entire page at a time
• Generally faster and have better quality output than ink-jet
printers
• Can be black and white or color
• Common print resolution for laser printers is between 600
and 2,400 dpi
• Use toner cartridges

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 Ink-Jet Printers
• Sprays droplets of ink to produce images on paper
• Use ink cartridges
• Usually print in color
• Often the choice for home use
• Relatively inexpensive with good-quality output
• Print more slowly than laser printers
• Potential applications for the future
– Dispensing liquid metal, aromas, computer chips and other
circuitry, “printing” human tissue

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Ink-Jet Printers

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 Special Purpose Printers
• Barcode, label, and postage
printers
• Photo printers
• Portable and integrated printers
• Wide-format ink-jet printers
• 3D printers

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 Audio Output
• Audio Output
– Voice, music, and other audible sounds
– Common audio output devices
• Computer speakers
• Headphones and headsets
• Earphones and earbuds

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 Quick Quiz
1. Which of the following types of display devices should have
the largest footprint (the amount of room taken up on a
desk)?
a. CRT monitor
b. OLED display
c. LCD display
2. True or False: Laser printers can only print in black and white.
3. printers form images with drops of liquid ink.

Answers:
1) a; 2) False; 3) Ink-jet printers

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 Summary
• Keyboards
• Pointing and Touch Devices
• Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras
• Audio Input
• Display Devices
• Printers
• Audio Output

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