Data Protection Impact Assessments

For Organisations

Data Protection Impact Assessments can be used to identify and mitigate against any data
protection related risks arising from a new project, which may affect your organisation or the
individuals it engages with. Read this guide to learn more about how and when to carry out a DPIA.

Key points

• Under the GDPR, DPIAs will be mandatory for any new high risk processing projects.

• The DPIA process will allow you to make informed decisions about the acceptability of data
protection risks, and communicate effectively with the individuals affected.

• Not all risks can be eliminated, but a DPIA can allow you to identify and mitigate against
data protection risks, plan for the implementation of any solutions to those risks, and
assess the viability of a project at an early stage.

• If a DPIA does not identify mitigating safeguards against residual high risks, the Data
Protection Commissioner must be consulted.

• Good record keeping during the DPIA process can allow you to demonstrate compliance
with the GDPR and minimise risk of a new project creating legal difficulties.

Contents

• What is a Data Protection Impact Assessment?

• What are the benefits of conducting a DPIA?

• How do I know if a DPIA should be conducted?

• When is a DPIA not required?

• Is a DPIA mandatory for existing processing operations, existing before the GDPR becomes
effective on the 25th May 2018?

• When in a project lifecycle should a DPIA be conducted?

• Who should be involved in conducting the DPIA?

• What steps are involved in carrying out a DPIA?

• Key elements of a successful DPIA

o Identifying whether a DPIA is required

o Describing the information flows

o Identifying data protection and related risks

o Identifying and evaluating data protection solutions

 o Signing off and recording the DPIA outcomes

o Integrating the DPIA outcomes back into the project plan

• Consulting with the Data Protection Commissioner and publishing the DPIA

o Should the Data Protection Commissioner be consulted on completion of the DPIA?

o Should the DPIA be published?

What is a Data Protection Impact Assessment?

When your organisation collects, stores, or uses personal data, the individuals whose data you are
processing are exposed to risks. These risks range from personal data being stolen or inadvertently
released and used by criminals to impersonate the individual, to worry being caused to individuals
that their data will be used by your organisation for unknown purposes. A Data Protection Impact
Assessment (DPIA) describes a process designed to identify risks arising out of the processing of
personal data and to minimise these risks as far and as early as possible. DPIAs are important tools
for negating risk, and for demonstrating compliance with the GDPR.

This document assumes that a DPIA will be conducted for a defined project, rather than for an
organisation’s operations as a whole. A particular function of your organisation, or a programme of
changes to your organisation’s operations as a whole, may be viewed as a project.

What are the benefits of conducting a DPIA?

Conducting a DPIA will improve awareness in your organisation of the data protection risks
associated with a project. This will help to improve the design of your project and enhance your
communication about data privacy risks with relevant stakeholders. Some of the benefits of
conducting a DPIA are as follows:

• Ensuring and demonstrating that your organisation complies with the GDPR and avoids
sanctions.

• Inspiring confidence in the public by improving communications about data protection

issues.

• Ensuring your users are not at risk of their data protection rights being violated.

• Enabling your organisation to incorporate “data protection by design” into new projects.

• Reducing operation costs by optimising information flows within a project and eliminating
unnecessary data collection and processing.

• Reducing data protection related risks to your organisation.

• Reducing the cost and disruption of data protection safeguards by integrating them into
project design at an early stage.
Data protection by design means embedding data privacy features and data privacy enhancing
technologies directly into the design of projects at an early stage. This will help to ensure better and
more cost-effective protection for individual data privacy.

Data protection by default means that service settings must be automatically data protection
friendly.

While long recommended as good practice, both of these principles are enshrined in law under the
GDPR (Article 25).

How do I know if a DPIA should be conducted?

Read: List of Types of Data Processing Operations which require a Data Protection Impact
Assessment

Under the GDPR, a DPIA is mandatory where data processing “is likely to result in a high risk to the
rights and freedoms of natural persons”. This is particularly relevant when a new data processing
technology is being introduced. In cases where it is not clear whether a DPIA is strictly mandatory,
carrying out a DPIA is still good practice and a useful tool to help data controllers comply with data
protection law.

The GDPR provides some non-exhaustive examples of when data processing is “likely to result in
high risks”:

• “A systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to natural persons

which is based on automated processing, including profiling, and on which decisions are
based that produce legal effects concerning the natural person or similarly significantly
affect the natural person.”

• “Processing on a large scale of special categories of data referred to in Article 9(1), or of

personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.”

• “A systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale.”

The Article 29 Working Party, consisting of the representatives from each data protection authority
in the EU, has adopted guidelines on DPIAs and whether processing is likely to result in a high risk
for the purposes of the GDPR. The guidelines are available here. In assessing whether processing is
likely to result in a high risk the Article 29 Working Party has set forth the following criteria to
consider:

1. Evaluation or scoring, including profiling and predicting, especially “from aspects

concerning the data subject’s performance at work, economic situation, health, personal
preferences or interests, reliability or behaviour, location or movements” (recitals 71 and
91). Examples of this could include a bank that screens its customers against a credit
reference database, or a biotechnology company offering genetic tests directly to
consumers in order to assess and predict the disease/health risks, or a company building
behavioural or marketing profiles based on usage or navigation on its website.

2. Automated decision making with legal or similar significant effect: processing that aims at
taking decisions on data subjects producing “legal effects concerning the natural person”
 or which “similarly significantly affects the natural person” (Article 35 (3)(a)). For example,
the processing may lead to the exclusion or discrimination against individuals. Processing
with little or no effect on individuals does not match this specific criterion.

3. Systematic monitoring: processing used to observe, monitor or control data subjects,

including data collected through “a systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area”
(Article 35 (3)(c)). This type of monitoring is a criterion because the personal data may be
collected in circumstances where data subjects may not be aware of who is collecting their
data and how they will be used. Additionally, it may be impossible for individuals to avoid
being subject to such processing in frequent public (or publicly accessible) space(s).

4. Sensitive data: this includes special categories of data as defined in Article 9 (for example
information about individuals’ political opinions), as well as personal data relating to
criminal convictions or offenses. An example would be a general hospital keeping patients’
medical records or a private investigator keeping offenders’ details. This criterion also
includes data which may more generally be considered as increasing the possible risk to
the rights and freedoms of individuals, such as electronic communication data, location
data, financial data (that might be used for payment fraud). In this regard, whether the data
has already been made publicly available may be considered as a factor in the assessment
if the data was expected to be further used for certain purposes. This criterion may also
include information processed by a natural person in the course of purely personal or
household activity (such as cloud computing services for personal document management,
email services, diaries, e-readers equipped with note taking features, and various life-
logging applications that may contain very personal information), whose disclosure or
processing for any other purpose than household activities can be considered as very
intrusive.

5. Data processed on a large scale: the GDPR does not define what constitutes large-scale,
though recital 91 provides some guidance. In any event, the WP29 recommends that the
following factors, in particular, be considered when determining whether the processing is
carried out on a large scale:

1. The number of data subjects concerned, either as a specific number or as a

proportion of the relevant population.

2. The volume of data and/or the range of different data items being processed.

3. The duration, or permanence, of the data processing activity.

4. The geographical extent of the processing activity.

6. Datasets that have been matched or combined, for example originating from two or more
data processing operations performed for different purposes and/or by different data
controllers in a way that would exceed the reasonable expectations of the data subject.

7. Data concerning vulnerable data subjects (recital 75): the processing of this type of data
can require a DPIA because of the increased power imbalance between the data subject
and the data controller, meaning the individual may be unable to consent to, or oppose, the
 processing of his or her data. For example, employees would often meet serious difficulties
to oppose to the processing performed by their employer, when it is linked to human
resources management. Similarly, children can’t be considered as not able to knowingly
and thoughtfully oppose or consent to the processing of their data. This also concerns more
vulnerable segments of the population requiring special protection, such as, for example,
the mentally ill, asylum seekers, or the elderly, a patient, or in any case where an imbalance
in the relationship between the position of the data subject and the controller can be
identified.

8. Innovative use or applying technological or organisational solutions, like combining use of

finger print and face recognition for improved physical access control, etc. The GDPR
makes it clear (Article 35(1) and recitals 89 and 91) that use of a new technology can trigger
the need to carry out a DPIA. This is because the use of a new technology can involve novel
forms of data collection and usage, possibly with a high risk to individuals’ rights and
freedoms. Indeed, the personal and social consequences of the deployment of a new
technology may be unknown. A DPIA will help the data controller to understand and to treat
such risks. For example, certain “Internet of Things” applications could have a significant
impact on individuals’ daily lives and privacy; and therefore require a DPIA.

9. Data transfer across borders outside the European Union (recital 116), taking into
consideration, amongst others, the envisaged country or countries of destination, the
possibility of further transfers, or the likelihood of transfers based on derogations for
specific situations set forth by the GDPR.

10. When the processing in itself “prevents data subjects from exercising a right or using a
service or a contract” (Article 22 and recital 91). This includes processings performed in a
public area that people passing by cannot avoid, or processings that aims at allowing,
modifying or reusing data subjects’ access to a service or entry into a contract. An example
of this is where a bank screens its customers against a credit reference database in order to
decide whether to offer them a loan.

The Working Party considers that the more criteria are met by the processing, the more likely it is to
present a high risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, and therefore to require a DPIA. As a
rule of thumb, a processing operation meeting less than two criteria may not require a DPIA due to
the lower level of risk, and processing operations which meet at least two of these criteria will
require a DPIA. If the controller believes that a processing operation which meets at least two of
these criteria is not likely to be high risk, the controller should thoroughly document the reasons for
not carrying out a DPIA.

When is a DPIA not required?

A DPIA is generally not required in the following cases:

• Where the processing is not “likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of
natural persons” (article 35(1)).
 • When the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing are very similar to the
processing for which DPIAs have been carried out. In such cases, results of a DPIA for
similar processing can be used (Article 35(1)).

• Where a processing operation has a legal basis in EU or Member State law and has stated
that an initial DPIA does not have to be carried out, where the law regulates the specific
processing operation and where a DPIA, according to the standards of the GDPR, has
already been carried out as part of the establishment of that legal basis (Article 35(10)).

• Where the processing is included on the optional list (established by the supervisory
authority) of processing operations for which no DPIA is required (Article 35(5)). Such a list
may contain processing activities that comply with the conditions specified by this
authority, in particular through guidelines, specific decisions or authorisations, compliance
rules, etc. In such cases, and subject to reassessment by the competent supervisory
authority, a DPIA is not required, but only if the processing falls strictly within the scope of
the relevant procedure mentioned in the list and continues to comply fully with the relevant
requirements.

Is a DPIA mandatory for existing processing operations, existing before the GDPR becomes
effective on the 25 May 2018?

The GDPR is effective from the 25 May 2018, and DPIAs are legally mandatory only for processing
operations that are initiated after this date. Nevertheless, the Article 29 Working Party strongly
recommends carrying out DPIAs for all high risk operations prior to this date. Indeed a DPIA can be
a powerful tool in ensuring that any operations commencing now will not leave you at risk of non-
compliance once the law changes on the 25 May 2018, and save your organisation from operational
disruption by allowing you to future proof new projects against the GDPR at an early stage.

Additionally, new DPIAs or reviews of DPIAs for existing processing that commenced before the 25
May 2018 may be required after that date in the following circumstances:

• Where a significant change to the processing operation has taken place after the GDPR
takes effect. For example, when a new technology comes into use, or when data is being
used for a different purpose. In these cases the processing is effectively a new operation
and could require a DPIA.

• When there is a change of the risk presented by the processing operation. The risks and
level of risk can change as a result of a change to one of the components of the processing
operation (data, supporting assets, risk sources, etc.), or because the context of the
processing evolves (purpose, functionalities, etc.). Data processing systems can evolve
over time, and new threats and vulnerabilities can arise.

• The organisational or societal context for the processing activity has changed, for example
because the effects of certain automated decisions have become more significant, new
categories of natural persons become vulnerable to discrimination or the data is intended
to be transferred to data recipients located in a country which has left the EU.
As a matter of good practice, the Article 29 Working Party recommends that all DPIAs should be re-
assessed after 3 years, or sooner if circumstances have changed quickly.

When in a project lifecycle should a DPIA be conducted?

The DPIA should be carried out “prior to the processing” (GDPR Articles 35(1) and 35(10), recitals
90 and 93). It is generally good practice to carry out a DPIA as early as practical in the design of the
processing operation. It may not be possible to conduct a DPIA at the very inception of the project,
as project goals and some understanding of how the project will operate must be identified before it
will be possible to assess the data protection risks involved.

For some projects the DPIA may need to be a continuous process, and be updated as the project
moves forward. The fact that a DPIA may need to be updated once processing has actually started
is not a valid reason for postponing or not carrying out a DPIA.

Who should be involved in conducting the DPIA?

The data controller is responsible for ensuring the DPIA is carried out. It may be delegated to
someone else, inside or outside the organisation, but the data controller is ultimately accountable.

The DPIA should be driven by people with appropriate expertise and knowledge of the project in
question, normally the project team. If your organisation does not possess sufficient expertise and
experience internally, or if a particular project is likely to hold a very high level of risk or affect a very
large number of people, you may consider bringing in external specialists to consult on or to carry
out the DPIA.

A wide internal consultation process can benefit the DPIA, as some data protection risks will only
be apparent to individuals working on specific aspects of the project. It will also allow you to gain
feedback from those whose work will be affected by the project after implementation, such as
engineers, designers and developers, who will have a practical knowledge of the operations.
Involving your organisations public relations team will allow for effective communication of the
DPIA’s outcomes to external stakeholders.

Under the GDPR (Article 35), it is necessary for any data controller with a designated Data
Protection Officer (DPO) to seek the advice of the DPO. This advice and the decisions taken should
be documented as a part of the DPIA process. If a data processor is involved in the processing, the
data processor should assist with the DPIA and provide any necessary information.

• The Data Protection Officer (DPO) is a designated person appointed by an organisation to

advise on data protection practices within the organisation. The DPO can be a staff member
or an external service provider. Under the GDPR, appointment of a DPO is mandatory in the
following circumstances:

o For public bodies carrying out data processing, except for courts acting in their
judicial capacity;

o If the core activities of the organisation consist of data processing which, by virtue
of their scope and/or purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data
subjects on a large scale; or
 o The core activities of the organisation consist of processing on a large scale of
special categories of data as outlined in Article 9 or personal data relating to
criminal convictions as outlined in Article 10 of the GDPR.

The data controller is bound to “seek the views of data subjects or their representatives” (Article
35(9)), “where appropriate” in carrying out the DPIA. In some cases, the data subjects may be
people within the organisation. Seeking the views of data subjects will allow the data controller to
understand the concerns of those who may be affected, and to improve transparency by making
individuals aware of how their information will be used.

The views of data subjects can be sought through a variety of means, depending on the context.
Staff could be consulted through a trade union; customers could be consulted by means of a
survey. If the data controller’s final decision differs from the views of data subjects, the reasons
should be recorded as a part of the DPIA. If the data controller does not feel it appropriate to seek
the views of data subjects, the justification for this should be documented.

What steps are involved in carrying out a DPIA?

The GDPR sets out the minimum features of a DPIA (Article 35(7), and recitals 84 and 90):

• “a description of the envisaged processing operations and the purposes of the processing”

• “an assessment of the necessity and proportionality of the processing”

• “as assessment of the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects”

• “the measures envisaged to:

o “address the risks”;

o “demonstrate compliance with this Regulation”.

The GDPR presents a broad, generic framework for designing and carrying out a DPIA. This allows
for scalability, so even the smallest data controllers can design and implement a DPIA; as well as
for flexibility, so the data controller can determine the precise structure and form of the DPIA,
allowing it to fit with existing working practices.

Key elements of a successful DPIA

The GDPR does not prescribe the exact process for carrying out a DPIA beyond the minimum
features outlined above, allowing for flexibility and scalability in line with your organisation’s needs.
Although there is no one prescribed approach to take, the following steps can guide you through the
process:

1. Identifying whether a DPIA is required.

2. Defining the characteristics of the project to enable an assessment of the risks to take
place.

3. Identifying data protection and related risks.

4. Identifying data protection solutions to reduce or eliminate the risks.

 5. Signing off on the outcomes of the DPIA.

6. Integrating data protection solutions into the project.

1. Identifying whether a DPIA is required

You can use the steps described in the above section “How do I know if a DPIA is required” to
assess if you need to perform a DPIA. This should take place as early as practicable in the lifecycle
of the project. You will also need to identify the resources needed, the individuals who will be
involved, and the timeframe of the DPIA process.

As the nature and operational implications for data privacy of a project may not be apparent at an
early stage in the planning, the DPIA may need to be an ongoing process, and may need to be
reviewed or repeated as the project moves forward.

2. Describing the information flows

At an early point in the DPIA project, you should identify how it is intended to collect, store, use and
delete personal information as part of the project. This exercise should also identify what kinds of
information will be used as part of the project and who will have access to the information.

The aim of this step is to get an early understanding of how information will be used as part of a
project at each step along the process. This is crucial to being able to recognise the data privacy
risks which may be posed by a project and to identifying what means might be used to mitigate
those risks.

You should consider if any new personal information will be generated by the project, and include it
in your record of this stage. For example, a project involving the processing of psychometric tests
might take one type of personal information (the answers to psychometric test questions) and
process it to another (a psychometric profile). This new type of personal information is different in
character, and so recording it separately in your map of information flows will help to ensure that its
special characteristics are taken account of later in the DPIA process.

This part of the DPIA will often mirror other elements of your project design process, such as a
general scoping exercise to identify how the project will be carried out, and can be integrated with
such a scoping exercise. Paying attention in the design of a project to how information will be used
as part of the project may also yield efficiency benefits for your organisation by assisting you in
streamlining processes for handling information.

At this stage of the DPIA process, you should consult with internal stakeholders with a view to
identifying the technical aspects of information collection, storage and processing, and how the
different elements of the project will fit together in operation. You may also want to consult with
external partners, who may be engaged by your organisation as a data processor, or to whom
information might be disclosed as part of a project.

This exercise should be documented using whatever means are most suitable for your organisation
and the project concerned. Using visual aids, such as flow charts, to document how information
will be used as part of a project can assist in identifying potential data privacy risks. This may also
help with internal communication by better allowing the project team and others in your
organisation to understand the design of the project.

3. Identifying data protection and related risks

This stage involves examining the project design to assess what data protection issues arise in the
project, and to identify any risks it may expose individuals to, as well as any data protection-related
risks that the project might create for your organisation.

There are a range of different ways that an individual’s data privacy can be compromised or put at
risk by a new project. The types of risk range from the risk of causing distress, upset or
inconvenience to risks of financial loss or physical harm. There are equally as many kinds of data
privacy-related risks to organisations, related to compliance issues and commercial factors.
Breaches of the GDPR, such as excessive data processing or data breaches, can lead to significant
penalties, as well as causing reputational damage to your organisation.

This step should build upon work done at previous stages of the DPIA. The responses to the criteria
laid out in the above section “How do I know if a DPIA should be conducted” should act as a guide
to the risks which may be present. The map of information flows generated in stage 2 may help you
to identify particular weak spots, where general data privacy risks are likely to be particularly acute,
or which might give rise to specific risks.

For public sector bodies contemplating data processing measures that limit the EU fundamental
right to data protection under Article 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, a detailed analysis
of the ‘necessity’ of the measure must be undertaken. Guidance published by the European Data
Protection Supervisor will assist public sector policy makers in conducting the necessary analysis.
The EDPS guidance is available at https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/17-06-
01_necessity_toolkit_final_en_0.pdf

Examples of the types of risks that you should be alert for at this stage of the DPIA process are
outlined below. You should also examine sector-specific guidance which may be provided by
regulators or industry groups in your area of operations, which can highlight types of risk which may
be relevant for your organisation or project.

You should take note of the magnitude of the risks identified, having regard to both the likelihood of
a risk manifesting itself, and its impact. In assessing the severity of the risk, it is important to bear in
mind the sensitivity of the personal data to be processed as part of the project, the number of
people likely to be affected by any of the risks identified, and how they might be affected.

You should keep a record of all risks identified at this stage. This will assist later on in the DPIA
process in creating solutions to avoid or reduce those risks. Record keeping may be especially
important in the event of an investigation or audit by the DPC. Good record keeping may help to
demonstrate how your organisation complied with its obligations under the GDPR.

This identification exercise should be carried out relatively early in the project design, as the sooner
that data privacy risks can be identified, the easier and cheaper it will be to mitigate them. However,
it is not a once-and-for-all exercise; you should keep the project design under review throughout the
DPIA process to monitor the emergence of any new risks, which may occur by reason of a change to
the design or scope of the project, and to assist in assessing which risk reduction techniques work.

Your organisation can choose the risk management approach that best suits your existing project
management process. The same tools you use for identifying other regulatory or commercial risks
as part of your project management process can be used to assess the data protection risks
involved in a project. The key point is to ensure that a methodological approach to identifying risks
is adopted, and that records are kept of this process, and of all the risks identified. Your
organisation may wish to maintain a data protection risk register to describe the risks associated
with a project and assess their likelihood and impact. You can then go back to the register in the
event of any changes to the project, to make note of any steps taken to mitigate risk, or any
additional risks that emerge. This can be incorporated into an existing risk register if one exists for
the project. Small scale projects may adopt a relatively informal approach to risk. You can still use a
data protection risk register in such cases, but with the entries reflecting the less formal approach
adopted.

A data protection risk register is a master document that is used to record information about data
protection risks which have been identified in relation to a particular project, as well as an analysis
of risk severity and evaluations of the possible solutions to be applied.

The data protection risk register should be updated as the project progresses, to reflect any
solutions or new risks which have been identified.

Example Risks To Individuals

• Inappropriate disclosure of personal data internally within your organisation due to a lack of
appropriate controls being in place.

• Accidental loss of electronic equipment by organisation’s personnel may lead to risk of

disclosure of personal information to third parties.

• Breach of data held electronically by “hackers”.

• Vulnerable individuals or individuals about whom sensitive data is kept might be affected to
a very high degree by inappropriate disclosure of personal data.

• Information released in anonymised form might lead to disclosure of personal data if

anonymisation techniques chosen turn out not to be effective.

• Personal data being used in a manner not anticipated by data subjects due to an evolution
in the nature of the project.

• Personal data being used for purposes not expected by data subjects due to failure to
explain effectively how their data would be used.

• Personal data being used for automated decision making may be seen as excessively
intrusive.

• Merging of datasets may result in a data controller having far more information about
individuals than anticipated by the individuals.
 • Merging of datasets may inadvertently allow individuals to be identified from anonymised
data.

• Use of technology capable of making visual or audio recordings may be unacceptably

intrusive.

• Collection of data containing identifiers may prevent users from using a service
anonymously.

• Data may be kept longer than required in the absence of appropriate policies.

• Data unnecessary for the project may be collected if appropriate policies not in place,
leading to unnecessary risks.

• Data may be transferred to countries with inadequate data protection regimes.

Corporate Risks

• Failure to comply with the GDPR may result in investigation, administrative fines,
prosecution, or other sanctions. Failure to adequately conduct a DPIA where appropriate
can itself be a breach of the GDPR.

• Data breaches or failure to live up to customer expectations regarding privacy and personal
data are likely to cause reputational risk.

• Public distrust of your organisation’s use of personal information may lead to a reluctance
on the part of individuals to deal with your organisation.

• Problems with project design identified late in the design process, or after completion, may
be expensive and cumbersome to fix.

• Failure to manage how your company keeps and uses information can lead to inefficient
duplication, or the expensive collection and storage of unnecessary information.
Unnecessary processing and retention of information can also leave you at risk of non-
compliance with the GDPR.

• Any harm caused to individuals by reason of mishandling of personal data may lead to
claims for compensation against your organisation. Under the GDPR you may also be liable
for non-material damage.

Compliance Risks

Your organisation may face risks of prosecution, significant financial penalties, or reputational
damage if you fail to comply with the GDPR. Individuals affected by a breach of the GDPR can seek
compensation for both material and non-material damage.

Failure to carry out a DPIA where appropriate is itself a breach of the legislation, as well as a lost
opportunity to identify and mitigate against the future compliance risks a new project may bring.

4. Identifying and evaluating data protection solutions

This stage follows on from the identification of data protection risks at stage 3, with the aim of
minimising the data privacy risk associated with the project, insofar as possible. In almost all
cases, it will not be possible to eliminate data protection risks completely, but the aim of this stage
is to balance those risks against the aims of the project, to ensure that any risks that are accepted
are proportionate to the outcomes of the project. However, under GDPR, if there are remaining high
risks, then you will need to consult with the Data Protection Commissioner, as described below.

Data Protection solutions are steps which may be taken to reduce the likelihood or severity of data
privacy risks being realised.

During this stage, you should try to identify “data protection solutions” to reduce the impact of the
project on data protection. You should do this by looking at each of the risks identified as part of the
previous stage in the DPIA process and seeking to address it individually, or as part of a privacy
solution which may address a number of risks together.

In some cases, data protection solutions may be able to eliminate some types of risk, for example
by abandoning unnecessary parts of a project which create unique risks. In others, data protection
solutions may simply mitigate against risk or reduce the significance of data breaches, for example
by adopting pseudonymisation to reduce the risk of identification of data subjects. The nature of
these solutions will depend on the types of risk that have been identified, and the aims of the
project. You should keep a full record of the process, to document any data protection solutions
which have been identified, and which risks they were intended to address, as well as any risks
which have been accepted. This can be done in a data protection risks register created under step
3.

This step involves conducting a balancing exercise between the benefits to individuals and your
organisation from the project, and the data protection and related risks to those individuals and
your organisation. Equally, in assessing whether a particular data protection solution should be
pursued, it is necessary to weigh up the costs and benefits of each solution. For example,
anonymising data may help to prevent the risk of data relating to an identifiable person being
accidentally disclosed to a third party, but it is likely to cost the organisation money to put an
anonymisation system in place, and it may prevent some of the goals of the project from being
realised (if those goals depend on processing information about identified individuals).

Every project will have its own unique circumstances and risk profile, so there is no “one size fits
all” set of data privacy solutions which may be adopted. However, the following are examples of
data protection solutions, some of which may be applied in a range of different scenarios:

• Deciding not to collect or store particular types of information.

• Putting in place strict retention periods, designed to minimise the length of time that
personal data is retained.

• Reviewing physical and/or IT security in your organisation or for a particular project team
and making appropriate improvements where necessary.

• Conducting general or project-specific training to ensure that personal data is handled

securely.
 • Creating protocols for information handling within the project, and ensuring that all relevant
staff are trained in operating under the protocol.

• Producing guidance for staff as reference point in the event of any uncertainty relating to the
handling of information.

• Assessing the need for new IT systems to safely process and store the data, and providing
staff with training in any new system adopted.

• Assessing the portability of using anonymised or pseudonymised data as part of the project
to reduce identification risks, and developing an appropriate anonymisation protocol if the
use of anonymised data is suitable.

• Ensuring that individuals are fully informed about how their information will be used.

• Providing a contact point for individuals to raise any concerns they may have with your
organisation.

• If you are using external data processors, selecting appropriately experienced data
processors and putting in place legal arrangements to ensure compliance with data
protection legislation.

• Deciding not to proceed with a particular element of a project if the data privacy risks
associated with it are inescapable and the benefits expected from this part of the project
cannot justify those risks.

In most cases, there are some data protection risks which cannot be eliminated or reduced. These
risks can be accepted if they are proportionate to the outcomes that will be achieved by proceeding
with the project notwithstanding the risk. Any decisions to accept data protection risks should be
recorded in the data protection risk register, or otherwise in accordance with your project
management process.

At this stage, you should also ensure that the project will be in compliance with data protection
laws. In particular, you should consider whether the project complies with the data protection
principles, and ensuring that you have a good legal basis for processing personal data.

5. Signing off and recording the DPIA outcomes

The primary aim of conducting a DPIA is to identify and minimise the data protection risks involved
in a project. However, as has been emphasised throughout this guide, keeping a record of all steps
taken as part of the DPIA will help to ensure that the process is completed thoroughly, and to
reassure stakeholders that all data protection risks have been considered. This written record
should also form that basis of putting into effect the data protection solutions which have been
identified, and can be used to check off the implementation of each solution.

There is no requirement to produce a final DPIA report but it is good practice to do so. This report
should bring together, in summary form, the record keeping from each stage of the DPIA process
and note the conclusions from each step of the process. It should also include an overview of the
project, explaining why it was undertaken and how it will impact on data protection. It should
describe the process adopted in conducting the DPIA, and set out the data protection risks and
solutions which were identified as part of the process. Your organisation may decide to publish the
DPIA report or a summary of it. The decision of whether or not to publish the report will probably
have a bearing on how much detailed information is put into the report, as it may not be appropriate
to publish commercially sensitive information or information containing too much detail about
security vulnerabilities which have been identified.

A DPIA does not necessarily require a formal signing-off process, but your organisation may require
it, particularly if it recommends significant changes to the nature of a project, or if it recommends
accepting significant risks.

If the data privacy risks which have been identified are not capable of mitigation consistent with the
goals of a project, and it would not be proportionate to accept them, this stage should be used for
re-evaluating the viability of the project. In such circumstances, an organisation may decide to
either change the goals of a project to allow for mitigation of data protection risks, or abandon the
project altogether.

6. Integrating the DPIA outcomes back into the project plan

Once it has been signed off, it is necessary to put the findings of the DPIA into action by integrating
any necessary changes into the plans for the project. The earlier the DPIA can be completed, the
easier it will be to give effect to the data privacy solutions, but as the DPIA will not normally be
completed until the project has already progressed somewhat in the planning stages, it will
normally be necessary to adjust plans to give effect to the data privacy solutions identified.

As part of the implementation of the DPIA, you should keep data protection issues under review. In
particular, you should assess whether the data protection solutions implemented are having the
intended effect of mitigating data protection risks. Additionally, if the project aims change or
expand over its lifetime, it may be necessary to assess whether a further DPIA is required to assess
the effect of the changes on the data protection risks identified. Such a review can be built into your
organisation’s existing procedures.

Consulting with the Data Protection Commissioner and publishing the DPIA

Should the Data Protection Commissioner be consulted on completion of the DPIA?

If, during the DPIA process, the Data Controller has identified and taken measures to mitigate any
risks to personal data, it is not necessary to consult with the DPC before proceeding with the
project.

If the DPIA suggests that any identified risks cannot be managed and the residual risk remains high,
you must consult with the Data Protection Commissioner before moving forward with the project.

Regardless of whether or not consultation with the DPC is required, your obligations of retaining a
record of the DPIA and updating the DPIA in due course remain.

Even if consultation is not required, the DPIA may be reviewed by the DPC at a later date in the
event of an audit or investigation arising from your use of personal data.

Should the DPIA be published?

It is not legally mandatory to publish the DPIA. However, there are a number of benefits to doing so.
Publishing the DPIA can help to foster trust in your handling of personal data, and demonstrate
accountability and transparency, particularly where members of the public are affected. This may
be especially beneficial for DPIAs carried out by public bodies.

The published DPIA does not need to contain the whole assessment, especially when the DPIA
could present information concerning security risks or commercially sensitive information. It could
even consist of just a summary of the DPIA’s main findings.