DISPLAYS

Nina Cristina Alzaga Zhailiz Marie Bellen Rhea Nicole Lumbes Van Alejandrey Pili
Rey Kristian Aure Elyza Fae Ebrada Rens Moreno Chris Justin Taer
A monitor, also called a VDT (video display terminal) or VDU (video display unit), is an output
device that shows video images and text. There are three types of monitor:

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): An older, bulky technology using a vacuum tube and electron
beams to light up a fluorescent screen, creating images. Common in early TVs and monitors.
LCD (Liquid-Crystal Display): A flat-panel display that uses liquid crystals, which rearrange
with electric currents to form images. Slimmer and lighter, it provides clear images with
lower power consumption.
LED (Light-Emitting Diode): A type of LCD monitor that uses LEDs as a backlight instead of
fluorescent tubes. It offers better brightness, contrast, and energy efficiency.

Tip: The term "monitor" is synonymous with "screen" or "display."

CRT MONITORS
CATHODE RAY TUBE
INTRODUCTION

CRT MONITORS
Also known as “Braun Tube”

A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that

transforms electrical signals into visual displays by
producing a focused electron beam. This beam is
directed by electric or magnetic fields to trace
patterns on a fluorescent screen, creating images.
Cathode rays, or streams of electrons, are
generated easily as electrons move between
atoms as an electric current.
 HISTORY

Television Era Computer Display

Invention (1897) (1920s-1950s) Era (1950s-1980s) Decline (2000s)

The CRT was invented CRT technology gained CRTs became common With the rise of LCD and
by Karl Ferdinand popularity with the in computers, with LED screens, CRTs
Braun, known as the advent of television. early systems like the became less popular due
"Braun tube," which Philo Farnsworth UNIVAC I using them to their bulkiness and
power consumption. By
displayed electrical demonstrated the first for data visualization.
the 2010s, CRTs were
waveforms. fully electronic TV in They improved in
mostly obsolete, though
1927, and by the 1950s, resolution and color some retro enthusiasts
CRTs were standard in depth throughout the still appreciate their
household TVs. 1980s and 1990s. unique display qualities.
STRUCTURE
 HOW IT WORKS
In a CRT, the signal that controls the display comes
from an external video source, such as a TV signal,
DVD player, VCR, or game console. This signal,
which carries both the image data and
synchronization information, enters the CRT
through pins at the base. The image data tells the
CRT what colors to display at each point, while the
synchronization signals (horizontal and vertical
sync) ensure the electron beam scans the screen
in perfect timing with the video signal.
HOW IT WORKS
Once the signal is received, power is supplied
to the CRT components. The heater warms the
cathode, causing it to emit electrons through
thermionic emission. These electrons form an
electron beam, which the grid controls to
adjust brightness based on the incoming
video signal. The pre-accelerating anode gives
the beam an initial boost, and the focusing
anode narrows it for sharp images. The
accelerating anode then propels the beam at
high speeds toward the screen.
 HOW IT WORKS
The deflection system, using vertical and
horizontal deflection plates, moves the beam
across the screen in a systematic pattern. When
the beam hits the phosphor-coated screen, the
phosphors glow, creating the image. The
aquadag coating absorbs stray electrons to
ensure image stability. In color CRTs, separate
electron beams for red, green, and blue combine
to form full-color images. This process repeats
rapidly, allowing moving images to be displayed.
 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES
1. THERMIONIC EMISSIONS
2. CATHODE RAY AND ELECTRON GUN
3. CATHODE RAY TUBE & ELECTROMAGNETISM
4. PHOSPHORESCENCE
 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES
Thermionic emissions
The heated cathode undergoes thermionic emission,
which causes electrons to gain enough energy to
escape the surface of the metal.

Cathode ray and electron gun

The electron gun emits a stream electrons through
thermionic emission, and is accelerated.
To ensure a sharp and focused image, an electrostatic
(Einzel) lens is in use, it focuses and narrows the
electron beam into a precise and controlled stream of
electron.
 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES
Cathode ray tube & Electromagnetism
The cathode ray is then accelerated towards
the screen by an electric field generated by a
high voltage anode
To control and guide the direction of the beam
a deflection system is in placed
2 pairs of magnetic deflection coils generate a
magnetic field that moves the beam
horizontally and vertically across the screen.
This allows the beam to scan the screen in a
systematic way, following the principles of
electromagnetism
 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES
Phosphorescence
When the high-energy electron strikes the
phosphor coating inside the surface of the
CRT, it emits light upon impact in a process
called phosphorescence.
Different types of phosphors are arranged
in a dot-matrix pattern (red, green, and
blue). Each type of phosphor emits a
specific color of light when hit by the
electron beam.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
high refresh rate bulky and heavy

faster response time produces lots of heat

susceptible to external magnetic

excellent color accuracy,
interference
brightness and contrast
has noticeable screen flicker
No motion blur
higher resolution is not possible without

dropping the refresh rate

LCD MONITORS
LIQUID CRYTAL DISPLAY
INTRODUCTION

LCD
MONITORS
Liquid crystal displays(LCD’s) is an
electronic display device that
operates by applying a varying
electric voltage to a layer of liquid
crystal, thereby inducing changes in
its optical properties (Walton &
Dunmur, 2024) .
 History of LCD Monitor
1888: Austrian botanist and chemist Friedrich Reinitzer
discovers liquid crystals while studying cholesterol extracted
from carrots
1922: German physicist Georges Friedel classified liquid
crystals into three main types: nematic, smectic, and
cholesteric.
1962: Richard Williams of the Radio Corporation of America
(RCA) discovered these liquid crystal structures can create
patterns that can be controlled when applied voltage
1963: George H. Heilmeier created the first working LCD using
Dynamic Scattering Mode (DSM)
 History of LCD Monitor
1970: The first practical LCD was developed by James
Fergason at the University of Illinois. It used a nematic liquid
crystal material and a simple reflective structure.
1984: Seiko Epson released the first colored LCD, the pocket
LCD television.
2000's (Present): LCDs continue to be a cornerstone of the
display industry, with ongoing research and development
focusing on improving their performance, efficiency, and
affordability.
PARTS OF THE
LCD
PROCESS OF POLARIZATION
PARTS OF THE LCD
LED Backlight
Produces unpolarized light that passes through polarizing
filters

Liquid Crystals
Electrically charged that has the ability to curl up or to
be straight if it has electricity flowing through it.

Reflector Sheet/Mirror
Known as a Dual-action brightness enhancement
film(DBEF). It increases the brightness level of the screen
by reflecting light from the diodes.
PARTS OF THE LCD
Thin Film Transistors
Acts as an on/off switch for the individual pixels. It works by
brightness in red, green, and blue pixels.

Polarizing Filters
They are responsible for controlling the amount of light
that is let through the Liquid Crystals. It filters the
unpolarized light then turns it into polarized light that is
then either passed through or blocked by the Liquid
Crystals.

Color Filter
It filters specific colors, it features three layers. One for
red, green, and blue light.
Cover Glass
It protects the delicate parts of the LCD. It also displays
the image that is produced by the LCD.
 HOW IT WORKS

The backlight It then passes Polarized light then

through a passes through
emits
polarizing filter that Liquid Crystals.
unpolarized limits a certain Depending on the
light that is direction of a state of the Liquid
then emitted to wavelength of Crystals it may be
unpolarized light either be turned 90
the polarizing
then turns it into degrees or let
filters. polarized light. through as is.
 HOW IT WORKS

It passes the color Light that passed The polarized light

filter, there it gets through the color then allows the
the color that the filter then passes display to create
pixel shows. It through another different images
either blocks or polarizing filter with varying
allows polarized before reaching colors forming the
light that passes the display images you see in
through. screen. the screen.
LCDs Other Displays
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

LCD ADVANTAGES LCD DISADVANTAGES

The reduced radiation emission of LCD monitors is a LCDs limited viewing angles. Brightness, contrast, gamma and color mixtures
Reduced radiation significant advantage over older CRT technology. This vary with the viewing angle. Can lead to contrast and color reversal at large
Viewing Angle
emission feature enhances safety for users, particularly during long- angles. Need to be viewed as close to straight ahead as possible.
term use.

Black-Level, LCDs have difficulty producing black and very dark grays. As a result they
LCD monitors consume significantly less power, magnetic
Energy Efficiency Contrast and generally have lower contrast than CRTs and the color saturation for low intensity
and electromagnetic fields than older CRT monitors
Color Saturation colors is also reduced. Not suitable for use in dimly lit and dark environments.

LCD displays include the projection of perfectly sharp

No geometric images, zero or negligible geometric distortion, intensely Slow response times and scan rate conversion result in severe motion
Motion Artifacts
distortion bright images on perfectly flat screens, low cost, small size, artifacts and image degradation for moving or rapidly changing images
and low power consumption.

LCD Monitors can display higher resolutions in the same The internal Gamma and gray-scale of an LCD is very irregular. Problems with
Higher native physical space compared to CRTs. The native resolution of an Color and Gray- black-level, gray-scale and Gamma affects the accuracy of the gray-scale and
resolution LCD is the exact number of pixels it contains, allowing for Scale Accuracy color mixtures. Generally not suitable for professional image color balancing.
sharper, more detailed images when used at this setting.

The viscosity of the liquid crystal decreases at high temperatures. The causes
LCD Monitor use pixels made of organic material, so they Temperature unreliable control of the pixels, feedback on the display, and deeper colored images.
No screen burn-in don't suffer from screen burn-in. Sensitivity Operating and storing a display at temperatures higher than the specified ranges can
cause permanent damage to the device.
LED MONITORS
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
Introduction
LED
MONITOR
An LED monitor, short for Light-Emitting Diode
monitor, is a type of flat-panel display that utilizes an
array of LEDs for backlighting. While often referred to
simply as “LED monitors”; they are technically a subset
of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors, as they still
use liquid crystals to create images. The primary
distinction lies in the backlighting technology: LED
monitors use light-emitting diodes instead of the
traditional fluorescent backlighting found in standard
LCDs.
Introduction
LED
MONITOR
Characterized by a slim profile and lightweight
construction, ideal for various environments.
Enhanced brightness and color accuracy result in
superior image quality.
Improved energy efficiency, allowing for high-quality
visuals with lower power consumption.
Increasingly popular for applications such as gaming,
graphic design, and everyday computing.
Offer features like higher resolutions, faster response
times, and enhanced contrast ratios.
 History of LED Monitor
1907: Discovery of the light-emitting diode (LED) by H. J.
Round.
1962: Nick Holonyak, Jr. created the first practical LED,
emitting red light.
1977: The first true LED screen by James Mitchell was
developed, and it was limited to one color.
1980s: Early applications of LEDs in simple displays and
indicators; no widespread use in monitors.
1990s: Introduction of full-color LED displays for advertising
and signage, but not yet in consumer monitors.
2000s: Widespread adoption of LED backlighting in LCD
monitors, improving brightness and energy efficiency
 History of LED Monitor
2008: Launch of the first LED monitors for consumers,
combining LCD technology with LED backlighting.
2010s: Advancements in LED technology lead to higher
resolutions (e.g., 4K) and improved color accuracy
2012: The introduction of edge-lit LED monitors allows for
thinner designs.
2015: Emergence of quantum dot technology in LED monitors,
enhancing color performance.
2020s: Continued innovation with features like high dynamic
range (HDR) and curved displays, further enhancing user
experience..
HOW DOES AN LED Monitor DISPLAY W

Note:
The color of the
light depends on
the type of
semiconductor
material used.
What are the components of LED displays?

LED MODULES CONTROL HARDWARES

LED DISPLAY
LED SCREEN CABINET CABLES
COMPONENTS

POWER SUPPLIER FANS

 What are the components of LED displays?
1. LED Modules

is the most important component of an

LED display.
The LED module consists of:
- PCB (Printed Circuit Board)
- LEDs
- ICs (Integrated Circuits)
The price of the LED module determines
the overall price of the entire LED display.
 What are the components of LED displays?
2. LED Cabinets

(also referred to as assembled LED

panels) are used for easy assembly and
disassembly of LED displays.
 What are the components of LED displays?
3. Power Suppliers

are essential for providing the necessary

power to LED modules.
LED modules require stable DC voltage
and DC current to function.
Power suppliers convert AC (Alternating
Current) to DC (Direct Current) and
provide a stable power output.
Power suppliers are selected based on
the AC voltage standard in your country
to ensure compatibility.
 What are the components of LED displays?
4. Control Hardwares

a component that works closely with a

Control Computer to manage a BTM.
is built with a FPGA and is responsible for
tasks such as demodulating signals and
providing electrical isolation between
systems.
 What are the components of LED displays?
5. Cables
There are two types of cables used in LED displays: data cables and power cables.
Inside cabinets:
- Data cables connect the LED modules to the receiving card.
- Power cables connect the LED modules to the power suppliers.
Outside cabinets:
- Data cables and power cables connect different cabinets together.
 What are the components of LED displays?
6. Fans

Fans are used for outdoor LED displays.

Fans are used for cooling the whole LED
display and lowing the panels
temperature.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Slim design Expensive
Brighter and sharper images can shift color due to age and
Better color temperature
Flicker-free images Lot thinner than the LCD or Plasma.
Lower power consumption Contrast ratios not consistent
Wider viewing angle
 Applications of LED
APPLICATIONS:
Digital displays
Optical source in fibre optic communication
Infrared LEDs used in remote control devices
Widely used in automobile industry
OLED MONITORS
ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
OLED
MONITORS
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitor is a display
technology that uses organic light-emitting diodes to create
images. Unlike traditional LCD screens, OLED monitors don't
need a backlight; instead, each pixel emits its own light when
an electric current passes through organic materials. This
allows for stunningly vibrant colors, deep blacks, and high
contrast ratios. OLED monitors offer superior image quality
and are prized for their immersive viewing experiences in
gaming, multimedia, and professional applications.
 WHAT IS OLED’S DISPLAY
STRUCTURE?
1. Emissive Layer - the layer
responsible for the emission of light
in an OLED.

2. Hole and electron transport layers

- transport layer eases the flow of
charge carriers to emission layer
 WHAT IS OLED’S DISPLAY
STRUCTURE?
3. Hole and electron injection
layers - facilitates charge
injection from the electrodes into
the organic layers. The energy
gap between the HOMO and
LUMO determines the range of
wavelengths the material can
absorb, which affects the
efficiency of light harvesting.
 HOW OLED WORKS
Based on electron hole pair
recombination in semi conductor
materials, but only those with
suitable band gap in their atoms
can emit light in the visible range.
In organic semiconductors the
energy levels of molecules are
considered rather than atoms.
The electrons in a stable state are
located in the homo level and
those in an excitation state are
located in the lumo level.
 HOW OLED WORKS

Behind this 3 filter, each sub pixel is controlled independently just by varying in the
external power supply it can control the electron flow or recombination rate and can
reproduce any image.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The organic plastic layer of OLEDs is thinner, lighter,
and more flexible than the crystal layer of LEDs or
LCDs.
The OLED base layer is made of plastic, while LEDs Lifespan: While red and green OLED films have a long
and LCDs use a glass base layer. lifespan (10,000-40,000 hours), blue organics have a
OLED is and can be brighter than LED. much shorter lifespan (only about 1,000 hours)
OLED does not need to use the backlighting system in according to the current state of the art.
LCD because OLEDs do not require backlighting Manufacturing cost: OLED's cost is still relatively high.
systems Water failure: OLEDs can be easily damaged if they are
OLEDs are easier to manufacture and can be made in exposed to water.
larger sizes. OLEDs are made of plastic, so they can be
made into large, thin sheets. Trying to use so many
crystals and lay them flat is much more difficult.
OLEDs have a wide field of view, up to about 170
degrees. OLEDs can emit light themselves, so the field
of view is also much wider
AMOLED MONITORS
ACTIVE MATRIX ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
AMOLED
MONITORS
AMOLED stands for Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting
Diode. It’s a display technology that uses organic compounds
to produce light when an electric current is applied. Each
pixel in an AMOLED display consists of three sub-pixels (red,
green, and blue) that emit light independently.

The “active-matrix” part refers to the thin-film transistor (TFT)

backplane that controls each pixel. This allows for faster
refresh rates and better control over individual pixels
compared to passive-matrix OLED displays.
WHAT IS AMOLED’S DISPLAY
STRUCTURE?
 WHAT IS AMOLED’S DISPLAY
STRUCTURE?
1. Cover Lens 2. Organic Layers (Emissive Layer)
The outermost layer of the The organic substrate is the
AMOLED display is the cover lens. This is core of the AMOLED's light-emitting
typically made of strong, scratch- technology. It consists of organic
resistant glass or plastic and serves to compounds that emit light when an
protect the delicate internal electric current passes through them.
components, such as the organic This is where light is actually produced
layers and the electrodes, from external when electrons and holes recombine.
damage like dust, moisture, and
physical impacts.
 WHAT IS AMOLED’S DISPLAY
STRUCTURE?
3. Cathode 4. Anode
Beneath the organic layer, there’s Below the organic material is the
a cathode, usually made of a metallic anode, usually made of a transparent
material such as aluminum. The conductive material like indium tin
cathode injects electrons into the oxide (ITO). The anode injects "holes"
organic material layer when a voltage (positively charged carriers) into the
is applied. This is crucial for the light- organic material. These holes move
emitting process as these electrons toward the organic emissive layer,
combine with "holes" (missing where they combine with electrons
electrons) injected from the anode to from the cathode to create light. Since
create electroluminescence—the light the anode is transparent, light can pass
emission that makes the display visible. through it and be visible to the user.
 WHAT IS AMOLED’S DISPLAY
STRUCTURE?
5. TFT Layer (Thin-Film Transistors) 6. Glass Substrate
The TFT layer sits below the Supporting the entire structure is the glass
substrate. This glass serves as a solid foundation to
anode and organic layers. This is the
hold the organic materials, electrodes, and TFT layer
"active matrix" part of AMOLED in place. It also provides insulation and rigidity,
technology, where each pixel is ensuring the overall durability and flatness of the
controlled individually by a dedicated display.
Thin-Film Transistor. These TFTs
7. Housing
regulate the amount of current that
The housing is the external frame or casing
passes to each pixel. In conjunction that surrounds and holds the AMOLED display
with capacitors, they store and assembly. It can be made of plastic, metal, or other
maintain the electrical charge needed materials, depending on the device’s design. The
to control each pixel. The TFT layer is housing also helps protect the display's edges and
the internal circuitry, providing structure and ensuring
critical for providing fast response
that the components are properly aligned and
times, allowing for high refresh rates shielded from external forces.
and efficient power use.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Each pixel can be driven continuously and Complex and expensive.
independently. Immature technology development.
It can memorize the driving signal without operating
under a high pulse current.
Higher efficiency and longer lifespan.
Suitable for large-size, high-resolution full-color OLED
display products.
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