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Ex 02

The experiment aims to verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) by demonstrating that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop equals the supply voltage. The results show that the recorded voltage drops closely match the supply voltage, with measurement errors ranging from 0.04% to 0.88%, indicating the importance of accuracy in circuit measurements. Overall, the experiment supports KVL, confirming that the energy supplied by the source is conserved across the circuit components.

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2 views

Ex 02

The experiment aims to verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) by demonstrating that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop equals the supply voltage. The results show that the recorded voltage drops closely match the supply voltage, with measurement errors ranging from 0.04% to 0.88%, indicating the importance of accuracy in circuit measurements. Overall, the experiment supports KVL, confirming that the energy supplied by the source is conserved across the circuit components.

Uploaded by

azazarfin54
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No: 02

Name of the experiment: Verification of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Objective:
To experimentally verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) in an electrical circuit by
demonstrating that the algebraic sum of all voltages in a closed loop equals the supply voltage.

Theory:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is derived from the principle of energy conservation and is a
fundamental law in circuit analysis. The law states that:

‘The sum of all electromotive forces (emfs) and potential differences in a closed loop is zero.’
Mathematically,
∑𝑉 = 0

or, equivalently,

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛

Where:

𝑉𝑆 is the supply voltage (input).

𝑉1, 𝑉2 , 𝑉3 ,….., 𝑉𝑛 are the voltage drops across components in the circuit.

This law ensures that the total energy supplied by the source is entirely dissipated across the
components in the circuit. Verifying KVL helps confirm the validity of circuit analysis
techniques used in electrical engineering.

Required Apparatus:
▪ DC power supply (60V)
▪ Resistor (100Ω)
▪ Variable Resistor (1-100Ω)
▪ Voltmeter (2 pieces, Range:1-125V)
▪ Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:

Figure - 1: Circuit Diagram

Data Table:

Reading Supply V1 V2 𝐕 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝐕𝟐 𝑽𝒔 − 𝑽
𝒆=| | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
No. Voltage 𝑽𝒔
(Vs)
01 34.2 16.2 50.4 0.8%
02 31.24 19.1 50.34 0.68%
50
03 28.93 21.5 50.43 0.86%
04 39.21 10.77 49.98 0.04%
05 43.1 6.46 49.56 0.88%

Calculation:
1) Given 𝑉𝑠 =50V, 𝑉1= 34.2V, 𝑉2 =16.2V

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 34.2 + 16.2 = 50.4V


50−50.4
𝑒=| | × 100% = 0.8%
50
2) Given 𝑉𝑠 =50V, 𝑉1=31.24 V, 𝑉2 =19.1V

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 31.24 + 19.1 = 50.34V


50−
𝑒 = | 50 | × 100% = 0.68%

3) Given 𝑉𝑠 =50V, 𝑉1= 28.93V, 𝑉2 =21.5V

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 28.93 + 21.5 = 50.43V


50−
𝑒 = | 50 | × 100% = 0.86%

4) Given 𝑉𝑠 =50V, 𝑉1= 39.21V, 𝑉2 =10.77V

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 39.21 + 10.77 = 49.98V


50−
𝑒 = | 50 | × 100% = 0.04%

5) Given 𝑉𝑠 =50V, 𝑉1= 43.1V, 𝑉2 =6.46V

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 43.1 + 6.46 = 49.56V


50−
𝑒 = | 50 | × 100% = 0.88%

Simulation Result:

Figure - 2: Simulation Result


Discussion:
Since the total of the recorded voltage drops across the circuit components closely resembles
the supply voltage, the experimental results provide strong support for Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
(KVL). Practical variables like voltmeter errors, connecting wire resistance, and small
variations in the supply voltage can be blamed for the small measured errors, which vary from
0.04% to 0.88%. These differences demonstrate how crucial accuracy is in circuit
measurements. Despite these small variations, the experiment confirms KVL by showing that
the entire amount of energy provided by the source is distributed and preserved across the
circuit's constituent parts.

References:
• Charles K. Alexander, Matthew Sadiku (2017). Fundamentals of Electric
Circuits, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education.

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