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Disaster Risk Reviewer for Exam

The document outlines various geological hazards associated with earthquakes and volcanic activity, including ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction, tsunamis, and volcanic hazards like lahars and pyroclastic flows. It also describes the signs of impending volcanic eruptions and tools for assessing geological hazards such as landslides and sinkholes. Key factors contributing to these hazards include geological conditions, water saturation, and human activities.

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jeoneah
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7 views3 pages

Disaster Risk Reviewer for Exam

The document outlines various geological hazards associated with earthquakes and volcanic activity, including ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction, tsunamis, and volcanic hazards like lahars and pyroclastic flows. It also describes the signs of impending volcanic eruptions and tools for assessing geological hazards such as landslides and sinkholes. Key factors contributing to these hazards include geological conditions, water saturation, and human activities.

Uploaded by

jeoneah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Potential Earthquake Hazards

1. Ground Shaking
• Caused by the passage of seismic waves
• The intensity of the ground shaking depends on the geologic makeup of the ground, duration,
and proximity to the epicenter
2. Ground Rupture
• Ground
movement
happens on a fault line and breaks through the surface
displacement on the ocean floor caused by a large-scale
undersea
landslide, earthquake, submarine volcanic eruption, or large meteor crash at the sea
6. Earthquake-induced Landslide
• Weakened section of the land falls off primarily due to gravity
• Weak land may be composed of frail rocks or soft soil foundation, man-made activities
3. Liquefaction
• Loose materials in the soil mixes with groundwater or soil saturated with water
• Soil behaves like quicksand
4. Earthquake-induced Ground
Tools to measure Earthquake
Seismometer - Instrument used to measure movements in the earth's surface
seismograph - Records the strength of tremor or shaking captured by a seismometer
Subsidence
• Lowering of land
• Movement of the ground could be horizontal, vertical, or both
5. Tsunami
• Also called harbor wave
Volcano Hazards
1. Lahar
: indentant of water,
pyroclastic materials, and rock fragments
• Series of waves that are generated by a sudden
2. Ash Fall
Bits and pieces of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass
• May change the local weather for some time
• Accumulation may cause roofs to collapse
• Corrosive and can destroy agricultural land and machineries
• Can cause
serious
respiratory disease
3. Pyroclastic Flow
• Fast-moving
fluidized
mass of rock fragments and gases
• Very high temperature
• Gases can explode and cause acid rain
• The threat is far-reaching
• Can cause acid rain
• Corrosive
• Can cause respiratory health problems and other health risks
6. Lava Flow
• Molten rocks pours down the slopes of the volcano
• Denser and moves more slowly than pyroclastic flow
• Pahoehoe Lava - smooth, ropy, and billowy in appearance, low in viscosity, move slowly
• A'A Lava - more ragged in appearance, more viscous, and moves faster; carries lava blocks
called clinkers
4. Ballistic Projectile
• Rock fragment that is ejected from a volcano during an eruption
• Travels like a cannonball
• Can be bombs (rock is partially molten/molten) or blocks (rock is solid)
5. Volcanic Gas
• Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption
• Tremors
• Ground deformations
• Increase in volcanic gases and temperature
Scorer onision
• Change in color of nearby vegetation
• Landslides and rockfall
Drying up
of springs and
freshwater
Tools to assess landslides or sinkholes
• Abney Level or Laser
Rainfall-Induced Geological Hazards
Rangefinder - for landslide
1. Landslides
• Ground-penetrating radar - for
• Also called a landslip
sinkhole
• Ground movement on a sloping terrain
• Do not happen on flat grounds
• Water + gravity +
loosened soil
2. Sinkholes
• Depressions/holes on the ground
• Collapse of the surface layer of the soil because the bedrock
cannot
support it
• Limestone/salt
beds/acidic rocks + water
• Can also be triggered by earthquakes, volcanism, construction
and
industrial
activities,
excessive groundwater pumping,
ground
excavation, and land

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