CHAPTER-10 WAVE OPTICS

THEC RIES RELATED Te NATURE OF LIGHT;>

0 Neustons Corpus eular Theoryi-> ight s made p ot

called
giniesally Smal chvi'siale pachtles
rawel all direehon
CORPusCLEs'. Jhue torpus cles
wcth a speed 3yio ms. (i675)
Rejiehon, Refrachen, dispexsien.
CHRISTIAN HUYÇENS Auggesa
WAVE THEORY:> I678
On He
Hat light hauels à a form o sware
Huygons sucetuly explaned
bass of h£ heory diffrashen
nkejoanca,
Rajiaehon, Rejyrachon,
and pelavzahien"
ELECTRO MAGNETIC NATURE;> In 1873, tAXINELL
(3)
Hhat eleeho magnehe
loave

Jhese 9ves hransvese

made o E and B.
Voeem
in nahre and
trewel
raurel even Breugh
à Planck's Buann theory MAX PLANCK explaued
travels an the form of small packets
hat ight
eney calleo PHoTON. PHoTO ELEC TRIC tEt,
f
WAVE FRDNT
 medium an ta phase of osla
and hoe ame veloiky i callad
WAVE FRONT.
OR arhces
the conhinuss locus o all the
hch ac ) same phae
in a medaum
osclhons ae caled WAVE FRONT.
o
40

Rayo
Spheecal Wave font
front(PE) (SWE)
PlaneWaue
sWF

une Sore

hesupenotuloa bo a
RAYS: An aow chauon
the
Called RAYS.
a wave s
LUMINIFEROUS mEDIUM;
an hypohehtal
the medem
medium
mo los o erergy taky
are masles nd MEDIUm. eg ETHER
LUMJNIPEROUS
pLaee ant gues the
 YPES OF WAVEFRONT:>
PLANE PWE 2 SPHERICAL 3.CYLIN DRICAL

point Solira luiear Source

SELONDARY

ene
ae shape of Waye front o
y fat Ben TangeENVeisr
Plang Apbeukal Wawe ent
" Point SeuYce ->
Gglidvieal Waue honty
HUYGEN'S PRINCIPLE:> Accondig to Buygan's
fouiceple s acenre f oeshance
) Each seUTCe o ght all direshng. A00
sp>coad ih
em ushuch waues source and bsti
vi
povhcles equdislant frem the
un Bane phase le ona
sefoce knoen cs
wAVEFRONT

Evot pout on a coduces Beeen dasg

meuw dushusbarco shch
uelets. aeendavy oavelots ouel all
diehon ilt
3. Only toruand enetepe enclesng be tangents at
the secendasy oelols at any snt the
new posihon ot cavekront
 of Laus o Refechen by kuygen's
rinciple i>

A
siedlent oawetront siadet
det Ss!
at an angl an
Aler seflewhon at
tenais barellel
ihen the tohele A avefrot
an lter
at

thesfoce ket
cshane Quway from

cxt
. dstance Bc
htte Ome tne E pohle Aae

distane AD= cxt O

hA ABC and AADC,
LABC LADC -90'
AC CA Commn
from Oand
A
AoC AADC
2BACE LocA.

Lasouhochn en dhe bass o Muygeas

DENSER
RARER

Tnadent V,> V2
Wavefronl
C
S A

D
Kefract RARER
v,t
DENSERA sàadent 0avepont seialent
det AB s a plane tun medlaà of
anenface ss', Aoporatng he be he angle
satrachve àdex and a) a4
the velocity o waeront
unudene and V, å
st medium. then to sceah
Di'stance covered
'c' -
time t4 ), pouhle A
same tine
distance AD
dustance AD= Va t
an A
AC,
AC AC

Sui - AD V2t
n AACD)
AC AC

Sn V2

Suò V.
C V2
and
V2

from (9 Sn

pro o Snell's Law.

hs is the squred
Refrachen t
o plane Wave hot
Rlechon ond
R
) Prism:
Emenged
Wave kron
) Les Plare
spherical

PWF
SWF

PLANE

) Mier

spheutal

SWF
PWF
 wares. ndividual ot
partele
at di'splacoment
aof
nt
amplhod. divistoyn
of By 2
ont suave divi'sieno By
s6i
Yes cohertnt popdueag Metheds
oo
egucny ond coler
menochyomolie emit both
t oight
ghase vo'ahe
ves emit
os hey because cohereat-
neverb soure
aesdependent nTwv
vay es
not oloditfeance Phae
tine e
wavelrgd ond
scme aweso emet souTces Cohecent
phase. same nae ures both
pha onahant ofwowes et
ugy coherent
coherent be tosad ane
SouRCES
i> OHERENT
 tuo cave emeted

ccherent sMur es suprpese each oer,

ntensty o eultant aue mayinan
k the H oter
mutman ah
as at sermt out and due
a
wares emed
kncen s INTERFEREN
Jun cshet sourtes
um
OF LIGHT,"

Conshuehve Jmas
Lmio r Zero.
- Deshueive
and Deshruchve Zneneine
Conditens for Conshuchve
aee tup coheent SsuTees
det theu
and S emit
phae dalfeane '4 Then
and 'ad hawing

and = Q2 Sun lwt )

Ya
Ihen Ly e forui aple of aupsxposihs
 (10)

Sui(A+B)=
y=

Gad

,2 22

But InnsiyC1) «(Anplhde) 2 2

Condihen for Comstuchie Inneni for

net!= cn0, cen2 8,Cen4 7,..
Phme dulfn L =am] me0,l,43..
 FRINGE

ew
L =(( + E)=(4, +o,)|
Lmax
Conduhen fa dahuchve Ledosne; fer Smi

Phase dillanne e Cam -)

whee me l, 2, 3.-.
(zma)A

Imah =( -)=(ane)|
Exproson autaatwae
emited
emited frem
from do cohount Srea' det thoe
ane t waves emited rom cohereat source hae
amplitude 'a and oangulae tresuany 'co. Jhen
 and

Resultant 7= yi+Y zaf ewt +lwtt)

2 2

y= 2aca )olwt+)0
y= A Ce Cwt to)
. Amplitude o sesultnt wawe A=aaa)
enity IIdo A
whee oeko
Veuiaien o Inenaity.

-
-421,

3 -27 24 3R
-$ A
ahin bw Ihenty of liyh (1) and Wiak
dreety
ofohol to
I& W
I W

But

rom e and eg
W
Wa
Midlh :sp2
Expresen f Fringe Hidl:p
A

---0
--
S

-Streun
 dlereate (9
S, M=ax Palh
S,P-5,P0
AN = S, M=

S;P) : 2yd
(SP+SP) (SP- 2yd
S,P+S,P
e d <« D
S,s << D

from due get 2yd yd

D+D AD

Fringa (Cnstuchve Idelewnu/Masig

Buight fer Conshuchve inentene,
 d Slodanty
,3, m=l,
fringe cental he
ban finge dark
7
Posimhono
dy
(m)
(m-) a7=
rtence, destuchve for
a) blerlene deshuehve Fringe( Dank
constant
DA m . Fringe
ymt! finge, (m) for
fringe. enhral he
om
d
mD
Vit
 (16)
p: (mar) (m)
DA

Cendihons to sutauitd Iedencnte el bgl

should be mono chromah't

2 The dight
2- di'ght should be narro
3. Coherent sources of
(d is veuy mall) cnd the soean
4: Dishanca behcan
behueen the sik
(D>>d) shotd be large.
Freqtacny and amplituce ot tus waves
S. Source mut be catu al.
Cnitted by cohetnt
dulkeitnt o e mitted cayes must
Llhae
be coysen
ELlt on 'B'B when Yong's Aabalus is

Wouelugth
Refraehve ìden at ligu'd an, =
DA
n aw
d
 n >1

DIFFRACTION (GRIMALDI)
of ight sourd Be
he henomenen o bendhig into tte
ertex nto te gesnmehical
obstacle and erder
Corne

called Dit raohon o ght

dirachon;’ for cbsouable ditfach
foY
Gndihen fr obstale or
the
it essenhal that the She t
te orclor ot iarelorgth
cuprhne should
Qpuhe be ot
Aigkt or Bsund )
& soawe (
Wavelength of sound lm or 2m

Iypes of dalrachon; I. Presnel las o drachioo

a Praunhebter clans o difaci
Fresnel!'s dikraehon Frouunholes diraeho
I. yhe du'stance o the Sousce at ingnci
Fon the obsta cle ond he dictance om the
SCeen FINITE cbstacle or aperre fom te
SCTeen
 tobseue
ohounhster' -
sLit:’ =
e d 2)
an
A
lens difrochen difenence
Ap
sin®
adus Two a - =d
AB
apehure get
we
)
do APERTURE
BB'p
BN A
Path dSun, malll
due BN=aperhre
Minna,
obsouwe
Frenebs
dilfachen ight A
k
eeegun
ed
d
AN
y
hont cyladicad
AÜwe
L|
Pathosdth
dileunce
hifhaehen f7
det
sphoical
ond
No
le
COHERENT
SoURCE
a)
 , Caled
ml, Maxima
iday
Subs
3,
Widthof ey
2, Mazimum
Cental
ml, d
whug MAXIMA
CENTRAL direehon
maxinma
Maxi
Psuicial
runna
First
=
marima
37/2d 3A d
(mt)
Sno
d (mt)
.mma the Cenral cenhal
d 2d
kehween
o of
Om= ude Widt
,fom
uiea
and
Width
angle
mEALma, either Angular
Jhe WIDTH.
ANGULAR
geneal -24
-3A Angalo. minima
tn
 ugs nnumhe
few
Diltrachon He
DIFFRACTION n
wareles mamen
frugas cenhal
maxima and
cehaldork
ne
ad
cenhe o Pringese.ringes
Radus
D
ofWidth Inderfeene
sacondany Sucord
ony
The dark
Widbhtte
Han
Same
He 3. 4. s.
feneethy
almost
usually nune spaesl
ooofSuperposihen
29
=
hehueen tte egualelange qually
ERENCE
INTERF inaiytinges
to
Mama
Dilference due coherent
tuo is
dark)
iear daxk fringes
8me
Cenhal is s.fringe
Jhe dark and
2 9. S.
$ 4