Scribd
Upload
2 views9 pages

Hawdan Mhamad Ali

The document provides an overview of manholes, including their purpose, features, types, and materials used for construction. Manholes serve as access points for inspecting and maintaining underground utilities, with different types categorized by depth and construction materials such as plastic, precast concrete, and fiberglass. Additionally, it discusses the design and materials of manhole covers, emphasizing their durability and suitability for various applications.

Uploaded by

daryamziri18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views9 pages

Hawdan Mhamad Ali

The document provides an overview of manholes, including their purpose, features, types, and materials used for construction. Manholes serve as access points for inspecting and maintaining underground utilities, with different types categorized by depth and construction materials such as plastic, precast concrete, and fiberglass. Additionally, it discusses the design and materials of manhole covers, emphasizing their durability and suitability for various applications.

Uploaded by

daryamziri18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

NAWROZ UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THE MANHOLES

PREPARED BY : HAWDAN MUHAMMED ALI SUPERVISOR : PROFESOR DR.ABDULAMEER


4TH STAGE G-B-
THE MANHOLES
A manhole or an inspection chamber is a unit constructed
underground to provide access to the utilities like a sewer
system, drainage system, etc. Hence, with the help of a
manhole, underground utilities are inspected, modified,
cleaned and maintained.
Purpose of Manhole
The main purpose of a manhole is:

1.To perform inspection, cleaning, and removal of any


obstruction present in the sewage line.
2.The joining of sewers, the change of direction or the
alignment of sewers can be performed with the help of
manhole.
3.These have a perforated cover which helps the foul gases to
escape. Hence it is a good means of ventilation for the
underground sewage system.
4.Manholes help to lay the sewer line in the conventional
lengths.
Features of Manhole
The main parts of a manhole are the chamber or ring and the
Vertical Circular Pipe. The vertical circular pipe is available in
varying depth and sizes. These pipes are used to access the
inspection joints in the system.

Manholes are mainly positioned 0.5m away from the curb lines
of the road. Mostly it is constructed such that it is away from
the wheel line of the traffic.

The cover of a manhole is a plug that protects the manhole


from any unauthorized access. The covers used for manholes
can be either rectangular, square or circular in shape. The
material of cover can be precast concrete, composite material
or any glass-reinforced plastic material.

The provision for access through the manhole is performed


through steps. If the depth of the manhole is less than 1 m, a
step ladder is constructed. If the depth of the manhole is
greater than 2.5m, a regular ladder is fitted. Now modern
manholes do not demand physical entry.
Types of Manhole
The three main types of manhole depending on the depth are:

1.Shallow Manhole
2.Normal Manhole
3.Deep Manhole

1. Shallow Manhole

A shallow manhole has a depth ranging between 75 to 90 cm.


These are constructed at the start of a branch sewer or in an
area where there is not much traffic. The shallow manhole is
provided with a light cover called as the inspection chamber.
2. Normal Manhole

These are provided at the sewer line with a heavy cover on its
top. It has a depth of 150cm. Normal manhole takes a square
shape.

3. Deep Manhole
Deep manhole is provided at a depth greater than 150cm with
a very heavy cover at its top. The size can be increased and the
facility for going down is also increased.

Location of the Manhole DEEP MANHOLE

The manhole construction is performed under the following


circumstances:

1.Where a change of sewer line is necessary


2.There is a change in sewer size and alignment.
3.A junction is formed by two or more sewer lines
Materials Used for Manhole Construction

The three main types of manhole based on the material are:

1.Plastic Manholes
2.Precast Concrete Manholes
3.Fiberglass Manholes

1. Plastic Manholes

Plastic manholes are manufactured by using the polyethylene


material. This is manufactured with durable one-piece
construction. This construction does not employ any seams or
seals as they cause several maintenance issues.
Plastic manholes are environmentally friendly and sustainable. They do not contaminate or cause any adverse
effect on the soil or the ground where it is placed.Plastic manholes are extremely resistant to corrosion. These do
not degrade with time and do not demand frequent rehabilitation and maintenance with time. These manholes
are manufactured with additional accessories like ladders and manhole covers.
2. Precast Concrete Manholes

Construction of manholes by precast concrete is a traditional method. These manhole frames are engineered
in the segment in a factory located offsite. This method hence ensures quality and also facilitates quick
installation. The manufactured precast manholes are assembled on the site.
The increased durability with a life span of 100 years is one of the reasons for its continued popularity
and widespread use.
3. Fiberglass Manholes

Fiberglass manholes are engineered such that it includes a


manhole barrel and a cover. This basic structure also incorporates
additional features like grinder channels, weirs, flumes, separation
units for stormwater , etc.
This is a combination of several units. But the fiberglass
technology seals the units together such that they behave
monolithic, that there won’t be any seams or seals.Fiberglass
manholes are easy to handle and weigh one-tenth of the weight
of the concrete manhole. As the unit is lightweight, the manhole
is easy to install. Fiberglass manholes are environmentally
friendly are highly durable.
Manhole Cover Materials

Two major materials used for the construction of manhole


cover are cast iron and concrete. These two materials are also
used in combination with the construction of manholes. Both
the materials are durable, heavy and inexpensive. With
technology, manhole covers are made from fiberglass, plastic,
and composite.

Cast Iron Manhole Cover is cast out of gray cast iron. As ductile
cast iron is higher in strength, it is used for manholes that are
supposed to take heavy loads ( Airport areas). The gray cast
iron used for manhole cover manufacture is a combination of
carbon and silicon. The carbon gives strength and durability to
the element. The addition of manganese to the molten iron
gives ductile cast iron.

You might also like