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Chapter 3 - Simple Resistive Circuits.pptx

The document provides an overview of electric circuits, focusing on simple resistive circuits and the application of Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. It discusses series and parallel resistor configurations, circuit analysis techniques such as the Voltage and Current Divider Rules, and methods for measuring voltage and current using ammeters and voltmeters. Additionally, it covers the Wheatstone Bridge for measuring resistance and the Delta-to-Wye transformation for circuit simplification.

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1 views

Chapter 3 - Simple Resistive Circuits.pptx

The document provides an overview of electric circuits, focusing on simple resistive circuits and the application of Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. It discusses series and parallel resistor configurations, circuit analysis techniques such as the Voltage and Current Divider Rules, and methods for measuring voltage and current using ammeters and voltmeters. Additionally, it covers the Wheatstone Bridge for measuring resistance and the Delta-to-Wye transformation for circuit simplification.

Uploaded by

awiiinzyad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Circuits

Simple Resistive Circuits


Motivation
❑ Analytical toolbox:
m Ohm’s Law
m Kirchhoff’s Law (KVL and KCL)

❑ Complicated Interconnections
m Need techniques to simplify the circuit
m Then Apply circuits’ Laws
Resistors in Series

❑ In a series connections of resistors


m Same current flows through all the resistors,
m Apply KVL
Resistors in Parallel

❑ In a parallel connection of resistors


m Apply KCL
m Voltage is the same across the resistors

❑ In case of 2 resistors
❑ Req is always smaller than the smallest resistor in the circuit
Resistors in Parallel (Examples)

m R3// (short circuit) 🡪 replace the combination by short circuit (wire)

❑ Find is, i1, i2


❑ Check your calculations
m Use KVL
m Use KCL
Is=12A, V1=12x6=72V, i1=4A, i2=8A
Resistors in Parallel (Examples)
Circuit Analysis
❑ Voltage Divider Rule
❑ Current Divider Rule
❑ Combine Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
Voltage Divider Rule
❑ Determine Vk ?
m KCL is satisfied by having a common current i
through all the resistors
m From Ohm’s law:
vk = iRk and vSCR = (R1+ R2+…+Rk)i

❑ Substitute

❑ If Vk is in the opposite direction, put a


negative sign in the voltage divider rule
Voltage Divider Rule (Example I)
❑ Determine Vo ?
m Reduce complexity of circuit
m Apply voltage divider rule
Voltage Divider Rule
❑ Determine Vk ?
m KCL is satisfied by having a common current i
through all the resistors
m From Ohm’s law:
vk = iRk and vSCR = (R1+ R2+…+Rk)i

❑ Substitute

❑ If Vk is in the opposite direction, put a


negative sign in the voltage divider rule
Voltage Divider Rule (Example II)
❑ Determine V2 and V1 ?
m Reduce complexity of circuit
• (15//3) series with (9//45)
m Apply voltage divider rule
Current Divider Rule
❑ Determine i1 ?
m KVL is satisfied in every loop
v= v1=v2
m From Ohm’s law:
v = i1R1 and v = i2R2
m Find Req

❑ Substitute

❑ Apply KCL to check


Current Divider Rule (General)
❑ Determine ij ?

❑ If ij is in the opposite direction, put a negative sign in the


current divider rule
Current Divider Rule (Example I)
❑ Determine i2?
Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)
❑ Determine P dissipated in the 6Ω resistor ?

I0=8A, i6=3.2A, P=61.44W


Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)
❑ Find vo when
m Load is 150 kΩ, 133.33V
m No load is connected 150V
m Load is short circuited accidently, Find power dissipated by
25 kΩ, 1.6W
m Find maximum power dissipated in 75 kΩ resistor 0.3W
Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)
❑ Find R such that 4A will flow in the 80 Ω = 30ohm
❑ Find power dissipated in R
❑ Find power of the current source (generated or
dissipated)
m Conservation of energy
m Resistors always dissipate power
Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)

❑ Find vo
= 20V
❑ Find i in the 30Ω resistor , 166.67mA
❑ Find power in the 50Ω resistor 347mW
Practical Perspective
❑ Resistors: property of material with regard to current flow
❑ Resistivity (ρ): Different materials allow the current to flow differently
m Insulators: very high resistivity
m The lower the resistivity,
the better is the wire
Measuring DC Voltage and Current
❑ DC: Direct Current
m All sources we studied before: dependent and independent
❑ Measuring Devices
m Ammeters: An ammeter is an instrument that measures
current through a circuit element when inserted in series with
that element

m Voltmeters: A voltmeter is an instrument that measures


the voltage across a circuit element and inserted in
parallel with that element
Measuring DC Voltage and Current
❑ Ammeter
m Ideally zero resistance
❑ Voltmeter
m Ideally infinite resistance (very big)
❑ Meters
m Digital Meters
• Easy to connect
• Easy and precise readout
m Analog meters
• Screen with pointer
• d’Arsonval meter movement
Measuring Resistance- Wheatstone Bridge

❑ Many different circuit configuration are used to measure resistance


❑ One configuration
m The Wheatstone Bridge
m Used to precisely measure resistances of medium values, that is, in the
range of 1 Ohm to 1 Mega Ohm.
❑ In Commercial models of the Wheatstone Bridge, accuracies on the
order of ± 0.1 % are possible.
Measuring Resistance- Wheatstone Bridge:
Operation Principle
❑ Determine the value of an unknown resistance Rx in
terms of known resistances.
❑ R3 is varied until the ammeter current becomes zero,
which is the condition for bridge balance
❑ Balanced Bridge
m Nodes b and c are at the same voltage and no current flows
between them.
m The branch bc could be open circuited
or short circuited
Measuring Resistance- Wheatstone Bridge:
Operation Principle
❑ If bc is open circuited, then from voltage division

❑ At bridge balance, Vcd = Vbd


❑ Substitute
Delta-to-Wye Transformation

ll e l?
ar a
P

?
i e s ?
Ser
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
❑ Find Req
❑ Need to simplify the circuit
❑ Delta-to-Wye Transformation
❑ Also referred to as Pi-to-Tee equivalent
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
❑ Delta (pie) Connection

❑ Wye (Tee) Connection


Delta-to-Wye Transformation
❑ ∆ to Y ❑ Y to ∆
Delta-to-Wye Transformation (Example I)
❑ Find the current and power supplied by the 40 V in the circuit
Delta-to-Wye Transformation (Example II)
❑ Find v

❑ Hint: Use Y to delta transformation: 35V

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