-DS

AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

A mini project report submitted by

J.Lalith Kumar(24J41A67M5)
D.Nikshith(24J41A67L6)
M.Srujan(24J41A67N8)
N.Yamuna(24J41A67P6)
E.Nehitha(24J41A67L8)
G.Teja Sree(24J41A67M1)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING(DS-D)
under the supervision of
Mr. GANESAN sir, assistant professor
AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-

The completion of our mini project successfully was

possible only because of the people who guided us and
encouraged us whom we would like to acknowledgement.

We thanks to our beloved assist. Professor Ganesan For

providing all facilities to complete our project successfully.

We express our gratitude and sincere thanks of our head of the

department ………..……… for his encouragement and moral support
sundered and facilities provided towards completion of our project
work.

We express of sincere thanks to our project guide

…………………for their Guidance suggestions, encouragement

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CONTENTS:-

v Introduction.
v Circuit diagram.
v Block diagram explanation.
v Component description.
v Principle of operation.
v Working principle.
v Advantages.
v Disadvantages.
v Application.
v Conclusion.
v Bibliography.
v Appendix.
DESCRIPTION:-

The circuit diagram present here is that of a street light

that automatically switches ON when the night falls and turns OFF
when the sun rises. In fact you can this circuit for implementing
any type of automatic night light. When the resistance of LDR
increases to make the voltage across the POT R2 to decrease
below 0.6.This makes transistor Q1 OFF which in turn makes Q2
ON.

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 ABSTRACT

STREET LIGHT CONTRLOL SYSTEM USING LDR.

Automatic street light control using LDR system is simple yet

powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch to switch ON
and OFF the street light automatically. By using this system
manual works are 100% removed. It automatically switches ON
lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes.
By using this system energy consumption is also reduced
because now a days the manually operated street light are not
switched off properly even the sun light comes and also not
switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and rainy days, ON
time and OFF time differ significantly which is one of the major
disadvantages of using timer circuits or manual operation.

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation

region and cut -off region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights
at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically
operated switch.

LDR are the main component of this project. The resistance

of light dependent resistor (LDR) varies according to the light
falling on it. The LDR is connected as biasing resistor of the
transistor. According to the light falls on the LDR, the transistor
is operated in saturation and cut off region. By makes use of the
transistor switching condition controller operates the light
through relay. In this project LED has placed in place of relay, by
placing relay we can control the ON and OFF of AC light.
Moreover, the circuit is carefully designed to avoid common
problems like overload, relay and inductive kick back in relay.

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INTRODUCTION

Automatically street light needs no manual operation of

switching ON and OFF. The system itself detect whether there is
need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value then
automatically street light is switched ON and when there is other
source of light i.e. day time, the street light gets OFF. The
sensitive of the street light can also be adjusted. In our project
we have used Two L.E.Ds for indication of bulb but for high power
switching one can connect relay (electromagnetic switch) at the
output.

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CIRCIUT DIAGRAM:-

Fig: Automatic street light control system.

Explanation of block diagram:-

The circuit diagram of automatic street light control system using

LDR are as follows, LDR senses the illumination level and gives
the input signal as voltage drop. Amplifier: Darlington circuit
amplifies the input current to get maximum current gain. Switch:
Relay switch closes or opens electrically and automatically, which
is energized or de energized by the Darlington pair. Street light:
Street light is the output of the circuit. In this circuit, it has been
replaced by LED

COMPONENTS:-

Ø LDR
Ø 100 k preset
Ø Resistors
Ø 9 v Regulated DC supply
Ø LEDs
Ø Diode
Ø Variableresistance
(potentiometer)
PCB (printed circuit board) Ø Transistors (n-p-n type)..

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LDR:-

LDR-light dependent Resistor

Fig: light dependent resistor

LDR is also called photoresist or a cadmium supplied (Cds) cell.
It is also called a photo conductor.it is basically a photocell that
works on principle of photoconductivity .the passive component
is basically a resistor whose resistance value decreases when the
intensity of light decreases. This is photo electronic device is
mostly used in light varying sensor circuit, and light and dark
activated switching circuits. Some of its applications include
camera light meters, street lights, clock radios, light beam
alarms, reflective smoke alarms, and outdoor clocks.

STRUCTURE & WORKING OF LDR:-

The snake like track shown below is the cadmium supplied

film which also passes through the side’s .on the top and bottom
are metal films which are connected to the terminals leads. It is
designed in such a way as to provide maximum possible contact
area with the two metal films. The structure is housed in clear
plastic or resin case, to provide free access to external light. As
explained above, the main component for the construction of LDR
is Cds (cadmium supplied), which is used as the photo conductor
and contains no or very few electrons when not illuminated. In
the absence of light it is designed to have a high resistance in the

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range of mega ohms. As soon as light falls on the sensor, the
electrons are liberated and the conductivity of the materials
increases.
When the light intensity exceeds a certain frequency.
The photons absorbed by the semiconductor give the band
electrons the energy required to jump into the conduction band.
This causes the free electrons or holes to conduct electricity and
thus dropping the resistance dramatically (< 1 kilo ohms).

The equation to show the relation between resistance and

illumination can be written as

R=A.E^a

Where …E-illumination (flux)

R –Resistance (ohms)

A, a-constant

The value of “a” depends on the Cds used and on the

manufacturing process. Values usually range between 0.7 and
0.9.

ADVANTAGES:-

1. LDR’s are cheap and are readily available in many sizes and
shapes.
2. Practical LDRs are available in a variety of sizes and package
styles, the most popular size having face diameter of
roughly 10mm.
3. They need very small power and voltage for its operation.
:

DISADVANTAGES:-

Highly inaccurate with a response time of about tens or

hundreds of milliseconds.

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DIODE:-

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that

conducts electric current in only one direction. A semiconductor
diode is a crystalline piece of semi –conductor material connected
to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode is a vacuum tube
with two electrodes a plate and a cathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric
current to pass in one direction while blocking current in the
opposite direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of an electronic
version of a check value. This unidirectional behavior is extract
modulation from radio signal in radio receivers.
When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with
each other, the junction is depleted of charge carries and
behaviors very differently than either type of materials.
LED:-[light emitting diode]

Fig : light emitting diode

Schematic diagram of working of an LED Light emitting

Diode and its circuit symbol the main advantage of Light emitting
diode over other light sources is its increased efficiency. LEDs are
available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, and blue and
white. Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive than the
other colors. We have employed low cost Red LED in our
electronic circuit. LEDs are elements for light signalization in
electronics. The basic Principle behind the working of LED is
electro luminescence. The light emitting diode should be forward
biased to get light.
In LEDs, electrons are injected from low work function cathode to
the conduction band of the n-type semiconducting material and
holes are injected from high work function anode to the valence
band of the p-type semiconducting material.When the electrons
in the conduction band combines with the hole in the valence
band, energy is released. In case of indirect band gap
semiconductors. Photon will be released to conserve of both
energy and momentum. But in case of direct band gap
semiconductors, light will be emitted whose wave length depends
on the band gap of the semiconductors. LED has two
connections, an anode and cathode. The cathode is the end of the
schematic line. In other words, the triangle points to words that
cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite end. Current flows
from the anode to the point of the triangle pointing towards a
cathode light emitting diodes.

PCB :-( PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)

With the help of P.C.B it is very easy to assemble circuit with

neat and clean end products. P.C.B is made of Bakelite with
surface pasted with copper track layout. For each components pin
is passed through the hole and is soldered.

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TRANSISTORS:-

(A) Fig: Schematic diagram of transistor

 (B) Fig: Types of transistors

NPN and PNP, which basically describes the physical

arrangement of the P-type and N-type semiconductor materials
from which they are made. A transistor is made of a solid piece
of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. Bipolar Junction basic
construction consists of two PN-junctions producing three
connecting terminals with each terminal being given a name to
identify it from the other two. These three terminals are known
and labeled as the Emitter (E), the Base (B) and the Collector (C)
respectively. Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices
that control the amount of current flowing through them in
proportion to the amount of biasing voltage applied to their base
terminal acting like a current-controlled switch.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:-

The principle of operation of the two transistors types NPN and

PNP, is exactly the same the only difference being in their biasing
and the polarity of the power supply for each type. Bipolar
Junction Transistor Configurations since Bipolar Junction
Transistor is a three terminal device, there are basically three
possible ways to connect it within an electronic circuit with one
terminal being common to both the input and output. Each
method of connection responding differently to its input signal
within a circuit as the static characteristics of the transistor varies
with each circuit arrangement.
Common Base Configuration – has Voltage Gain but no
Current Gain.
Common Emitter Configuration - has both Current and
Voltage Gain.
Common Collector Configuration - has Current Gain but no
Voltage Gain.
NPN transistor configuration the construction and terminal
voltages for an NPN transistor are shown above. The voltage
between the Base and Emitter (VBE) is positive at the Base and
negative at the Emitter because for an NPN transistor, the Base
terminal is always positive with respect to the Emitter. Also the
Collector supply voltage is positive with respect to the Emitter
(VCE). For an NPN transistor to conduct, the Collector is always
more positive with respect to both the Base and the Emitter. The
voltage sources will be connected to an NPN transistor as shown
above. The Collector is connected to the Supply voltage VCC via
the load resistor, RL which also acts to limit the maximum current
flowing through the device. In this project we will discussed
about the transistor BC 107 & SL100 type of N-P-N transistors
are used. These transistors are explained are as follow,

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BC 107 TYPE OF N-P-N TRANSISTOR:-
SL 100 TYPE OF N-P-N TRANSISTOR:-
FIXED RESIST0RS:-

1K ohm, this resistor provides fixed resistance we cannot

vary the resistance, we can get any range of resistances.
Typically 1K ohm, ¼ watt resistor that can be used with various
circuits. The color band on the resistor is Brown, Black, Red and
Gold.

VARIABLE RESISTANCE:-

Resistors are one of the most common electronic

components. A resistor is a device that limits, or resists current.
The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms,
represented by the Greek symbol measured

FEATURES:-

• 1K ohm resistance
• ¼ watt,
• Flexible leads

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RESISTORS:-
9-VOLTS BATTERY:-

Fig: - 9-volts battery

The most common form of nine-volt battery is commonly called

the transistor battery which was introduced for the early
transistor radios.
It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top.
This type is commonly used in pocket radios and other small
electronic devices. They are also used as backup power to keep
the time in certain electronic clocks. This format is commonly
available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
9-volt batteries power our smoke alarms, household items
and toys. They can be found in most homes. But these batteries
can be a fire hazard if not stored safely or disposed of with care.
The positive and negative posts are close together. If a metal
object touches the two posts of a 9-volt battery, it can cause a
short circuit. This can make enough heat to start a fire. Weak
batteries may have enough charge to cause a fire. 9-volt
batteries should not be stored loose in a drawer. Do not store
them in containers with other batteries.

Disposal:-
9-volt batteries should not be thrown away with trash.
They can come in contact with other batteries or pieces Of
metal.

PRNCIPLE OF OPERATION:-

The automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V

DC supply. The automatic streetlight controller has a
photoconductive device whose resistance changes proportional to
the extent of illumination, which switches ON or OFF the LED with
the use of transistor as a switch. Light dependent resistor, a
photoconductive device has been used as the transducer to
convert light energy into electrical energy. The central dogma of
the circuit is that the change in voltage drop across the light
dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the
transistor between cut-off region or saturation region and
switches OFF or ON the LED.

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WORKING OF STREET LIGHT:-

This is a design for circuit diagram of a street light that

automatically switches ON when the night falls and turns OFF
when the sun rise. In fact you can this circuit for implementing
any type of automatic night light. This circuit is based on the
operation of an LDR system. This is the figure of the circuit.
For operation this circuit, it is use an LDR to sense the light. The
LDR offers Very low Resistance in brightness. In this case the
voltage drop across the LDR is less than 0.7V. This voltage is
more sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation region. In
saturation region, IC (Collector current) is very high. Because of
this IC, The relay gets energized, and switches ON the lamp.
LDR offers Very high Resistance in darkness. In this case
the voltage drop across the LDR is more than 0.7V.When there is
light the resistance of LDR will be low. So, the voltage drop across
POT R2 will be high. This keeps the transistors Q1 ON. The
collector of Q1 (BC 107) is coupled to base of Q2 (SL 100). So Q2
will be OFF and so do the relay. The bulb will remains OFF. When
night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage
across the POT R2 to decrease below 0.6V. This makes transistor
Q1OFF which in turn ON Q2. The L.E.D will glow.
The high collector current flowing through the relay, diode,
LED and resistor makes the LED glow. When a light of suitable
intensity is incident on the light dependent resistor, the resistance
decreases and the voltage drop across the light dependent
resistor is low
In POT R2 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the
circuit. In this project we have used one L.E.D for indication
bulb but for high switching one can connect
relay(electromagnetic switch) at the output.

We Can use bulb of any wattage, provided with relay should have
the sufficient rating. The circuit can be powered from a regulated

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9V DC power supply. The resistance of LDR will be low. So, the
voltage drop across POT R2 will be high. This keeps the transistor
Q1 ON. The collector of Q1 (BC 107) is coupled to base of Q2
(SL100). So Q2 will be OFF. The bulb will remain OFF.

NOTE:-
Ø POY R2 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.
Ø You can use bulb any wattage, provided that relay should
have the sufficient rating.
Ø The circuit can be powered from a regulated 9V DC power
supply.
Ø The relay K1 can be a9V SPDT relay.

ADVANTAGES:-

1. LDRs are highly sensitivity.

2. It works accordingly to the light intensity.
3. Fit and forget system.
4. Low cost and reliable circuit.
5. To complete elimination of man power.
6. It can handle heavy loads up to 7A.
7. This system can be switched into manual mode whenever
required.
8. Good power and voltage handling capabilities with high
accuracy.

APPLICATIONS:-

1. In this project photo sensors are used which have wide

range of applications in real life for detecting day.

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 2. Photo sensors (LDR) are used in camera design for
autodetecting light and adjusting automatically for better
image quality.
3. Other applications are smoke detection, auto light control
system, watches, electronics equipment’s.
4. Balcony / stair case/ parking lightings.
5. Street lights and garden light

USES OF THIS PROJECT:-

By employing this circuit, energy consumption can be

reduced considerably as the light switches ON or OFF
automatically in appropriate time. Moreover, errors which occur
due to manual operation also can be eliminated completely. The
Automatic street light controller unit fabrication is costeffective
with good sensitivity and high reproducibility.
Moreover, the construction of the circuit is also simple so
that it can be done easily as it involves locally available
components. The circuit is designed in such a way that the extent
of darkness at which the light has to switch ON or OFF also can
be tailored whenever it is needed. It can be used for other
purposes like garden lighting, balcony lighting etc.
CONCLUSION:-

The uses of automatic street light control using LDR have many
advantages. Since we are using LDR it consumes low power, we
don’t to turn off the street light, and automatically it will turn off
by depending on day and night. By this we can save the power
and no need of ON/OFF the switches without man power.

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APPENDIX:-

S/NO. COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 LDR - 1

2 TRANSISTORS BC 107 1

SL 100 1

3 PRESET 100K
1

4 RESISTORS 1K ohms 2
5 BATTERY 9V 1

6 LED 2mA 1

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