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Unit 1

The document covers advanced calculus topics focusing on multiple integrals, including double and triple integrals, regions of integration, and changing the order of integration. It provides detailed explanations and examples for evaluating these integrals in both Cartesian and polar coordinates. Additionally, it includes practice problems with solutions for further understanding of the concepts discussed.

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billaraman123456
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views

Unit 1

The document covers advanced calculus topics focusing on multiple integrals, including double and triple integrals, regions of integration, and changing the order of integration. It provides detailed explanations and examples for evaluating these integrals in both Cartesian and polar coordinates. Additionally, it includes practice problems with solutions for further understanding of the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

billaraman123456
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21MAB102T

ADVANCED CALCULUS
AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS
UNIT-I
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
TOPICS DISCUSSED

 INTRODUCTION

 REGION OF INTEGRATION

 CHANGING THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

 PLANE AREA USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION

 CARTESIAN FORM

 POLAR FORM

 CHANGE OF VARIABLE FROM CARTESIAN TO

POLAR COORDINATES

 VOLUME AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL


INTRODUCTION
 When a function 𝑓(𝑥) is integrated with respect to x between
𝑏
the limits a and b, we get the double integral 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
 If the integrand is a function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 and if it is integrated
with respect to x and y repeatedly between the limits 𝑥0 and
𝑥1 (for x ) and between the limits 𝑦0 and 𝑦1 (for y ) we get a
double integral that is denoted by the symbol
𝑦1 𝑥 1
𝑦0 𝑥 0
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
 Extending the concept of double integral one step further,
we get the triple integral, denoted by
𝑧1 𝑦1 𝑥 1
𝑧0 𝑦0 𝑥 0
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 .
EVALUATION OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE
INTEGRALS
 To evaluate first integrate with
respect to x partially, treating y as constant temporarily,
between the limits and .
 Then integrate the resulting function of y with respect to y
between the limits and as usual.
 In notation ( for double integral)

( for triple
integral).

Note:
 Integral with variable limits should be the innermost integral
and it should be integrated first and then the constant limits.
REGION OF INTEGRATION
𝑑 𝜑 2 (𝑦)
Consider the double integral 𝑐 𝜑 1 (𝑦)
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑥 varies from
𝜑1 𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝜑2 (𝑦) and 𝑦 varies from 𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑑. (i.e) 𝜑1 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
𝜑2 𝑦 and 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑. These inequalities determine a region in the
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, which is shown in the following figure.This region
ABCD is known as the region of integration
EXAMPLE :1
1 2 2
Evaluate 0 0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1 2 2 1 2
3
0 0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 /3 𝑑𝑥
0

8 1
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 0
1
8 𝑥2
=
3 2 0

4
=
3
EXAMPLE :2

Evaluate

Solution:

=
=
=
EXAMPLE :3

Evaluate

Solution:

= =
EXAMPLE :4
1 2 2 2
Evaluate 0
𝑑𝑥 0
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧

Solution:
2
1 2 2 2 1 2 𝑧2
0
𝑑𝑥 0
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 2
2 1

2
1 𝑦2
3
= 0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2 0

3 1 2
= 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
2
𝑥3
= =1
3 0
EXAMPLE :5
𝜋
𝜋 1 2
Evaluate 2
0 0 0
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝜋 1 2 𝜋 𝑟3
2
0 0 0
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅ = 0 0
2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
3 0
𝜋
1 𝜋
= 0 0
2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
3
𝜋
𝜋1 2
= 0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 𝑑∅
3
1 𝜋
= 𝑑∅
3 0
𝜋
=
3
EXAMPLE :6
1 𝑥
Evaluate 0 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Solution:
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
0 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
=
2 0

1
=
2
EXAMPLE :7
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦
Evaluate 0 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Solution:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦
I= 0 0
[ 0 𝑧𝑑𝑧]𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑎 𝑥 𝑧2
= 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝑎 𝑥 𝑦2
= 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦3 𝑎 𝑦4
= 0 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 8 0
𝑎
𝑥6 𝑎6
= =
48 0 48
EXAMPLE :8
1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Evaluate 0 0 0 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2

Solution:
1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1 1−𝑥 2 𝑧
I= 0 0
sin−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 0

1 1−𝑥 2 𝜋 𝜋 1 1−𝑥 2
= 0 0
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
[𝑦]0 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝜋 1
= 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝜋 𝑥 1 1
−1
= 1− 𝑥2 + sin 𝑥
2 2 2 0

𝜋2
=
8
EXAMPLE :9
𝜋 𝑎 sin 𝜃
Evaluate 0 0
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

Solution:
𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝑟2
I= 0 2 0
𝑑𝜃
1 𝜋
= 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 0

𝑎2 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 0 2
2

𝑎2 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝜋 𝜋𝑎 2
= 𝑋 𝜃− =
2 2 2 4
0
EXAMPLE :10
/2 2cos 
Evaluate  
/2 0
r 2 drd 

Solution:
 /2 2cos  /2 2cos 
r  3

  r drd      d
2
Let I=
 /2 
 /2 0
3 0
 /2
1
  8cos3d 
3 /2
 /2
8
  cos3d 
3 /2
 /2
8 16 2 32
 .2  cos d   . .1 
3

3 0 3 3 9
EXAMPLE :11
1 1
dxdy
Evaluate 
0 0 1  x2 1  y 2

Solution:
1 1 1 1
dxdy dx dy
Let I=  
0 0 1 x 2
1 y 2
0 1  x2 0 1  y2
 [sin 1 x]10 [sin 1 y ]10
 [sin 1 1  sin 1 0][sin 1 1  sin 1 0]
  
 . 
2 2 4
EXAMPLE :12
a a2  x2
Evaluate   x 2 ydxdy
0 0

Solution:
a a2  x2 a a2  x2
Let I=  x 2 ydxdy    x 2 ydydx
0 0 0 0

a2  x2
2y 
a 2 a
1
 x   dx   x 2 (a 2  x 2 )dx
0  2 0 20
a
1 2 x x 
a 3 5
1 2 2 2
  x (a x  x )dx   a
4
 
20 2  3 5 0
1  2 a 3 a 5  1 2a 5 a 5
 a   . 
2 3 5  2 5 5
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Evaluate the following
2 1
1. 0 0
4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 4
𝑏 𝑎 1
2. 1 1 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: loga.logb

1 𝑥
3. 0 0
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 1/2
𝜋 sin 𝜃
4. 0 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 Ans: π/4
1 2 3
5. 0 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 Ans: 9/2
1 𝑧 𝑦+𝑧
6. 0 0 0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: ½
REGION OF INTEGRATION
EXAMPLE :1
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
Sketch the region of integration for 0 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑎 ; 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
EXAMPLE :2
1 𝑥
Sketch the region of integration for 0 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Y

x=y
x=1
X
y=0
EXAMPLE :3

Evaluate 𝐷
𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 where D is the region bounded
by the positive octant of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
Solution:

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝐼= 0 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑧2
= 0 0
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0
1 𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
= 0 0 𝑥𝑦 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

1 𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
= 0 0 𝑥 (𝑎2 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

2 2 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
1 𝑎 2𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦4
= 0 𝑎 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 4 0

1 𝑎 2
= 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
8 0
1 𝑎 4
= (𝑎 𝑥 − 2𝑎2 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 ) 𝑑𝑥
8 0
2 4 𝑎
1𝑥 𝑥 𝑥6 𝑎6
= 𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 − = .
8 2 4 6 0 48
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1.Sketch the region of integration for the following
4 𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(i) 0 𝑦2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
4

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
(ii) 0 𝑎 −𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(iii) 0 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2.Evaluate 𝑉
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 , where V is the region of
space bounded by x=0,x=1,y=0,y=2,z=0 and z=3.

Ans: 33/2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3. Evaluate 𝑉
, where V is the region of space
(1+𝑥+𝑦 +𝑧)3
bounded by x=0,y=0,z=0 and x+y+z=1
1
Ans: (8𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 5)
16

4. Evaluate 𝑉
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 , where V is the region of space bounded
by x=0,,y=0,,z=0 and 2x+3y+4z=12.

Ans: 12
CHANGING THE ORDER OF
INTEGRATION
CHANGE of ORDER OF INTEGRATION
 If the limits of integration in a double integral are
constants, then the order of integration can be
changed, provided the relevant limits are taken
for the concerned variables.
 When the limits for inner integration are
functions of a variable, the change in the order of
integration will result in changes in the limits of
integration.
𝑑 𝑔2 𝑦
i.e. 𝑐 𝑔1 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 will take the form
𝑏 ℎ 2 (𝑥 )
𝑎 ℎ 1 (𝑥 )
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

 This process of converting a given double


integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is called the
change of order of integration.
EXAMPLE :1
1 2−𝑦
Evaluate 0 𝑦
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of
integration.
Solution: X
(1,1)
x=y x=2-y
D1 D2
Y

Given y : 0 to 1 and x : y to 2-y


By changing the order of integration,
In Region D1 x : 0 to 1 and y : 0 to x.
In Region D2 x : 1 to 2 and y : 0 to 2-x.
1 2−𝑦 1 𝑥 2 2−𝑥
0 𝑦
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 1 0 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2−𝑥
1 𝑦2 2 𝑦2
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 0

1 1 3 1 2
= 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 4 2
1 𝑥4 1 2 4𝑥 3 𝑥
= + 2𝑥 − +
2 4 0 2 3 4 1

1 5 1
= + =
8 24 3
EXAMPLE :2
𝑦2
∞ 𝑦 −
Evaluate 0 0
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration.

Solution: Y

x=0 x=y
X
Given x=0, x = y, y = 0, y = ∞ .
By changing the order of integration y: x to ∞, x : 0 to ∞
𝑦 2 𝑦 2
∞ 𝑦 − ∞ ∞ −
0 0
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2
∞ ∞ − 𝑦2
= 0 𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑦2


1 ∞ 𝑒 𝑥 1 ∞
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 −1/𝑥 2 0
𝑥

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥 ,


by integration by parts,
1 𝑒 −𝑥 ∞ 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 =
2 −1 0 2
EXAMPLE :3
3 4−𝑦
Evaluate 0 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration.

Solution:
Y
y=3

x=1
D y=4-x2
X

Given y=0,y=3 and x=1, x= 4 − 𝑦


By changing the order of integration,
In region D, x : 1 to 2 and y : 0 to 4-x2
3 4−𝑦 2 4−x 2
0 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 1 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
4−x 2
2 𝑦2
= 1
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥
2 0

2 2 (4−x 2 )2
= 1
𝑥 4−x + 𝑑𝑥
2

2 𝑥4
= 1 4
− 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3
= − −4 + 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥
10 4 3 1
241
=
8
EXAMPLE :4
𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥
Evaluate 0 𝑥 2 /𝑎
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of integration.

Solution:

Given y : 𝑥 2 /𝑎 to 2𝑎 − 𝑥 and x : 0 to a

By changing the order of integration,

In Region D1 x : 0 to 𝑎𝑦 and y : 0 to a.

In Region D2 x : 0 to 2𝑎 − 𝑦 and y : a to 2a.


𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥 𝑎 𝑎𝑦 2𝑎 2𝑎−𝑦
0 𝑥 2 /𝑎
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 0 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑎𝑦 2𝑎−𝑦
𝑎 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 0 2 0

𝑎 𝑎 2 1 2𝑎
= 0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑎 4𝑎2 𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑦3 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑎 3 𝑦 4 2𝑎
𝑎 𝑦3 1 2 2 4𝑎𝑦
= + 2𝑎 𝑦 − +
2 3 0 2 3 4 𝑎

𝑎4 5𝑎 4 3𝑎 4
= + = .
6 24 8
EXAMPLE :5

1 2−𝑥 2 𝑥
Evaluate 0 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of integration.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Solution:

Given x = 0, x = 1 and y = x, y2 = 2-x2

By changing the order of integration

In Region D1, y : 0 to 1,x : 0 to y

In Region D2, y : 1 to 2 , x : 0 to 2 − 𝑦 2
1 𝑦 𝑥 2 2−𝑦 2 𝑥
I= 0 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 1 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 2 2 2−𝑦 2
= 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 + 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
0 0

1 2
= 0
2𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 1
2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 2
𝑦2 𝑦2
= ( 2 − 1) + 2𝑦 −
2 0 2 1

1
= 1-
2
EXAMPLE:6
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Evaluate the following by changing the order of integration

𝑎 𝑎 2 2 𝑎4
1. 0 𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans:
3

𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥 3𝑎 4
2. 0 𝑥
2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans:
8
𝑎

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑦 2 𝑎3
3. 0 𝑎−𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans:
6

1 2−𝑦 1
4. 0 𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans:
3

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