HONORS BIOLOGY

Unit 2 Part 2
Mrs. Seeley
Cell History
•Robert Hooke-
used primitive
microscope to look
at cork (in 1665!)
•Saw thousands of
tiny chambers
which he called
“cells” (they were
actually dead plant
cells)
Cell History
Cont.
• Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek:
●First to observe
microorganisms
●Called them
“animalcules”
(“little animals”)
• Matthias Schleiden:

●Proposed that all

plants are made of
cells
 Cell History Cont.

• Theodor Schwann:
proposed that all
animals are made of
cells (“swan”)
• Rudolf Virchow:
proposed that all
cells come from pre-
existing cells
• All of these scientists
contributed to what
is known as cell
theory
 Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from other cells.
 Cell Theory
1. Although all living things are made of
cells, organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell

• Multicellular –
composed of many
cells that may
organize into tissues
→ organs → organ
systems
 Cell Theory
2. Cells are the most basic unit of life.
– It is the smallest part of an organism that is
still capable of all of life’s processes.
– But they are VERY diverse.
– Two types:
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
 Cell Theory
• Although there are two main types of
cells, ALL cells have:
– Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
– Cytoplasm
– Cell membrane
– Ribosomes
 Cell Theory
– Two types:

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Nucleus? no yes
Membrane-bound
organelles? no yes
Division? binary fission mitosis
Size of organisms? unicellular uni- or multicellular
Cell walls?
Yes, made of Only fungi and plants,
peptidoglycan made of chitin or cellulose
Ex. of organisms
animals, plants,
with this type of bacteria
cell? fungi, protists
 Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

• Smaller • Larger

• Unicellular (always) • Can be unicellular or multicellular

• No nucleus • Has a nucleus

• No membrane bound organelles • Has membrane bound organelles

• Circular DNA • Linear DNA

• Ex: bacteria & archaea • Ex: plants, animals, fungi

 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. YES nucleus
2. YES membrane-
1. NO nucleus bound organelles
2. NO membrane- 1. YES 3. Larger in size (10-
bound organelles cytoplasm 100 micrometers) and
3. Smaller in size (1- 2. YES more complex
10 micrometers) ribosomes (not 4. Linear DNA
4. Circular DNA a membrane- 5. Unicellular (some
(plasmids) bound
protists & fungi) OR
5. Unicellular ONLY organelle)
3. YES cell multicellular
6. Reproduce via
membrane 6. Reproduce via
binary fission (“b” for mitosis
4. YES genetic
“bacteria”) material 7. Cell walls made of
7. Cell walls made of (DNA or RNA) cellulose (plants only)
peptidoglycan
or chitin (fungi only)
8. 70s ribosome
8. 80s ribosome
3 Main Jobs of Cells

1. Make energy:
need energy for
all activities
2. Make proteins:
do all the work
in cells
3. Make more
cells: growth
and replacement
Prokaryotic Bacteria Cell
Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Plant Cell
Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Animal Cell
 Organelles
• All cells have these four structures, but eukaryotic
cells also have membrane-bound organelles.
• Organelles = specialized structures within the cell that
work together to help the cell function
– Think of them as “mini organs” within the cell working
together for one main purpose → TO MAKE PROTEINS!

Remember,
eukaryotes
include
animals,
plants,
protists, and
fungi, but we
will focus
mainly on
plants and
animals

Animal cell Plant cell

CELL (Plasma) MEMBRANE
Structure
• Surrounds the outside of ALL cells!
• Made of two layers (known as the phospholipid bilayer)

Job
• Controls what goes in and out of the cell
• Critical for communication and maintaining a stable
internal environment (homeostasis)
CELL (Plasma) MEMBRANE
Phospholipid Bilayer Polar
hydrophilic
• 2 layers of fats head
(phosphate
– Fats = phospholipids group)
• Have hydrophilic (likes water)
heads and hydrophobic
(dislikes water) tails

Nonpolar
hydrophobic
fatty acid/
lipid tails
CELL (Plasma) MEMBRANE
Phospholipid Bilayer
• Proteins
embedded for
transport
• Carbs embedded
for structure
• Called “Fluid
Mosaic Model”
because it is
composed of
many parts that
move around
freely
 CYTOSKELETON
Structure
• Threadlike fibers
• Made of proteins
• Usually not pictured in a cell diagram

Job
• Give the cell shape
• Can also move organelles around
• Provide
structural
support for
animal cells
(who don’t have
a cell wall)
 CYTOPLASM
Structure
• Jelly-like substance
• Mainly made up of water
Job
• Holds everything in place
• Provides a solution for chemical reactions to take
place in
 NUCLEUS
Structure
• Contains genetic material (DNA)
– When DNA appears spread out = chromatin (spaghetti shape)
– When DNA condenses it forms chromosomes (X)
• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with
pores that control what goes in and out
Job
• Protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell
 NUCLEOLUS
Structure
• Inside of the nucleus
Job
• Makes rRNA which make up ribosomes
 RIBOSOMES
Structure
• Made of proteins and rRNA
• Located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm
Job
• Make proteins in a process called translation
– Ribosomes on Rough ER make proteins to export out of cell
– Ribosomes floating in cytoplasm make proteins and enzymes to
use within the cell
 ROUGH ER
(Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Structure
• Has ribosomes on surface
• Hugs the nucleus
Job
• Makes proteins!!!
• Packages them for secretion, send in vesicles to Golgi
 SMOOTH ER
(Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Structure
• No ribosomes on surface
• Attached to Rough ER
Job
• Makes lipids (membrane)
• Stores Ca+2
 GOLGI APPARATUS
Structure
• Folded membrane
Job
• Gets vesicles of protein from the ER
– Vesicles: like mini-carts that transport proteins around the
cell
• Processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed
ER & GOLGI partnership
 LYSOSOMES
Structure ANIMAL CELLS ONLY!!
• Contain enzymes
Job
• Break down dead stuff (food, bacteria, old parts of
cell, etc.)
• Can do programmed cell death (apoptosis)
 PEROXISOMES
Structure
• Small hydrolytic organelle
• Vary in numbers in cells
Job
• Hydrolyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and
oxygen gas
• Convert fatty acids to sugar
 VACUOLES
Structure
• Small and numerous in animal cells
• One large central one in plant cells
Job
• Storage (water, nutrients, waste, etc.)
 CENTRIOLES
Structure ANIMAL CELLS ONLY!!
• Made of microtubules
(type of cytoskeleton)
• 2 centrioles together = centrosome
Job
• Appear during cell division
• Help cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart
 CILIA and FLAGELLA
Organelles associated with the cytoskeleton
Structure
• Cilia: shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars
– Similar projections that are short and numerous but don’t move are
called microvilli
• Flagella: longer, fewer (1-3) ANIMAL (and bacteria)
CELLS ONLY!!
Job
• Cilia: move fluid across cell’s surface
• Flagella: move entire cell through extracellular fluid
This image
shows
This image
sperm cells,
shows
with
microvilli on
flagellum
the outside
tails,
of a human
swimming
body cell
towards an
egg cell
PILI
• Organelles
associated with the
cytoskeleton

• Short hairlike
structures (many)
that surround some
bacteria cells
 MITOCHONDRIA
Structure
• Two parts: inner membrane and matrix (fluid part)
Job
• Where cellular respiration happens
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
• Breaks down chemical energy in food to release
usable energy in the form of ATP
 CHLOROPLAST
Structure PLANT CELLS ONLY!!
• Two parts: grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid)
Job
• Where photosynthesis happens
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Converts light energy from sun → chemical energy in
sugar
 CELL WALL
PLANT (bacteria and fungi) CELLS ONLY!!
Structure
• Made of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi), and
peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
Job
• Protect and maintain shape
 CENTRAL VACUOLE
PLANT CELLS ONLY!!
Structure
• 1 massive central structure
Job
• Storage center
 PLASMODESMATA
PLANT CELLS ONLY!!
Structure
• Circular “holes”/ openings that connect one plant
cell to the next
Job
• Transports cytoplasm (fluids & organic compound)
from one cell to the next
Animal Cell Surfaces
Tight Junctions: Made
by interlocking proteins
• helps hold cells
together
Gap Junctions: Directly
connect cytoplasm of
two cells
• Allows direct passage
of molecules, ions,
and electrical
impulses through a
gate between cells
 • Plasmodesmata- pores in the
cell wall that interconnect plant
cells
• Allows for cytoplasmic
Plant Cell
exchange, transport of
Surfaces substances and cell-to-cell
communication
 Practice Time
3 4
2
5
1
6

7
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11 8

10 9
 2
Practice Time
3 4 5
6

7
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11

10 9
 Practice Time
Prokaryote Eukaryote
 Practice Time
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Endosymbiotic Theory
 Evidence of the
Endosymbiotic Theory
• Mitochondria & chloroplast have a double
membrane (original and one when it was brought
in during endocytosis/ phagocytosis)
• Mitochondria has its own circular DNA
• Symbiosis:
– Larger “cell” provides protection
– Smaller “cell” mitochondria: provides ATP (energy) for
the larger cell
– Smaller “cell” chloroplast: can absorb energy from sun
to convert inorganic substance to organic substance
Viruses • “Infectious particles”

• Have some BUT NOT ALL characteristics

life
● Needs a host to survive, no cells, no
energy use
● Can evolve RAPIDLY
● Have genetic variation (“strains”)

• Much smaller than eukaryotic and

prokaryotic cells
• All viruses have:
● A capsid- protective shell
● Nucleic Acid Genome-made of DNA
or RNA
● Envelope- layer of membrane

• Viruses “reproduce” by hijacking a cell’s

machinery