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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2016

Series Compensation to Mitigate Voltage Sag

and Transient Stability Analysis by Using
SVC of 11- Bus System
Pankaj Kumar1, Ankit Sachan1, Dr. Pankaj Rai2
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, U.P., India1
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, B.I.T. Sindri, Sindri, Jharkhand, India2

ABSTRACT: Power system stability is defined as the ability of power system to preserve its steady stability or recover
the initial steady state after any deviation of the system’s operation. Present time power systems are being operated
nearer to their stability limits due to economic and environmental reasons. Maintaining a stable and secure operation of
a power system is therefore a very important and challenging issue. Transient stability has been given much attention
by power system researchers and planners in recent years, and is being regarded as one of the major sources of power
system insecurity. Shunt FACTS devices play an important role in improving the transient stability, increasing
transmission capacity and damping low frequency oscillations. In this work 11-bus power system network has been
modeled using MATLAB SIMULINK software. The power system network under study consist of three units of power
plant each producing 20 KV and step up by two winding transformer to 230 KV. For parallel operation of three
different power plants, the frequency and the terminal voltage has been kept constant to avoid circulating current in the
existing network. A Static VAR Compensator and a series compensator have been used in the considered network for
improving the transient stability and to increase the transmission capacity of the system.

KEYWORDS: Power System Stability, Transient Stability, SVC, Series Compensator.

I. INTRODUCTION
Power systems generally consist of three stages: generation, transmission, and distribution. In the first stage,
generation, the electric power is generated mostly by using synchronous generators. Then the voltage level is raised by
transformers before the power is transmitted in order to reduce the line currents which consequently reduce the power
transmission losses. After the transmission, the voltage is stepped down using transformers in order to be distributed
accordingly. Power systems are designed to provide continuous power supply that maintains voltage stability.
However, due to undesired events, such as lightning, accidents or any other unpredictable events, short circuits between
the phase wires of the transmission lines or between a phase wire and the ground which may occur is called a fault. Due
to occurring of a fault, one or more generators may be severely disturbed causing an imbalance between generation and
demand. If the fault persists and is not cleared in a pre-specified time frame, it may cause severe damages to the
equipment’s which in turn may lead to a power loss and power outage. Therefore, protective equipment’s are installed
to detect faults and clear/isolate faulted parts of the power system as quickly as possible before the fault energy is
propagated to the rest of the system.
For the purpose of this review, a literature survey has been carried out including two of the most important and
common databases, namely, the IEEE/IEE electronic library and Science Direct electronic databases. The survey spans
over the last 15 years from 1990 to 2004. For convenience, this period has been divided to three sub periods; 1990–
1994, 1995–1999, and 2000–2004. The number of publications discussing FACTS applications to different power
system studies has been recorded. It is clear that the applications of FACTS to different power system studies have
been drastically increased in last five years. This observation is more pronounced with the second generation devices as
the interest is almost tripled. This shows more interest for the VSC-based FACTS applications. The results also show a
decreasing interest in TCPS while the interest in SVC and TCSC slightly increase. Generally, both generations of
FACTS have been applied to different areas in power system studies including optimal power flow [5–9], economic
power dispatch [20], voltage stability [11; 22], power system security [3], and power quality [7]. Applications of

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2016

FACTS to power system stability in particular have been carried out using same databases. It was found that the ratio
of FACTS applications to the stability study with respect to other power system studies is more than 60% in general.
II. CLASSIFICATION OF STABILITY
Fig.1 provides a comprehensive categorization of power system stability. As Depicted by Fig. 1, there are two main
classes of stability: rotor angle stability and voltage stability. Rotor angle stability has two main subclasses: small-
disturbance angle (steady-state) stability and transient stability. A power system is considered to be steady-state stable if,
after any small disturbance, it reaches a steady state operating condition which is identical or close to the pre disturbance
operating condition. A power system is transient stable for a large disturbance or sequence of disturbances if, following
that disturbances it reaches an acceptable steady-state operating condition. Unlike steady-state stability which is a
function only of the operating condition, transient stability is more complicated since it is a function of both operating
condition and the disturbance [2]. Voltage stability also has two main subclasses: large disturbance voltage stability and
small disturbance voltage stability.

Fig.1. Classification of power system stability

Transient stability is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to sever transient
disturbance. The response to this type of disturbance involves large excursions of rotor angles and is influenced by
nonlinear power-angle relationship. Stability depends on the initial operating state of the system and the severity of the
disturbance. The system usually altered after the disturbance which may cause the system to operate in a different
steady-state status from that prior the disturbance. Power systems are designed to be stable for a selected set of
contingencies. The contingencies usually considered are short-circuits of different types: phase-to-ground, phase-to
phase- to-ground, or three-phase. They are usually assumed to occur on the transmission lines, but occasionally bus or
transformer faults are also considered. Methods of transient stability analysis comprising as swing equation, Equal area
criterion, Numerical Integration Methods, Direct Methods Transient Stability Analysis.

Fig.2. Rotor angle response to a transient disturbance.

Fig. 2 illustrates the behavior of a synchronous machine for stable and unstable situations. In Case 1, the rotor angle
increases to a maximum, then decreases and oscillates with decreasing amplitude until it reaches a steady state. This case
is considered transient stable. In Case 2, the rotor angle continues to increase steadily until synchronism is lost. This type
on transient instability is referred to as first-swing instability. In Case 3, the system is stable in the first swing but

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
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Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2016

becomes unstable as a result of growing oscillations as the end state is approached. This form of instability occurs when
the post fault steady-state condition is itself is small signal unstable. In transient stability studies, the study period of
interest is usually limited to 3 to 5 seconds following the disturbance, although it may extend to about ten seconds for
very large systems with dominant inter area modes of oscillation.

III. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)

The Static Var Compensator (SVC) is a shunt device of the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) family using
power electronics to control power flow and improve transient stability on power grids [1]. The SVC regulates voltage at
its terminals by controlling the amount of reactive power injected into or absorbed from the power system. When system
voltage is low, the SVC generates reactive power (SVC capacitive). When system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive
power (SVC inductive). The variation of reactive power is performed by switching three-phase capacitor banks and
inductor banks connected on the secondary side of a coupling transformer. Each capacitor bank is switched on and off by
three thyristor switches (Thyristor Switched Capacitor or TSC). Reactors are either switched on-off (Thyristor Switched
Reactor or TSR) or phase-controlled (Thyristor Controlled Reactor or TCR). It is a variable impedance device where the
current through a reactor is controlled using back to back connected thyristor valves. The application of thyristor valve
technology to SVC is an offshoot of the developments in HVDC technology. The major difference is that thyristor valves
used in SVC are rated for lower voltages as the SVC is connected to an EHV line through a step down transformer or
connected to the tertiary winding of a power transformer. The application of SVC was initially for load compensation of
fast changing loads such as steel mills and arc furnaces. Here the objective is to provide dynamic power factor
improvement and also balance the currents on the source side whenever required. The application for transmission line
compensators commenced in the late seventies. Here the objectives are to Increase power transfer in long lines, improve
stability with fast acting voltage regulation, damp low frequency oscillations due to swing (rotor) modes, damp sub
synchronous frequency oscillations due to torsional modes, control dynamic over voltage. The SVC is configured in two
ways (i) Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FCTCR) (ii) Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC-TCR).

Fig.3. A Typical SVC (TSC-TCR) Configuration

The second type is more flexible than the first one and requires smaller rating of the reactor and consequently generates
fewer harmonic. The schematic diagram of a TSC-TCR type SVC is shown in Fig.3, this shows that the TCR and TSC
are connected on the secondary side of a step-down transformer. Tuned and high pass filters are also connected in
parallel which provide capacitive reactive power at fundamental frequency. The voltage signal is taken from the high
voltage SVC bus using a potential transformer.
The TSC is switched in using two thyristor switches (connected back to back) at the instant in a cycle when the voltage
across valve is minimum and positive. This results in minimum switching transients. In steady state, TSC does not
generate any harmonics. To switch off a TSC, the gate pulses are blocked and the thyristors turns off when the current
through them fall below the holding currents. It is to be noted that several pairs of thyristors are connected in series as the
voltage rating of a thyristor is not adequate for the voltage level required. However the voltage ratings of valves for a

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

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Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2016

SVC are much less than the voltage ratings of a HVDC valve as a step down transformer is used in the case of SVC. To
limit in a TSC it is necessary to provide a small reactor in series with the capacitor.

The block diagram of basic SVC Controller incorporating voltage regulator is shown in Fig.4, This shows that both
voltage (Vsvc) and current (Isvc) signals are obtained from potential and current transformers and then rectified.

Fig.4. SVC Controller

The AC filter is basically a notch filter to eliminate the signal component of frequency corresponding to the parallel
resonance in the system viewed from the SVC bus. The line capacitance (in parallel with SVC capacitance) can result in
parallel resonance with the line inductance. The SVC voltage regulator has a tendency to destabilize this resonant mode
of oscillation and the notch filter is aimed at overcoming this problem. As a matter of fact, any parallel resonance mode
(of frequency below second harmonic) can have adverse interaction with SVC voltage regulator.. If series capacitors are
used along with SVC, then they can cause parallel resonance with a neighboring shunt reactor. If the second (parallel
resonance) mode has a lower frequency (say below 20 Hz), a high pass filter in addition to the notch filter has been
suggested The rectified signal is filtered. The DC side filters include both a low pass filter (to remove the ripple content)
and notch filters tuned to the fundamental and second harmonic components The notch filters are provided to avoid the
adverse interactions of SVC caused by second harmonic positive sequence and fundamental frequency negative
sequence voltages on the SVC bus. For example, second harmonic positive sequence voltages at the SVC bus cause a
fundamental frequency component in the rectified signal that results in the modulation of SVC susceptance at the same
frequency. This in turn (due to amplitude modulation) results in two components at side band frequencies (0,2f) in the
SVC current. The dc component can result in unsymmetric saturation of the SVC transformer and consequent increase in
the magnetization current containing even harmonics. It has been observed that this adverse harmonic interaction
between the SVC and the network can result in large distortion of the SVC bus voltage and impaired. Distortion of the
SVC bus distortion of the SVC bus voltage and impaired operation of SVC (termed as second harmonic instability). The
auxiliary signals mentioned in Fig.3 are outputs from the susceptance (or reactive power) Regulator (SR) and
Supplementary Modulation Controller (SMC). The Susceptance Regulator is aimed at regulating the output of SVC in
steady state such that the full dynamic range is available during transient disturbances. The output of Susceptance
Regulator modifies the voltage reference in steady state. However its operation is deliberately made slow such that it
does not affect the voltage regulator function during transients.

IV. SERIES COMPENSATOR

Series capacitors are connected in series with the line conductor to compensate for inductive reactance of the line. This
reduces the transfer reactance between the buses to which the line is connected, increases maximum power that can be
transmitted, and reduces the effective reactive power ( XI2) loss. Although series capacitors are not usually installed for
voltage control as such, they contribute to improved voltage control and reactive power balance. The reactive power
produced by a series capacitor increases with increasing power transfer; a series capacitor is self-regulating in this
regard. The three-phase series compensator consists of three identical subsystems, one for each phase, which is in the
Fig. 5. The transmission line is 40% series compensated by a 62.8 µF capacitor.

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Fig.5. Series Compensation of Subsystem

The capacitor is protected by the MOV block. A gap is also connected in parallel with the MOV block. The gap is fired
when the energy absorbed by the surge arrester exceeds a critical value of 30 MJ. To limit the rate of rise of capacitor
current when the gap is fired, a damping RL circuit is connected in series. Open the Energy & Gap firing subsystem. It
shows how you calculate the energy dissipated in the MOV by integrating the power (product of the MOV voltage and
current). When the energy exceeds the 30 MJ thresholds, a closing order is sent to the Breaker block simulating the gap.

V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

In this paper three plants has been considered of 900 MW each generating 20 KV and then fed to two winding

Fig.6. Single Line diagram of 11-bus power system

SIMULATION MODEL OF 11-BUS SYSTEM WITH SIMULATION MODEL OF 11-BUS SYSTEM WITH
SVC SERIES COMPENSATOR

Fig 7. Simulation model of 11-bus system with SVC Fig 8. Simulation model of 11 bus system with series compensator

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

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transformers where voltage is step up to 230 KV and then connected to the transmission system which consist of
11buses. There are five loads connected in the buses 3,5,6,8 and 9 respectively. Simulation model has been developed
using MATLAB SIMULINK software. A three phase fault has been created near bus no 10 for time 0.01 to 0.03 sec and
its impact has been taken down with the help of different bus scopes connected in the model. In the same system i have
introduced a series compensator which is 55 % compensated near bus no. 6 to reduce the overshoot caused due to fault
and see the amount of overvoltage and over current reduced by the use of it. The system is modeled without and with
SVC to observe the phenomena of transient oscillation and subsequently how it is damped out by the SVC. It is found
that the SVC can effectively damp out the resulting oscillating. In the result part we have compared the outputs of two
models with and without SVC. Thus it has been clearly observed that the transient oscillations sustain up to 0.03 sec
without SVC and with the use of SVC the transient oscillation vanishes before 0.01 sec. Further it has been observed that
with use of series compensator the fault amplitude for current and voltages at different buses reduces and transmission
capacity increases thus improving the power transfer capability.

Fig.9. Voltage Waveform of 10 Bus Systems (a).without SVC (b) with SVC

Fig.10. Voltage Waveform of 9 Bus Systems (a) without SVC (b) with SVC

Fig.11. Current Waveform of 10 Bus Systems (a) without SVC (b) without SVC

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Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2016

Fig.12. Current Waveform of 9 Bus Systems (a) without SVC (b) without SVC

Fig.13. Voltage Waveform of 1 Bus System (a) without Compensator (b) with Compensator

Fig.14. Voltage Waveform of 2Bus Systems (a) without Compensator (b) with Compensator

VI. CONCLUSION

The system is modeled without and with SVC to observe the phenomena of transient oscillation and subsequently how it
is damped out by the SVC. It is found that the SVC can effectively damp out the resulting oscillating. In the result part
we have compared the outputs of two models with and without SVC. Thus it has been clearly observed that the transient
oscillations sustain up to 0.03 sec without SVC and with the use of SVC the transient oscillation vanishes before 0.01
sec. Further it has been observed that with use of series compensator the fault amplitude for current and voltages at
different buses reduces and transmission capacity increases thus improving the power transfer capability.

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Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2016

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