Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical

Communications Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:- To study the characteristic curve of the Reflex Klystron tube & modes.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1. Reflex Klystron Tube 2K25.
2. Klystron Power Supply.
3. Klystron Mount.
4. Isolator /Circulator.
5. Variable Attenuator.
6. Frequency Meter.
7. Detector Mount.
8. VSWR Meter or CRO or Digital Multimeter.

THEORY: -

The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous Electron
beam into microwave power. Electron emitted from the cathode are accelerated & passed
through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and, finally, reflects the
electrons; and the electron turns back through the resonator.
Suppose an hf-field exists between the resonators, the electron traveling forward will be
Accelerated or retorted, as the voltage at the resonator changes in amplitude. The accelerated
electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the
reduce velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to return, due to
change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches.
As the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator
grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such time that the electrons are slowed Down by the voltage,
energy will be delivered to the resonator; and the Klystron will Oscillate. Fig. No.2 shows the
relationship etween output power, frequency and Reflector Voltages.
The dimension of the resonator cavity primarily determines the frequency. Hence, by
changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning ranges of the Klystron Is possible. Also, a
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small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector Voltage. This is called
Electronic Tuning Range.
The same result can be obtained, if the modulation voltage is applied on the
Reflector voltage as shown in the Fig No.3b.

COVER

REFLECTOR
MECHANICAL
TUNING GRIDS

CATHODE

_ +
RESONATOR
CAVITY HEATER OUTPUT

6.3 V A.C
Filament Supply
For Heater Coil

Fig.1 (a) SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A KLYSTRON 2K25

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BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

Klystron Power
Supply

Klystron Detector
Isolator or Variable
Mount Frequency Mount
Circulator Attenuator
with Meter
Tube
CRO /VSWR
Meter /Digital
Multimeter

Fig.1 (b). Study of Klystron tube characteristics.

PROCEDURE

1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in fig.1 (b).

2. Keep Variable Attenuator at maximum position.
3. Set Mod. selector switch to FM-MOD.position with FM. Amplitude and FM. frequency
knob at mid position, keep Beam voltage control knob fully anti- Clockwise and Reflector
voltage knob to fully clockwise with meter switch to “OFF” position.
4. Keep the time /div. scale of CRO around 100 Hz freq. measurement and Volt. /div.to lower
scale.
5. Switch’ ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, cooling fan and CRO.
6. Put the meter switch to Beam voltage position and rotate the Beam Knob clock wise slowly
in between 270 V to 300V meter reading and observe Beam current on the meter by
changing meter switch to Beam current position. “The Beam current should be around 5- 30
mA.”
7. Keep Amplitude knob of FM Modulation to maximum position and rotate the
Reflector Voltage anti-clock wise to get Modes as shown in expected graph fig. No.1(c)
The horizontal axis (X-axis) represents Reflector Voltage axis and vertical axis (Y-axis)
represents output power.
8. By changing the Reflector Voltage and amplitude of FM Modulation, any Mode of Klystron
tube can be seen on CRO. (On VSWR meter &Digital Multimeter the O/P of the klystron
Tube can be seen in terms of dB or Volts or Current) or

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9. Put the Digital Multimeter in D.C Microampere range of 250 mA. or

10. Switch ON the VSWR meter to 30db.or 50db. If the Deflection in VSWR meter is out of
scale or less than normal scale respectively Further, the output can be also reduced by
Variable Attenuator for setting the out- Put for any particular position.
11. Adjust the Frequency meter tuning head till the dip in the Power output is not appear on
CRO or VSWR meter or on Digital Multimeter (these are O/P power measure ring
instruments).
12. The dip position of the Frequency meter is the corresponding frequency of the wave
traveling in side the wave-guide (microwave bench). Note the Frequency meter reading and
power output. Repeat this action at different values of theRepeller voltage. Plot the graph in
between the Repeller voltage and the frequency as shown the fig.no.1(d).

OBSERVATION TABLE Beam Voltage = 270Volts (fixed).

S.No. Repeller Power Output (in dBm Frequency (in GHz.)

or Voltage(V) or volt. Or in mA)
Mode.
Dip start Dip up to Freq.
from freq. freq. variation.
1.
2.
3.
4.

EXPECTED GRAPH

The characteristics curves of Klystron Tubes are plotted by observing the variation of the
microwave power output of the Klystron Tube and the frequency of the Oscillations with
reflector voltage while keeping beam voltage constant (fixed). The output of the detector Mount
can either be measured by VSWR meter in dbm or observed on CRO in terms of milivolts on
Digital Multimeter in terms of milivolts or micro/mili ampere.

a) Reflector Voltage Vs Output Power (in mA or Voltage or dbm)

b) Repelled (Reflector) voltage Vs Frequency variation during Dip indication.

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Output Power (mW)

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
-19V -29V -74V -98V -128V -155V&214Vto239V
RepellerVoltage

Fig.1 (c) Repeller Voltage Vs Output Power

Freq. change (MHz)

50 MHz -

50 MHz - Repeller Voltage

Fig.1 (d). Output Power Vs Frequency variation.

RESULT: - The V &I characteristics of Reflex Klystron Tube has been studied with the help of
the above experiment.

Sample Questions:
1) Why Two cavity klystron cannot be used as an oscillator ?
2) Name Different microwave devices that generates microwave signals ?
3) What is the purpose of Isolator ?
4) Why the power output of 1 ¾ mode is more compared to 2 ¾ mode in a
single cavity klystron
5) What is the principle involved in single cavity klystron ?
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EXPERIMENT NO 2

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: - To study the Voltage and Current (V & I) characteristic of the Gunn Diode.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1. Gunn Diode Oscillator.

2. Gunn Power Supply.
3. PIN Modulator,
4. Circulator or Isolator.
5. Frequency meter.
6. Variable Attenuator.
7. Detector mount.
8. Wave Guide stands.
9. VSWR meter.
10. Cables and accessories.
THEORY

The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity Effect in bulk semi –
conductors which have two conduction bands minima Separated by an energy gap (greater than
thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region, which
travels towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it Disappears and
another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving Towards anode and so on .The time
required for domain to travel from cathode To anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency. In
a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn Diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In This case the Oscillation
frequency is determined by cavity dimensions than by Diode itself. Although Gunn Oscillator
can be amplitude – modulated with the bias Voltage. We have used separate a PIN Modulator
through PIN Diode for square Wave Modulation. A measure of the square wave modulation
capability is the modulation Depth i.e. the output ratio between ‘ON “and ‘OFF ‘state.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

Gunn Diode Gunn Power

Oscillator Supply

Pin Isolator or Variable Frequency

Modulator Detector
Circulator Attenuator Meter
Mount

CRO
or VSWR
Fig.2(a) Study of Gunn Diode characteristics. Meter

PROCEDURE: (Setting of test equipments)

1. Set the components and equipments as shown in the fig.2 (a).

2. Initially set the variable attenuation for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of the Gunn Power Supply as below:
Meter switch --“OFF”
Gunn bias knob -- Fully anti–clockwise.
Pin bias knob -- Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Mod. Frequency -- Any position
4. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below:
Meter switch -- Normal
Input switch -- Low Impedance
Range db switch -- 40 db.
Gain control knob -- Fully clockwise
5. Set the Micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required frequency of operation.
6. “ON” the Gunn Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fan.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Turn the meter switch of Gunn Power Supply to voltage position.

2. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltages Controlled
by Gunn bias knob through the panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the
bias voltage above 10 volts.
3.Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph as shown in fig.2 (b).
4. Measure the threshold voltage, which corresponds to maximum current.
5. After experiment, bring Gunn Bias voltage at zero position.
6. Remove the BNC cable.(gun power supply to gun oscillator).
7. Switch Off the Gunn Power Supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sl.No. Gunn diode bias voltage (volts.) Current

(mA)
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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EXPECTED GRAPH: - V-I Curve of Gunn Diode Oscillator.

Current (mA)

600 - Maximum current (mA)

500 -

400 -

300 -

200 -

100 - Threshold Voltage (V)

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Bias Voltage (V)

Fig. 2(b). V-I Characteristics curve of Gunn Diode.

PRECAUTIONS: -

a) Never switch “ON / OFF” Gunn Power Supply while Gunn Diode and PIN
Modulator is connected to Gunn Power Supply.
b) While connecting /removing Gunn Diode Oscillator / PIN Modulator leads
(BNC Probe), the Bias Voltages should keep at zero position.
c) Do not keep the Gunn Bias knob position at threshold position for More than 10-
15 seconds. Reading should be obtained as fast as Possible. Otherwise due to
excessive heating, Gunn Diode may burn.
RESULT: - The V &I characteristics of Gunn diode has been studied with the help of the above
experiment.

Sample Questions:

1) What is Gunn effect ?

2) Explain the RWH theory producing oscillations ?
3) What is Negative differential resistance ?
4) What is the purpose of Pin modulator in your experiment ?

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5) How Gunn diode is different from ordinary diode ?

EXPERIMENT NO. 03

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

AIM: To study the attenuators (fixed and variable type).

EQUIPMENTS:

1. Microwave source.
2. Isolator /circulator.
3. Freq. meter.
4. Variable attenuator.
5. Slotted line.
6. Tunable probe.
7. Detector mount.
8. Matched termination.
9. VSWR meter.
10. Test fixed / Variable attenuator.

THEORY:

The attenuators are two ports bi-directional device, which attenuates some power when
inserted into the transmission line
. P1
Attenuation A (db) = 1o log ----------
P 2

Where P 1 = Power absorbed or detected by the load with out the attenuation in the line.
P 2 =Power absorved /detected by the load with attenuator in the line.
The attenuators consist a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb
micro wave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the wave guide .As
electric field is maximum at the centre in TE-10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the
vane is placed at centre of the wave guide.
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Moving from centre towards the side wall, attenuation decrease in the fixed attenuator,
The vane position is fixed where as in variable attenuator; its position can be changed by
The help of micrometer or by other methods.
Fallowing characteristics of Attenuators can be studied –
1. Input VSWR.
2. Insertion loss (in case of Variable Attenuator)
3. Amount of attenuation offered in to the lines.
4. Frequency sensitivity i.e. variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane and
frequency is changed.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Klystron
Power
Supply

Klystron Isolator or Variable Frequency Variable

Mount with Circulator Attenuator Meter Attenuator
Tube (DUT)

VSWR Meter Detector

Mount

Fig.3 (a). Insertion Loss & Attenuation measurement of Variable Attenuator.

INSERTION LOSS / ATTNEUATION MEASUREMENT: -

PROCEDURE:

1. Remove the Tunable Probe, Attenuator and Matched Termination from the Slotted
section in the above set up Fig.no:3 (a).
2. Connect the Detector Mount to the Slotted Line, and tune the Detector Mount Also
for maximum deflection on VSWR meter (Detector Mount’s out put Should be
connected to VSWR meter)

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3. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of Variable Attenuator
(not the test Attenuator) and gain control knob of the VSWR meter. Let it be P 1.
4. Carefully disconnect the Detector Mount from the Slotted Line, without out
disturbing any position on the set up. Place the test Variable Attenuator to the
Slotted Line and Detector Mount to the other port of testVariable Attenuator. Keep
the micrometer reading of the test Variable Attenuator zero and Record the
readings of VSWR meter. Let it be P 2 then the Insertion loss of the test Attenuator
will be P 1 – P 2 db.
5. For measurement of attenuation of fixed and Variable Attenuator, after step
No. 4 of the above measurement; carefully disconnect the Detector Mount
from the Slotted Line without disturbing any position obtained up to step No. 3.
Place the test Attenuator to the Slotted Line and Detector Mount to the other port of
the test Attenuator. Record the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P 3.
6. Then the attenuation value of fixed Attenuator or attenuation value of Variable
Attenuator for the particular position of micrometer reading will be P 1 – P 3 db.
7. In case of Variable Attenuator, change the micrometer reading and record The
VSWR meter reading. Find out the attenuation value for different position of
micrometer readings and plot graph.
8. Now change the operating frequency and whole step should be repeated for
Finding frequency sensitivity of fixed and Variable Attenuator.

OBSERVATION:

Sl.No. VSWR meter reading (db) Micro-meter reading (Variable Attenuator)

1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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9
10

EXPECTED GRAPH:
VSWR meter readings Vs micrometer readings. Attenuation values (db) Reading on VSWR
meter

VSWR
READING

10 -

9 -

8 -

7 -

6 -

5 -

4 -

3 -

2 -

1 -
0 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Variable Attenuator micrometer readings (mm) Fig 3 (b).
NOTE:
For measuring frequency sensitivity of Variable Attenuator the position of
micrometer reading of the Variable Attenuator should be same for all frequencies in Operation.

RESULT: - The waveguide attenuation(fixed and variable) has been studied with the help of the
above experiment.

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Sample Questions :
1) What is the difference between Attenuation & Amplification ?
2) Mention the principle of Rotory Wave guide attenuator ?
3) What is the purpose of detector mount ?
4) What are different types of Attenuators ?
5) What is the purpose of power meter ? Is it available in your lab ?

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To study the function of Multihole Directional Coupler by measuring the fallowing
Parameters:-
A. To Measure the Insertion Loss (IL) of the Direction Coupler.
B. To measure the Coupling Factor of the Direction Coupler.
C. To measure the directivity of the Directional Coupler.

EQUIPMENTS:

1. Microwave source (Klystron or Gunn Diode type).

2. Isolator / Circulator.
3. Frequency Meter.
4. Variable Attenuator.
5. Slotted Line.
6. Tunable Probe.
7. Detector Mount.
8. Matched Termination.
9. MHD Coupler.
10. Wave-guide Stand & Cables and accessories.
11. VSWR meter.
THEORY:
A Directional Coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consists of two-transmission line, the main arm and auxiliary arm,
electro-magnetically coupled to each other.

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As shown in the fig. 1(a), The Power entering Port -1 in the Main Arm divides between Port -2
and Port -4, and almost no power comes out in Port –3. While the Power entering Port -2 is
divided between Port -1 and Port -3.
Hence there is free transmission of power, with out Reflection, between Port-1 and Port-2 and
there is no transmission of power between Port-1 and Port-3 or Port-2 and Port-4. Because no
Coupling exists between these two pairs of Ports. The degree of coupling between Port-1 and
port-4 and between Port-2 and Port-3 depends on the structure of the coupler.
COUPLING FACTOR: -

The characteristics of a Directional Coupler can be expressed in terms of its Coupling

factors and its Directivity. Assuming that the wave is propagating from Port-1 to port-2 in the
Primary Arm, the Coupling Factor and Directivity are defined respectively by:
The coupling factor is defined as: -
Coupling (db) =10 log10 P 1 / P3
Where,
Port -3 is terminated with built –in termination and power is entering at port-1.
The Coupling Factor is the measure of the ratio of power levels in the Primary Arm and
Auxiliary Arm.

DIRECTIVITY:
The directivity of the Directional Coupler is a measure of separation between the Incident
wave and the Reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio of the two power outputs from the
auxiliary line when a given amount of power is successively applied
To each terminal of the Main- Arm with other port terminated by Termination loads. The
Directivity is a measure how well the Forward Traveling Wave is isolated to the Auxiliary Arm
wave-guide. An ideal Directional Coupler should have indefinite Directivity. In other words, the
power at Port-3 must be zero because Port-2 and Port-4 are perfectly matched. Actually well
designed Directional Couplers have Directivity above 30 db. The Directivity is the ratio of power
levels in the Primary Arm and Auxiliary Arm.
Hence Directivity D (db) =10 log 10 = P3 F
P3 R
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Where P 4 F and P 4 R is the power measured at Port -4 with equal amount of power fed to Port -
1 and Port -2 respectively.
It should be noted that Port-2, Port-3 and Port-4 are terminated in Matched Load.
INSERTION LOSS:
The Main Arm Insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by the
Insertion of the Directional Coupler. -
It is defined as Insertion loss = 10 log 10{ P1 }
P2
When the power is entering at Port -1

PORT-3

AUXILARY ARM

PORT-4

PORT-1 PORT-2

MAIN ARM

Fig. 4(a) Multihole Directional Coupler (M.H.D.)

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MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING FACTOR, & INSERTION LOSS: -

BLOCKDIAGRAM: -

Klystron
Power Supply
At Port-1 or the Reference Power
Or I/P power = X

Klystron Isolator or Variable Directional Matche

1 Coupler 2 d Load
Mount with Circulator Attenuator
Tube
To set Reference Level Power=X or P1
3
VSWR Meter Detector
Output power
Mount =(Y or P3)

Coupling factor=P1 – P3(db)

Fig.4 (b). For Measurement of Coupling Factor & Insertion Loss.

PROCEDURE:

A. FOR MEASUREMENT OF INSERTION LOSS (IL):

1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.4 (b).

2. Energize the microwave source for the particular operation of frequency.
3. Remove the Multi Hole Directional Coupler and connect the Detector Mount to
the Variable Attenuator. Tune the Detector for the maximum output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of the Variable
Attenuator, gain control knob of the VSWR meter, and note down the reading (i.e.
reference level let it is P1 or X db).
5. Insert the Directional Coupler as shown in the fig.4 (b). With Detector to the Main
Arm Port 2 and Matched Termination to port 4 (Auxiliary Arm), without

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disturbing the position of Variable Attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR
meter.
6. Note down the readings on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of the range
Switch if required, Let it is P2.
7. Now calculate the Insertion Loss (IL) of the Directional Coupler when it is placed
in this set up .It will be P1-P2 db. or Insertion Loss (IL)=P1-P2 db.

OBSERVATION: -
Table-1: - For measurement of Insertion Loss (IL).

S.No Power (db) at Port-1 Power (db) at Port-2 Insertion Loss (IL)
P1 db P2 db P1-P2db

PROCEDURE:

B. FOR MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING FACTOR:

1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.4(b).

2. Energize the microwave source for the particular operation of frequency.
3. Remove the Multi Hole Directional Coupler and connect the Detector Mount to the
Variable Attenuator. Tune the Detector for the maximum output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of the Variable Attenuator,
gain control knob of the VSWR meter, and note down the reading (i.e. reference level let it
is X)
5. Insert the Directional Coupler as shown in the fig.4 (a). With Detector to the Auxiliary
Arm Port 4 and Matched Termination to port 2, without changing the position of Variable
Attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
6. Note down the readings on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of the range dbSwitch if
required, Let it is Y or P4 db.
8. Calculate coupling factor of the Directional Coupler will be X-Y or P1-P3 db.

OBSERVATION:

Table-2: - For measurement of Coupling Factors.

S.No Power (db) at Port-1 Power (db) at Port-4 Coupling Factor

P1 or (X) P4 or (Y) P1-P4 or X-Y db

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C. MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIVITY:

BLOCKDIAGRAM:

Klystron
Power
Supply At Port-1 or the Reference Power
Or I/P power = X

Klystron Isolator or Variable 1 Directional

Mount with
Circulator Attenuator 1Coupler 2 Matche
2
Tube d Load

3
Output power
Detector =Y or P3(F)
VSWR Meter Mount

2 (I/P Power=X or P2)

Directional Matched
3 Coupler 1 Load
O/P Power=Yd or P3(R)

Fig.4(c). For Measurement of Directivity.

PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.4 (c).

2.. Energize the microwave source for the particular operation of frequency.
3. Remove the Multi Hole Directional Coupler and connect the Detector Mount to the
Frequency meter. Tune the Detector for the maximum output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of the Variable
Attenuator, gain control knob of the VSWR meter, and note down the reading i.e.
reference level let it is X or P1 db.

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5. Insert the Directional Coupler as shown in the fig.4 (c). The input power feed to the Port-1
and the Detector Mount connect at Port-4 of the Auxiliary Arm. while the Matched
Termination to port 2, without disturbing the position of Variable Attenuator and gain
control knob of VSWR meter.
6. Note down the readings on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of the range db
Switch if required, Let it is P4f or Y db.
7. Now again carefully disconnect the Direction Coupler from the set up and connect it in
the reverse direction .It means that, the power will be apply at Port-2 and Detector Mount
to the auxiliary port 4 and Match termination at the port 1 with out disturbing the position
of the Variable Attenuator and gain control Knob of VSWR meter.
8. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter; let it be P4r or Yd db.
9. Compute the directivity as Y – Yd db.
10. Repeat the same for other frequencies.

OBSERVATION:-
1. Power feed at port -1 i.e. reference level P1 = X db.
2. Power monitored at port -3 i.e. o/p power P3 = Y db.
3. Power monitored at port-3 = Yd db.
(After connecting the Directional coupler in the reverse direction; i.e. port –2 As I / P
port, Matched Termination at port -1 and Detector Mount at port -4, i.e. O/P Port.)

OBSERVATION: -
Table-3: - For measurement of Directivity.

S.No Power (db) at Port-3 Power (db) at Port-3 Directivity

P3f or (Y) P3r or (Yd) P3f-P3r or Y-Yd db

CALCULATION:

1. Coupling Factor = P1-P3 or X – Y db.

2. Insertion Loss = P1- P2 db.
3. Directivity = Y- Y d db (or) P3f-P3r
RESULT: - Directional coupler has been studied and insertion loss,coupling loss & directivity
have been found out.
Sample Questions:
1) How can you characterize a Directional coulpler ?
2) Name the performance parameters of a Directional coulpler ? Relate them if
coupler is ideal ?
3) Mention the different types of Directional coulplers ?
4) What is the purpose of Matched load ?
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5) What is the purpose of Slotted section ?

EXPERIMENT NO: 05

MEASUREMENT OF SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC TEE

AIM:- To study the division of power using Magic Tee.

EQUIPMENTS: -
1. Klystron Tube.
2. Klystron Power Supply.
3. Klystron Mount.
4. Isolator/circulator.
5. Frequency meter.
6. Variable Attenuator.
7. Slotted Line.
8. Detector Mount
9. Matched termination Load ---02 qty.
10. VSWR meter.
11. Wave-guide stands.
12. Accessories.
13. Magic Tee.

THEORY:- .
The device Magic Tee is a combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm-3, the
H-arm forms an H plane Tee and arm -4, the E-arm, forms an E-plane Tee in combination of
arm-1 and 2 as side or collinear arms. If the power is fed into arm-3 (H-arm), the electric
field divides equally between arm-1 and 2 with the same phase, and no electric field exists in
arm -4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in the port (arm)-3 (H-arm); if power is fed in the
arm -4(E-arm), it divides equally in to arm-1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to the arm
-3. Further, if the power is fed
From arm-1 and 2,it is added in the arm-3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in the in the
E- arm, i.e.arm-4.
Or
The Magic Tee is the combination of the H and E plane Tee, having four arms.
That is given below according to their nature of work-
1. Arm -1 and Arm-2 are collinear arms.
2. Arm -3 forms an E- plane i.e. called H-Arm.
3. Arm -4 forms an E- plane i.e. called E- Arm.
The basic parameters to be measured for the Magic Tee are defined below: -
A. ISOLATION: -
The Isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by
the generator connected to the E-arm (port-4) to the power detected at the H- arm (port-3)
when the side arms 1 and 2 are terminated in the Matched Load.
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Communications Lab

Hence,
P-4
the Isolation 3-4= 10 log. 10 ________

P-3
Similarly, the Isolation between other ports may also be defined.

B. COUPLING COEFFICIENT
-α / 20
It is defined as cij = 10
Where α is the Attenuation / Isolation in db when it is input arm and j is output arm
. Pi
Thus α = 10 log. _______
Pj
Where P i is the power delivered to arm I (i/p arm) and P j is power detected at j arm (o/p
arm).

MAGIC “T” DIAGRAM: -

Arm-4
Or
4 E-Arm
2
Arm-2
1

Arm-1

3
Arm-3
Or
H-Arm
Fig.5 (a). Magic Tee.

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 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

Klystron
Power
Supply

Klystron
2K25 Isolator or Variable Frequency
(With Slotted
Circulator Attenuator Meter
Klystron Line
Mount)

3
H-Arm
Matched
1 2
Matched Load
Magic Tee
Load

E-Arm
4

Detector
VSWR Meter Mount

Fig.5 (b). For Measurement of Isolation & Coupling coefficient of the Magic Tee.

PROCEDURE
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 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

(MEASUREMENT OF ISOLATION AND COUPLING COEFFICIENT): -

1. Connect the Microwave components according to the given block diagram fig.no 5(b).
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the Detector
Mount for the maximum output.
3. First measure the output power at out put point of Slotted Line with the help of the Detector
Mount. This O/P power is the Reference Power, which will be feed to the Arm-3 as I/P.
3. With the help of the Variable Attenuator and gain control knob of the VSWR meter, set any
power level in the VSWR meter, and note down. Let it be P 3.
4. Without disturbing the position of the Variable Attenuator and gain control knob, carefully
place the Magic Tee after the Slotted Line. Keeping H-arm (port-3) to the Slotted Line,
Detector Mount to the E-arm (port -4 ) and Matched Termination to the arm-1 and arm -2.
Note down the reading of the VSWR meter. Let it be P 4.
5. Determine the isolation between port -3 and port -4 as P 3- P 4 in db. Or
Isolation = P 3 – P 4 db.
6. Determine the coupling coefficient according to the equation given below-
Pi
Coupling coefficient α = 10 log _______
Pj
Where Pi is the power delivered in to i/p arm and P j is the power detected at o/p arm
7. The same experiment may be repeated for the other ports also.
8. Repeat the above experiment for the other frequencies.

OBSERVATION: -
I. Power input at port-3 (H-arm) as reference level P3 =-------------- dbm.
ii. Output power at port-4 (E-arm) of Magic Tee P4= ------------- dbm.
CALCULATIONS: -
Isolation between port-3 & port-4 = P3 – P4 dbm.

RESULT: - Scattering parameters of magic tee has been studied.

Sample Questions :
1) How Scattering parameters are different from other parameters ?

2) What are E- plane & H- plane tees ?

3) What is the magic behind Magic Tee ?

4) Mention the applications of Magic Tee ?

5) What are the alternative names of E- plane & H- plane tees ?

Department of ECE 24
 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 06

MICROWAVE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

AIM: - To determine the frequency in a rectangular wave-guide working on TE 10 mode

EQUIPMENTS:

1. Klystron Tube.
2. Klystron Power Supply.
3. Klystron Mount.
4. Isolator/circulator.
5. Frequency meter.
6. Variable Attenuator.
7. Slotted Line.
8. Tunable Probe.
9. VSWR meter.
10. Wave-guide stands.
11. Movable Short / Matched Termination.

THEORY

For dominant T E 10 mode in rectangular wave-guide λo, λg, λc are related as below: -
1 1 1
___ = ____ + ____
2 2 2
λo λg λc
Where-
λo is the free space wavelength or it can be denoted as λ.
λg is the guide wavelength =2 (2nd Minima-1st Minima readings with Short)
λc is the cut off wavelength
For T E 10 mode, the λc=2 a
Where “a” is inner broad dimension of the wave-guide. It is around 22.86 mm for an X-band.
The fallowing relationship can be proved.
C =fλ
8
Where C is the velocity of the light (i.e. 3 x10 mt / sec) and f is the frequency.

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 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

Klystron VSWR Meter

Power Supply
Tunable
Probe

Klystron Variable
Mount with Isolator or Frequency Slotted
Attenuator
Tube Circulator Meter Line

Matched
Load

(Take Minima & maxima readings with Load)

Fig. 6(a). For Frequency Measurement.

PROCEDURE

1. Set the components as shown in the fig. 6(a).

2. Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum position.
3. Keep the control knobs of the VSWR meter as below-
Range db Switch---------------------------at 50-db positions.
Input Switch -------------------------------at Crystal low impedance.
Meter Switch ----------------------------- -at Normal position.
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 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

Gain (Coarse & fine) ---------------------at mid position.

4. Keep the control knobs of the Klystron Power Supply as below: -
Meter Switch --------------------------------- ‘OFF ‘
Mod. - Switch ------------------------------------ AM
Beam Voltage knob ---------------------------- Fully anti clockwise
Reflector Voltage ------------------------------ Fully clock wise
AM-Amplitude knob --------------------------Around fully clockwise
AM-Frequency knob ------------------------- Around Mid position
5. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Turn the meter switch of the Klystron Power Supply to the Beam Voltage position and set
the Beam Voltage at 300 V with the help of the Beam Voltage knob.
7. Adjust the Reflector Voltage to get some deflection in the VSWR meter.
8. Maximize the deflection with the AM –Amplitude and Frequency control knob of the
Klystron Power Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of the Klystron Mount for the maximum deflection in the VSWR.
Meter.
10. Tune the Reflector Voltage knob for the maximum deflection in the VSWR meter.
11. Tune the Tunable Probe for the maximum deflection in the VSWR meter.
12. Tune the Frequency Meter knob to get a ‘dip’ on the VSWR scale and note down the
Frequency directly from the Frequency Meter.
13. Replace the Matched Termination with Movable Short, and detune the Frequency Meter.
14. Move the Tunable Probe along with the Slotted Line, the deflection in the VSWR meter
will vary. Move the Tunable Probe to a minimum deflection position, to get the accurate
reading, it is necessary to increase the VSWR meter range db switch to the higher position.
Note and record the Tunable Probe position according to the observation table.
15. Move the Tunable Probe to the next minimum deflection position and record the Tunable
Probe position.
16. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between the two successive mini
mum position obtained as oboe.
17. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension ‘a ‘, which will be around 22.86mm for X-
band. Hence λc=2a=45.72mm or 4.572cm.

OBSERVATION:-

Srl.No. Tunable Probe position at the Tunable Probe position at the mini.
Maxi. VSWR meter deflection VSWR meter deflection (in cm.)
(In cm.)
1.

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 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

18. Calculate the frequency by the fallowing equation: -

c
f = _____ or
λ
1=
f = c √ (1/ λg)2 + (1/ λc)2 where λ0 √ (1/ λg)
2
+ (1/ λc)2

8
Where c = 3 x 10 meter /sec. i.e. velocity of the light.

19. Verify with the frequency obtained from the Frequency Meter.
20. Above experiment can be verified at the different frequencies also.

RESULT: - Frequency measurement of a waveguide has been studied and calculated with the
help of above experiment

Sample Questions :

1) What is Wave guide ? Name the different types ?

2) What are TE , TM , TEM modes ?

3) Mention the Dominant & Degenerative modes ?

4) What are Group & Phase Velocities ?

5) What are the advantages of slotted section ?

Department of ECE 28
 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

MEASUREMENT OF IMPEDANCE OF A GIVEN LOAD

AIM: - To measure the Impedance of an unknown load with the help of the Smith Chart.

EQUIPMENTS:

1. Klystron tube 2K25.

2. Klystron Power Supply.
3. Klystron Mount.
4. Isolator /Circulator.
5. Frequency Meter.
6. Variable Attenuator.
7. Slotted Line.
8. Tunable Probe.
9. VSWR meter.
10. Wave-Guide Stands.
11. S.S.Tuner.
12. Movable Short / Matched Termination Load.

THEORY:

TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION OF WAVES:

When a transmission line (wave guide) is terminated with a load having impedance
different from its characteristics impedance, the incident wave will be partially reflected at the
load end and there will be two waves inside the wave-guide. The Incident and reflected waves are
traveling in opposite directions. These incident and reflected waves combine to form Standing
waves.

UNKNOWN IMPEDANCE:

When unknown impedance is connected at the terminating load in a microwave bench

consisting of a slotted wave section, a standing wave pattern is formed in the wave-guide. VSWR
is measured and plotted on Smith chart .The voltage minimum occurs at the impedance minimum
position. Now, the unknown load impedance is replaced by the short (Moveable Short). The
position of the minimum will shift the difference to shift is plotted on Smith chart to get
impedance.
Department of ECE 29
 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

Department of ECE 30
 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

EXAMPLE:

Connect an unknown impedance (SS Tuner and Matched Load) and measure the VSWR.
Let it is 3 at normal scale. Now find out the Minima and Maxima readings with load now find out
the Minima and Maxima readings with load. Let the 1 st minima is at 9.52 cm (towards Microwave
Source) and 2nd Minima at 12.31 cm.

Now replace the Load with Short and observe the shift in Minima and Maxima readings. The
wavelength (guided wavelength λg) inside the wave-guide, which is twice the distance between
two minima of the standing wave pattern (with short). Again note down the Minima and Maxima
readings with Short. Observe the first minima from the load end on the Slotted Line scale. Let
this occurs at 9.98 cm.

The minima is now located at 9.98 cm.towards Generator. This shift is expressed in terms of
wave length ‘d” is (9.98 –9.52) =0.46cm.The shift of minimum position in terms of wavelength is
computed from the Smith chart; direction of the shift and VSWR will be required to determine
the unknown impedance value from the unit smith chart. On the Smith chart, start from zero
impedance position and move clockwise (towards Generator) by 0.46 wavelengths. Stop there
and draw a radial line towards the center. These line cuts the VSWR circle at 0.5 (Resistance or
conductance components line) at normalized impedance 0.5 +J 0.5 of the load. The actual value
of the impedance is obtained by multiplying it with the characteristics impedance of the unknown
load in Ohms.

EXPECTED GRAPH:
O/P At VSWR Meter

-6

Maxima & Minima -5

(With Short)
-4

-3

Maxima & Minima -2

(With Load)
-1

- 0
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
Distance (cm) λg/2 d

(Towards Micro Wave Source) (Towards Load)

d1 d2
Fig.7 (a ). Standing Wave in Impedance measurement
Department of ECE 31
 Aurora's Technological and Research Institute Microwave and Optical
Communications Lab

Klystron
Power Supply
Tunable probe

Klystron
Isolator Variable Frequency Slotted
Mount with
or Attenuato Meter
Tube
Circulato r Line
r

Matched Slide Screw

Load Tuner (S.S)
(Load)

(Take Minima & maxima readings with Load)

Moveable
Short
(With
Short)

Fig.7 (b). For IMPEDANCE Measurement.

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

PROCEDURE: -

1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.7 (b).

2. Set the Variable Attenuator at maximum position.
3. Keep the control knobs of the VSWR meter as below-
Range db switch at 40 or 50-db positions.
nput Switch at Crystal low Impedance.
Meter Switch at Normal position.
Gain control knob (coarse fine) at Mid position.
4. Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below-
Meter Switch at ‘OFF’ position.
Mod. Switch at AM position.
Beam Voltage knob at fully anti clockwise position.
Reflector Voltage switches at fully clockwise.
AM-Amplitude at switch at around fully clockwise position.
AM-Frequency knob switch at around Mid Position.
5. Switch’ ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Turn the meter switch of Klystron Power Supply to the Beam Voltage position and set
Beam Voltage at 270V to 300Vwith the help of the Beam Voltage knob.
7. Adjust the Reflector Voltage to get some deflection in the VSWR meter. Maximize
the deflection with the help of the AM-Amplitude and Frequency control knob of the
Klystron Power Supply.
8. Tune the plunger of the Klystron Mount for the maximum deflection.
9. Tune the Reflector Voltage knob for the maximum deflection.
10. Tune the Tunable Probe for the maximum deflection in the VSWR meter.
11. Tune the Frequency meter knob to get a dip on the VSWR scale, and note down the
frequency directly from the Frequency meter.
12. Keep the depth of the pin of S.S. Tuner to around 3-4 mm and lock it.
13. Move the Tunable Probe along with Slotted Line to get maximum deflection.
14. Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob and Variable Attenuator until the meter indicates1.0
on the normal upper SWR scale.
15. Move the Tunable Probe to the next minima point and note down the SWR=So on the scale,
also note down the Tunable Probe position - Let it may be denoted as d (----cm).
16. Remove the S.S. Tuner and Matched Termination and place Movable Short at the
Slotted Line .The plunger of the Movable short should be at zero.
17. Note down the position of the two successive minima position-Let it may be denoted as d 1
and d 2. Hence λg =2 (d 1 – d 2)

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

18. Calculate the impedance according to the fallowing equation by putting the values
Of d and λg. Impedance = d / λg
19 Find out the normalized Impedance as described in the theory section.
20 Repeat the same experiment for the other frequency if required.

OBSERVATION: -
Oscillating frequency of the Klystron=-------------------- GHz.
Position of the Tunable Probe (at SWR=0 i.e.) d=--------cm.
Position of the Tunable Probe at Ist. Minima d1=--------cm
Position of the Tunable Probe at IInd minima d2=-------cm.
(For two successive Minima readings)

Table –1: - Minima and Maxima readings when load is connected.

(With Load)

Srl. Tunable Probe position (cm) Tunable Probe position (cm) at

No. At Maximums meter deflection minimumVSWR meter deflection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Table –2: - Minima and Maxima readings when Short is connected.

(With Short)

Srl. Tunable Probe position (cm) Tunable Probe position (cm) at

No. At Maximums meter deflection minimumVSWR meter deflection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Calculations: -
To calculate the impedance according to the fallowing equation by putting the
value of d and λg.
Impedance = d / λg
Where d=-----cm.
And λg =2 (d2-d1) cm.

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

EXPECTED GRAPH: -

O/P At VSWR Meter

-6

Maxima & Minima -5

(With Short)
-4

-3

Maxima & Minima -2

(With Load)
-1

- 0
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
Distance (cm) λg/2 d
(0.46cm)
(Towards Micro Wave Source) (Towards Load)

d2=(12.31CM), d1=(9.52cm)

Fig.7 (c).

RESULT: - The Impedance a given load has been determined using the Smith chart..

Sample Questions :

1) Mention the ways of Measuring Impedance parameter ?

2) Mention the purpose of Micowave bench ?

3) How can you measure unknown load with the help of Smith chart ?

4) What is the purpose of Tunable Detector ?

5 ) How the high frequency measurements different from low frequency measurements ?

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

EXPERIMENT NO : 08

VSWR MEASUREMENT OF MATCHED LOAD

AIM: To determines the Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and Reflection Coefficient.

EQUIPMENTS:

1. Klystron tube.
2. Klystron Power Supply.
3. VSWR meter.
4. Klystron Mount.
5. Isolator /Circulator.
6. Frequency Meter.
7. Variable Attenuator.
8. Slotted Line.
9. Tunable Probe.
10. Wave-guide Stands.
11. Movable Short / Termination or any unknown load.
12. BNC cable,
13. Slide Screw (S-S) Tuner.

THEORY:

The electro-magnetic field at any point of the transmission line, may be considered as the
sum of the two traveling waves –
a) Incident Wave: - The Incident wave propagates from generator (microwave source)
To load or towards antenna.
b) Reflected Wave: - The Reflected wave propagates towards generator (microwave
source)
The Reflected wave is set up by the reflection of the Incident wave from dis-continuity on
the line or from load impedance .The magnitude and phase of the Reflected
Wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the reflecting impedance.

The presence of the two traveling waves, gives rise to STANDING WAVE along with
The Tx. Line. The maximum field strength is found where the two waves are in phase and
Minimum field strength is found where the two waves are in opposite phase .The distance
between two successive minimum (or maximum) is half the GUIDE WAVE –LENGTH on
the Tx line .The ratio of the electrical field strength of the Reflected wave and Incident wave is
called Reflection Coefficient.
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as ratio between maximum and
minimum field strength along the Tx. Line.

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

Hence VSWR = Emax. /Emin.

[E i] + [E r]
=
[E i] – [E r]

Reflection coefficient γ = Er / Ei

The Slotted Line is a transmission line with a slot cut longitudinally in the center of the
wave-guide. Standing waves are formed due to mismatch between source and load. The Incident
wave entering from source to load side and reflected wave coming from opposite side (from load
to source). So these both waves combine to each other in side the Slotted Line to form Minima
and Maxima according to there phase difference. These Minima and Maxima are detected by the
help of Tunable probe and Slotted line. The ratio of Minima and Maxima gives VSWR. The
Maxima is adjusted to read as reference 1.0, the subsequent Minima is so calibrated that it
directly reads as VSWR.
VSWR Meter O/P reading

Emax _

Emin -

Tunable Probe position (cm)

Fig.8 (a). Standing Wave

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

BLOCK DIAGRAM: - (For Low and Medium VSWR measurement)

VSWR Meter
Klystron
Power Supply Tunable
Probe

Klystron Isolator or Variable Frequency Slotted

Mount with Circulator Attenuator Meter Line
Tube

Matched Slide
Load Scre
w
Tune
Fig.8 (b). For Measurement of Low and Medium VSWR.

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the equipments as shown in the fig.8 (b).

2. Keep the Variable attenuator at maximum position.
3. Before switched “ON” the VSWR meter, the fallowing settings are necessary Range db
Switch at 40 db / 50 db range.
Input switch at Impedance low.
Meter switch at Normal position.
Gain control knob (coarse – fine) at Mid Position approx.
4. Keep the control knobs of the Klystron Power Supply as below-
Meter switch at “Off “.
Mod. Switch at “AM “position.
Beam Voltage knob at Fully Anti-clockwise position.
Reflector Voltage knob at Fully clockwise position.
AM Frequency & Amplitude knob should be at Mid Position.
5. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter, and Cooling Fan.
6. Turn the Meter Switch of the Klystron Power Supply to the Beam Voltage position and
set the Beam Voltage at 270V to300 V.
7. Rotate the Reflector Voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

8. Tune the out put by the tuning of the Reflector Voltage, Amplitude and Frequency of the
AM Modulation
9. Tune for maximum deflection by tuning the plunger of the Klystron Mount. Also tune for
maximum deflection by tuning of the Tunable probe.
10. If necessary changes the range db – switch, Variable Attenuator position and gain control
knob to get deflection in the scale of the VSWR meter.
11. Move the Tunable Probe along with the Slotted Line, the deflection will change.

For measurement of Low and Medium VSWR:

1. Let the Slotted Line be connected directly to a Matched Termination Load. Move the
Tunable Probe carriage along with Slotted Line and calculate the VSWR by noting the
maximum deflection and minimum deflection in the VSWR Meter output readings. (For
a matched condition, the square root of the Maximum to the Minimum readings should be
less than or equal to 1.1).
2. Insert the Slide Screw (S.S) Tuner in between Slotted Line and Matched Termination
Load. Move the Tunable Probe carriage along with Slotted Line to get Maximum
deflection on the VSWR meter. Adjust the gain control on the VSWR Meter so that the
pointer on the output meter is set exactly to full scale on the VSWR scale. Move the
Tunable Probe carriage along with Slotted Line to get minimum output voltage and note
down the reading. This Minima reading is directly the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR).
3. If the VSWR is greater than 2, the voltage Minima become too small for accurate reading
on the same range as the voltage Maximum. In such condition, the Minima should be
measured on two separate ranges of VSWR Meter, such that both values are read
accurately near half scale of the indicating meter. The VSWR can be computed from the
actual value of Maxima and Minima.

Observations:

VSWR(max) Slotted line VSWR(min) Slotted line

Scale(cm) Scale(cm)

Calculations:

VSWR(S) = Vmax(SWR)/ Vmin(SWR)

Reflection Coefficient()= S-1/S+1

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 Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab

Sample Questions:

1. Define VSWR.
2. Define Reflection Coefficient.
3. Why Standing waves are obtaining from transmission line?
4. How to reduce Standing Waves?
5. What is the relation between VSWR and guided wavelength?

Result:

Hence the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient of a matched load are calculated.

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Aurora’s Technological and Research Institute MWE Lab