AI question

Lecture 1

Here are 25 multiple-choice questions along with their answers,

separated for clarity:

### Questions:

1. **What is AI?**
- A) The study of human behavior
- B) The branch of computer science concerned with automating
intelligent behavior
- C) The study of natural phenomena
- D) The art of creating art

2. **Which of the following is NOT an objective of the AI course?**

- A) Understanding AI application areas
- B) Learning predicate calculus
- C) Studying human psychology
- D) Using PROLOG for problem-solving

3. **What will students be able to do after completing the AI course?**

- A) Develop AI systems for real-world problems
 - B) Use AI to play video games
- C) Create 3D animations
- D) Study plant biology

4. **How is AI categorized?**
- A) Systems that act like humans and systems that act like animals
- B) Systems that think like humans and systems that think rationally
- C) Systems that act rationally and systems that act emotionally
- D) Systems that think like animals and systems that think logically

5. **What is a rational agent?**

- A) An entity that acts irrationally
- B) An entity that perceives its environment and acts to maximize goal
achievement
- C) A human-like robot
- D) A software that simulates emotions

6. **What is the Turing Test used for?**

- A) Measuring human IQ
- B) Evaluating machine intelligence
- C) Testing computer hardware
- D) Assessing software performance
7. **Which language is mentioned for AI problem-solving?**
- A) Python
- B) Java
- C) PROLOG
- D) C++

8. **Which of the following areas is NOT a current AI application?**

- A) Natural language processing
- B) Robotics
- C) Social behavior modeling
- D) Astrological predictions

9. **What is an intelligent agent?**

- A) A human working in AI
- B) An autonomous entity using sensors and actuators to achieve
goals
- C) A software that plays games
- D) An AI researcher

10. **What do intelligent agents use to perceive their environment?**

- A) Cameras and sensors
 - B) Only cameras
- C) Microphones
- D) Thermometers

11. **What is the performance measure of an automated taxi driver?**

- A) Driving slowly
- B) Maximizing profits while ensuring safe, fast, and legal trips
- C) Driving without any rules
- D) Avoiding all traffic signals

12. **Which of the following is a key characteristic of AI knowledge

representation languages?**
- A) Syntax
- B) Semantics
- C) Both syntax and semantics
- D) Neither syntax nor semantics

13. **Which algorithm is NOT mentioned in the lecture for state-space

search?**
- A) Backtrack algorithm
- B) Depth-first search
- C) Breadth-first search
- D) Genetic algorithm
14. **What is required to pass the Turing Test?**
- A) Machine learning only
- B) Automated reasoning only
- C) Natural language processing, knowledge representation,
automated reasoning, and machine learning
- D) Natural language processing only

15. **What is the focus of AI in healthcare?**

- A) Performing complex surgeries
- B) Simplifying the lives of patients, doctors, and administrators
- C) Developing new medicines
- D) Creating virtual doctors

16. **What is an example of motion and manipulation in AI?**

- A) Playing chess
- B) Language translation
- C) Robotics for object manipulation and navigation
- D) Writing a story

17. **Which of the following is a function of AI in natural language

processing?**
- A) Language generation
 - B) Image recognition
- C) Video processing
- D) Data encryption

18. **Which area does not fall under AI's social and business
intelligence applications?**
- A) Customer behavior modeling
- B) Language translation
- C) Social behavior modeling
- D) Predicting market trends

19. **What is the role of perception in an intelligent agent?**

- A) To act without sensing the environment
- B) To perceive the environment through sensors
- C) To ignore environmental changes
- D) To manually control all actions

20. **What is the purpose of using PROLOG in AI?**

- A) For creating graphical user interfaces
- B) For AI problem solving
- C) For database management
- D) For web development
21. **What is a characteristic of rational behavior in AI?**
- A) Acting randomly
- B) Doing the right thing to maximize goal achievement
- C) Ignoring goals
- D) Acting emotionally

22. **What kind of reasoning involves using logical techniques like

deduction and induction?**
- A) Emotional reasoning
- B) Random reasoning
- C) Logical reasoning
- D) Practical reasoning

23. **What is a key input for an intelligent agent?**

- A) Current observations about the environment
- B) Random guesses
- C) User preferences
- D) None of the above

24. **What is an example of a sensor for a robotic agent?**

- A) Microphones
 - B) Cameras and infrared range finders
- C) Wheels
- D) Arms

25. **Which of the following is an AI textbook mentioned in the

lecture?**
- A) Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents
- B) Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
- C) Introduction to Machine Learning
- D) Deep Learning
……………………………………………………………………………
lecture 2
1. What are the four main rules for an AI agent?
a) Perceive, Decide, Act, Rationalize
b) Perceive, Decide, Act, Optimize
c) Observe, Decide, Act, Rationalize
d) Perceive, Rationalize, Decide, Act

2. Which of the following is not an example of an AI agent's actuators?

a) Motors
b) Cameras
c) Hands
d) Legs
3. The agent function maps from _____ to actions.
a) Sensors
b) Actuators
c) Percept histories
d) Performance measures

4. In the vacuum-cleaner world, what is one of the agent's actions?

a) Up
b) Down
c) Suck
d) Clean

5. What must be specified to design a rational agent?

a) Environment
b) Task environment
c) Sensors and Actuators
d) Performance measure

6. In the PEAS framework, what does "A" stand for?

a) Actions
b) Actuators
 c) Agents
d) Attributes

7. Which environment type is described as completely unchanged while

an agent perceives it?
a) Dynamic
b) Static
c) Discrete
d) Continuous

8. What type of environment does playing soccer represent?

a) Static
b) Dynamic
c) Deterministic
d) Single-agent

9. An environment where the agent's current action affects all future

states is known as:
a) Episodic
b) Sequential
c) Dynamic
d) Stochastic
10. Which type of AI agent selects actions based solely on the current
percept?
a) Utility-based agents
b) Goal-based agents
c) Reflex agents with state
d) Simple reflex agents

11. What is an example of a partially observable environment?

a) Tic-tac-toe
b) Chess
c) Playing card games
d) Automated taxi driving

12. In a deterministic environment:

a) The next state is unpredictable
b) The next state is known
c) Randomness exists
d) The environment is partially observable

13. What type of environment has a finite number of states and actions?
a) Discrete
b) Continuous
 c) Stochastic
d) Dynamic

14. What does a medical diagnosis agent use as its actuators?

a) Cameras
b) Tests
c) Sensors
d) Computers

15. Which AI agent type is most likely to include a look-up table?

a) Goal-based agents
b) Utility-based agents
c) Reflex agents with state
d) Simple reflex agents

16. The environment type where other agents influence the decision
process is:
a) Single-agent
b) Multi-agent
c) Deterministic
d) Stochastic
17. An AI agent must perform an action that is:
a) Random
b) Predictable
c) Rational
d) Continuous

18. Which PEAS element involves cameras, sonar, and GPS in an

automated taxi driver?
a) Performance measure
b) Environment
c) Actuators
d) Sensors

19. The AI environment where actions depend on the agent's percept

sequence and built-in knowledge is:
a) Rational agent environment
b) Deterministic environment
c) Stochastic environment
d) Continuous environment

20. What type of environment is an internet shopping agent working in?

a) Deterministic
b) Stochastic
 c) Partially observable
d) Fully observable

21. The agent's action of braking in response to the car in front braking
is an example of:
a) Reflex agents with state
b) Utility-based agent action
c) Simple reflex agent action
d) Goal-based agent action

22. In a continuous environment, the number of possible states is:

a) Finite
b) Infinite
c) Deterministic
d) Partially observable

23. What is a characteristic of a fully observable environment?

a) The agent cannot sense the complete state
b) The sensors detect all relevant aspects
c) The environment is static
d) The environment is discrete
24. A support bot answering questions independently of previous
interactions is an example of:
a) Sequential environment
b) Episodic environment
c) Multi-agent environment
d) Continuous environment

25. In the PEAS framework for a medical diagnosis agent, what does the
"P" stand for?
a) Performance measure
b) Perception
c) Probability
d) Precision
……………………………………………………………………………
Lecture 3

1. Which of the following is NOT a problem with simple reflex agents?

a) Limited intelligence
b) No knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the state
c) Ability to consider future consequences of actions
d) Need for updating rules with changes in the environment
2. A model-based reflex agent can work in a partially observable
environment by:
a) Using a collection of pre-defined rules
b) Tracking the situation using a model of the world
c) Ignoring non-perceptual parts of the state
d) Always choosing the first action that comes to mind

3. Which of these factors is essential for a model-based agent?

a) Predefined goals
b) Random action selection
c) Model of how the world works
d) Ignoring percept history

4. Goal-based agents select actions based on:

a) Current perceptions only
b) Rules defined by an external entity
c) Future actions to achieve goals
d) Random action selection

5. Reflex agents are limited because they:

a) Can operate well in complex environments
b) Cannot consider future actions
 c) Always choose the optimal action
d) Have an internal model of the world

6. A utility-based agent selects actions to:

a) Maximize the number of actions
b) Maximize the expected utility of the outcome state
c) Minimize the computational cost
d) Achieve goals without considering the outcome

7. What must goal-based and utility-based agents represent?

a) Only the current state
b) States, actions, effects, goals, and utilities
c) Only the goals
d) Only the utilities

8. Which of the following best describes a learning agent?

a) An agent that uses fixed rules
b) An agent that improves based on experience
c) An agent that ignores past performance
d) An agent that relies solely on random actions

9. The critic in a learning agent is responsible for:

 a) Generating new actions
b) Measuring the agent's performance
c) Updating the agent’s internal state
d) Formulating new goals

10. Problem formulation involves:

a) Deciding what actions and states to consider given a goal
b) Randomly selecting actions
c) Ignoring the environment's states
d) Using a fixed set of actions

11. A problem-solving agent's task is to:

a) Find random sequences of actions
b) Find sequences of actions leading to desirable states
c) Ignore the goal state
d) Avoid any action sequences

12. The process of searching for a sequence of actions to reach a goal is

known as:
a) Reflex action
b) Random selection
c) State space search
 d) Utility calculation

13. A search algorithm:

a) Returns a random action sequence
b) Takes a problem as input and returns a solution as an action
sequence
c) Ignores the initial state
d) Always produces suboptimal solutions

14. The initial state in problem definition refers to:

a) The final goal state
b) Any state that can be designated as the starting point
c) The set of all possible actions
d) The internal model of the agent

15. The transition model in a search problem:

a) Describes how the world changes without actions
b) Is irrelevant to the problem
c) Returns the resulting state given a state and action
d) Randomly selects the next state

16. What is the path cost function used for?

 a) Measuring the performance of the agent
b) Ignoring the cost of actions
c) Assigning a numeric cost to each path
d) Always choosing the highest cost path

17. In the 8-puzzle problem, what does the initial state represent?
a) The goal configuration of the tiles
b) Any configuration of tiles at the start
c) The actions that can be taken
d) The path cost

18. The goal test in the 8-puzzle problem checks:

a) If the state matches the initial configuration
b) If the blank tile is in the center
c) If the state matches the goal configuration
d) The number of steps taken

19. The performance element of a learning agent is:

a) The agent's function
b) Responsible for giving feedback
c) Suggests new actions
d) Randomly selects actions
20. A solution to a problem in AI is defined as:
a) Any random action sequence
b) An action sequence leading from the initial state to the goal state
c) A state with no actions
d) A model of the world

21. In a goal-based agent, the representation of actions includes:

a) The costs associated with each action
b) The random selection of actions
c) The effects of actions transitioning from one state to another
d) The initial state

22. The problem generator in a learning agent:

a) Measures the agent's performance
b) Provides feedback to the learning element
c) Suggests new possible courses of action
d) Updates the internal state

23. How does a reflex agent differ from a utility-based agent?

a) Reflex agents can consider future actions
b) Utility-based agents cannot evaluate different outcomes
 c) Reflex agents operate on current perceptions only
d) Utility-based agents rely on fixed rules

24. A model-based reflex agent updates its internal state by:

a) Ignoring the percept history
b) Using current perceptions only
c) Adjusting based on each percept
d) Randomly selecting actions

25. What does the learning element in a learning agent do?

a) Measures performance
b) Updates the model of the world
c) Makes improvements by observing performance
d) Formulates new goals
…………………………………………………………………………….
lecture 4
### Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does a state space graph consist of?

a) Nodes and connections
b) Nodes and arcs
c) Arcs and states
d) Nodes and paths
2. In a state space model of problem solving, what do the nodes
represent?
a) Actions
b) Transitions
c) Discrete states
d) Solutions

3. What do the arcs of a graph represent in a state space model?

a) Steps in a solution process
b) Goals
c) Initial states
d) Problem instances

4. In the traveling salesperson problem, when does the search terminate?

a) When all nodes are visited
b) When the shortest path is found through all nodes
c) When the first goal is reached
d) When no more states are available

5. What is the task of a search algorithm in problem-solving?

a) To generate new states
 b) To find a solution path through the problem space
c) To define initial and goal states
d) To create a state space

6. What is the internal state based on?

a) Current state
b) Percept history
c) Goal state
d) Action sequence

7. In the vacuum world example, how many possible world states exist
with two locations?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16

8. What are the three actions available in the simple vacuum

environment?
a) Up, Down, Suck
b) Left, Right, Clean
c) Left, Right, Suck
d) Move, Clean, Check
9. What does the goal test check in the vacuum world?
a) If the agent is in the right location
b) If all squares are clean
c) If all dirt is collected
d) If the agent has moved

10. In the airline travel problem, what does the path cost depend on?
a) Number of flights
b) Time of day
c) Monetary cost, waiting time, flight time, and other factors
d) Distance traveled

11. What forms the root of the search tree in a search problem?
a) Initial state
b) Goal state
c) Action sequence
d) Path cost

12. What type of agents perform tasks towards achieving a goal?

a) Reactive agents
b) Search agents
 c) Intelligent agents
d) Pathfinding agents

13. What must a search algorithm determine when examining states in a

tree or graph?
a) The number of nodes
b) The path cost
c) The order of state examination
d) The initial state

14. Into how many broad categories can search algorithms be divided?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

15. What dimension evaluates if a search algorithm always finds a

solution if one exists?
a) Time complexity
b) Space complexity
c) Completeness
d) Optimality
16. In a breadth-first search, how is the space explored?
a) Depth-by-depth
b) Path-by-path
c) Node-by-node
d) Level-by-level

17. What is the maximum number of nodes in memory called?

a) Time complexity
b) Space complexity
c) Completeness
d) Optimality

18. Which dimension measures the number of nodes

generated/expanded?
a) Completeness
b) Time complexity
c) Space complexity
d) Optimality

19. What does an informed search algorithm use that an uninformed one
does not?
a) Heuristics
b) Arcs
 c) Nodes
d) States

20. What does the path cost represent in a search algorithm?

a) The total number of steps
b) The optimality of the path
c) The maximum nodes
d) The completeness of the solution

21. In the vacuum world, what happens if the agent tries to move left in
the leftmost square?
a) It moves to the next state
b) It stays in the same state
c) It moves to the rightmost square
d) It cleans the square

22. What is one of the goals in a state space search?

a) Finding the longest path
b) Finding a solution path from start state to goal
c) Generating new states
d) Minimizing the number of nodes
23. What describes the steps in a problem-solving process in a state
space model?
a) Nodes
b) Arcs
c) Paths
d) Goals

24. What do search algorithms keep track of in problem-solving?

a) Nodes and arcs
b) Initial and goal states
c) Paths from start to goal node
d) Actions and transitions

25. What type of state can be designated in a state space problem?

a) Initial state
b) Goal state
c) Intermediate state
d) All of the above
…………………………………………………………………………….
lecture 5
Here are 25 multiple-choice questions based on the lecture "Introduction
to Artificial Intelligence" by Prof. Tarek M. Mahmoud.
### Questions

1. *What is the primary goal of a search algorithm in AI?*

- A) To generate random states
- B) To find the shortest path
- C) To find a solution in the state space
- D) To maximize the number of generated states

2. *Which function is used to generate a set of states that are reachable

in one step from the input state?*
- A) goalTest(state, goal)
- B) moveGen(state)
- C) generateState(state)
- D) testState(state)

3. *What does the goalTest(state, goal) function return when the state
matches the goal?*
- A) False
- B) True
- C) Null
- D) 1

4. *In the context of the n-queens problem, what is the goal?*

 - A) To place n queens on a board with no two queens in the same row
- B) To place n queens on a board with no two queens in the same
column
- C) To place n queens on a board with no two queens on the same
diagonal
- D) All of the above

5. *What type of problem is the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)?*

- A) A minimization problem
- B) A maximization problem
- C) An optimization problem
- D) A heuristic problem

6. *In the TSP, what is a 'tour'?*

- A) A set of nodes without any constraints
- B) A path that touches every vertex exactly once
- C) A random walk through the nodes
- D) A partial solution to the problem

7. *Which of the following is a real-life example of an optimization

problem mentioned in the lecture?*
- A) VLSI circuit layout
- B) Social network analysis
 - C) Stock market prediction
- D) Image recognition

8. *What is the evaluation function in the TSP?*

- A) The number of nodes
- B) The distance between nodes
- C) The length of the tour
- D) The number of tours

9. *What is the state space size for TSP when there are n nodes to
connect?*
- A) n!
- B) (n - 1)!
- C) (n - 1)!/2
- D) (n + 1)!/2

10. *Which algorithm starts with an initial solution and moves to a

neighboring solution to find a better solution?*
- A) Breadth-first search
- B) Depth-first search
- C) Local search
- D) A* algorithm
11. *In the hill climbing algorithm, what happens if no better
neighboring state is found?*
- A) The algorithm restarts
- B) The current state is returned as the local optimum
- C) The algorithm continues indefinitely
- D) The algorithm backtracks

12. *What is the principle of local search algorithms?*

- A) Operate on multiple states
- B) Maintain the solution path
- C) Keep a single current state and try to improve it
- D) Generate and test all possible states

13. *What does the transition model do in the 8 queens problem?*

- A) Removes a queen from the board
- B) Adds a queen to a specified square on the board
- C) Checks if the queens are attacking each other
- D) Finds the optimal placement for queens

14. *In the 8 queens problem, what is the initial state?*

- A) All 8 queens on the board
- B) Half of the queens on the board
 - C) No queens on the board
- D) One queen on the board

15. *What type of search does not require maintaining the solution
path?*
- A) Breadth-first search
- B) Depth-first search
- C) Local search
- D) Uniform cost search

16. *Which of the following is an example of an evaluation function in

optimization problems?*
- A) State generator
- B) Cost function
- C) Transition model
- D) Move generator

17. *What is a local maximum in optimization problems?*

- A) The highest value in the entire state space
- B) The highest value in a limited area of the state space
- C) The lowest value in a limited area of the state space
- D) The lowest value in the entire state space
18. *What is the main characteristic of a global maximum?*
- A) It is the highest point in a subset of the state space
- B) It is the highest point in the entire state space
- C) It is the lowest point in the entire state space
- D) It is the lowest point in a subset of the state space

19. *What does the hill climbing algorithm optimize for?*

- A) The fastest solution
- B) The most accurate solution
- C) The highest or lowest value of the objective function
- D) The most complex solution

20. *In the context of AI, what is an optimization problem?*

- A) A problem that requires finding the shortest path
- B) A problem that requires satisfying certain constraints and
optimizing a cost function
- C) A problem that only requires generating solutions
- D) A problem that cannot be solved with search algorithms

21. *What is the role of the cost function in optimization problems?*

- A) To generate new states
- B) To evaluate the quality of a solution
 - C) To define the initial state
- D) To test the goal state

22. *What does the term 'combinatorial structure' refer to in optimization

problems?*
- A) The number of steps required to reach the goal
- B) The arrangement and relationships between different elements in
the problem
- C) The computational power required to solve the problem
- D) The final solution of the problem

23. *Which problem-solving approach involves searching the state space

for a solution?*
- A) Generate and Test
- B) Hill Climbing
- C) Local Search
- D) All of the above

24. *In the 8 queens problem, what is the goal test?*

- A) Checking if all squares are filled
- B) Checking if no queens are attacking each other
- C) Checking if queens are in the same row
- D) Checking if there are exactly 8 queens on the board
25. *What is a common difficulty in solving optimization problems?*
- A) Defining the initial state
- B) Enumerating all possible states
- C) Finding any solution
- D) Generating random states
…………………………………………………………………………….
lecture 6
### Multiple Choice Questions

#### Questions

1. What is the key concept illustrated by the Farmer, Wolf, Goat, and
Cabbage Problem?
a) The importance of brute force search
b) The significance of knowledge representation in problem-solving
c) The role of randomness in AI
d) The necessity of complex algorithms

2. What is a primary task of logical agents?

a) Randomly guessing solutions
b) Using inference to derive new information
c) Following pre-defined paths
 d) Ignoring new inputs

3. What does a good knowledge representation provide according to the

lecture?
a) A brick wall preventing problem-solving
b) An open door to problem-solving
c) An unnecessary complexity
d) A distraction from the main problem

4. What is the first step in solving the Farmer, Wolf, Goat, and Cabbage
Problem?
a) Drawing a map of the river
b) Constructing a node for each possible way the farmer and his
possessions can populate the two banks
c) Randomly trying different solutions
d) Using trial and error

5. What is a semantic network?

a) A type of artificial neural network
b) A labelled graph used to describe relations of objects, concepts,
situations, or actions
c) A physical network of computers
d) A random collection of nodes
6. What are the two main aspects of a knowledge representation
language?
a) Syntax and structure
b) Syntax and semantics
c) Semantics and pragmatics
d) Structure and pragmatics

7. What is the main function of reasoning in AI?

a) To generate random outputs
b) To infer facts from existing data
c) To operate without any data
d) To follow fixed rules without deviation

8. In the context of AI, what is an inference?

a) A random guess
b) A way to derive new sentences from old sentences
c) An input from the user
d) A predefined rule

9. What is a knowledge base?

a) A set of random sentences
 b) A set of sentences in a formal language representing facts about the
world
c) A collection of images
d) A database of user inputs

10. Which programming languages are mentioned as tools for

implementing AI representations?
a) Python and Java
b) LISP and PROLOG
c) C++ and Ruby
d) JavaScript and HTML

11. What is an important question in knowledge representation?

a) How to add color to a diagram
b) How to decide the ideal mapping for accurate reasoning
c) How to generate random numbers
d) How to avoid using semantics

12. In the Farmer, Wolf, Goat, and Cabbage problem, which

arrangements are considered unsafe?
a) Any arrangement with the wolf, goat, and cabbage together
b) Any arrangement with only the farmer and the cabbage
c) Any arrangement with the goat alone
 d) Any arrangement with the wolf and the farmer alone

13. What is the key purpose of using diagrams in problem-solving

according to the lecture?
a) To add complexity to the problem
b) To clearly define allowed situations and legal crossings without
irrelevant details
c) To confuse the solver
d) To create artistic representations

14. What principle is highlighted by the representation principle in

problem-solving?
a) Complex representations solve problems faster
b) A well-described problem using an appropriate representation is
almost solved
c) All problems require digital representations
d) Simplified representations are always insufficient

15. What is the primary characteristic of logical agents?

a) They operate randomly
b) They use inference based on complex knowledge about the world
c) They ignore new information
d) They are pre-programmed to avoid learning
16. What does predicate calculus describe?
a) Properties and relationships among objects requiring qualitative
reasoning
b) Numerical calculations
c) Random object interactions
d) Physical structures

17. What are the key components of a semantic network?

a) Nodes, links, and link labels
b) Objects, algorithms, and data
c) Codes, scripts, and functions
d) Nodes, processors, and networks

18. How is reasoning in AI described?

a) As a random guess process
b) As a rational process to find valid conclusions
c) As an inefficient method
d) As a human-exclusive capability

19. What defines the syntax of a knowledge representation language?

a) Which configurations constitute valid sentences
 b) The meaning of the sentences
c) The efficiency of algorithms
d) The speed of data processing

20. What type of reasoning is required in problem domains using

predicate calculus?
a) Arithmetic reasoning
b) Qualitative reasoning
c) Random reasoning
d) Predefined reasoning

21. Which issue is crucial in knowledge representation?

a) Memory constraints
b) Adding irrelevant details
c) Ignoring semantics
d) Avoiding formal languages

22. What does a node represent in a semantic network?

a) An action
b) An object
c) A random point
d) A physical location
23. What is an essential aspect of a knowledge base agent?
a) Random data collection
b) Formal language sentence construction
c) Ignoring user queries
d) Avoiding knowledge representation

24. How does a good representation aid problem-solving?

a) By complicating the problem
b) By simplifying the problem and clarifying constraints
c) By eliminating solutions
d) By adding irrelevant details

25. What are production rules in AI?

a) Rules for generating random outputs
b) Structured if-then statements for representing knowledge
c) Randomly created statements
d) Statements avoiding formal languages
…………………………………………………………………………….
Lecture 8
### Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. What is the performance measure for climbing out of the cave with
the gold in the wumpus world problem?
- a) +100
- b) +1000
- c) +500
- d) -1000

2. How many rooms are there in the grid of the wumpus world
environment?
- a) 2x2
- b) 3x3
- c) 4x4
- d) 5x5

3. Where does the agent always start in the wumpus world?

- a) [0,0]
- b) [1,1]
- c) [2,2]
- d) [3,3]

4. What is the probability that a square contains a pit in the wumpus

world?
- a) 0.1
 - b) 0.2
- c) 0.3
- d) 0.4

5. Which of the following is NOT an action the agent can perform in the
wumpus world?
- a) Move Forward
- b) TurnLeft
- c) TurnRight
- d) Jump

6. What sensor perceives a Stench in the wumpus world?

- a) When the agent is in the same square as the wumpus
- b) When the agent is adjacent to a pit
- c) When the agent is in the same square as the gold
- d) When the agent hits a wall

7. How does the agent pick up the gold in the wumpus world?
- a) By moving over it
- b) By using the Grab action
- c) By using the Climb action
- d) By using the Shoot action
8. How many arrows does the agent have in the wumpus world?
- a) One
- b) Two
- c) Three
- d) Unlimited

9. What happens when the agent kills the wumpus?

- a) The agent receives +1000 points
- b) The agent hears a Scream
- c) The agent receives a new arrow
- d) The game ends immediately

10. What does the agent perceive if it walks into a wall?

- a) Stench
- b) Breeze
- c) Glitter
- d) Bump

11. What kind of sentences are the most fundamental in First Order
Logic (FOL)?
- a) Atomic sentences
 - b) Complex sentences
- c) Predicate sentences
- d) Subject sentences

12. What does the universal quantifier (∀) indicate in FOL?

- a) Some instances
- b) No instances
- c) All instances
- d) Many instances

13. Which of the following is a valid FOL representation of the

statement "All birds fly"?
- a) ∃x bird(x) → fly(x)
- b) ∀x bird(x) → fly(x)
- c) ∃x fly(x) → bird(x)
- d) ∀x fly(x) → bird(x)

14. Which of the following FOL quantifiers expresses that a statement is

true for at least one instance?
- a) Universal Quantifier
- b) Existential Quantifier
- c) Negative Quantifier
 - d) Positive Quantifier

15. What is the FOL representation for "Some boys are intelligent"?
- a) ∀x boys(x) ∧ intelligent(x)
- b) ∃x boys(x) ∧ intelligent(x)
- c) ∀x boys(x) → intelligent(x)
- d) ∃x boys(x) → intelligent(x)

16. What does the syntax of FOL determine?

- a) The meaning of logical expressions
- b) The truth value of logical expressions
- c) Which set of symbols represents a logical expression
- d) How logical expressions relate to each other

17. What is a common mistake when using ∀ in FOL statements?

- a) Using ∧ as the main connective
- b) Using ⇒ as the main connective
- c) Using ∃ as the main connective
- d) Using ∨ as the main connective

18. Which symbol is used to denote "therefore" in rules of inference?

- a) ∀
 - b) ∃
- c) →
- d)

19. What type of logical argument form is "Modus Ponens"?

- a) P ∨ Q
- b) P → Q
- c) P ∧ Q
- d) P ↔ Q

20. What is the main connective typically used with existential

quantifiers (∃)?
- a) ∧
- b) ∨
- c) ⇒
- d) ⇔

21. In the wumpus world, what does the agent perceive when it is in the
same square as the gold?
- a) Stench
- b) Breeze
- c) Glitter
 - d) Scream

22. Which action allows the agent to climb out of the cave in the
wumpus world?
- a) Grab
- b) Shoot
- c) Climb
- d) Move Forward

23. What does the agent hear if the wumpus is killed in the wumpus
world?
- a) A Glitter
- b) A Breeze
- c) A Scream
- d) A Bump

24. Which logical element describes the quantity of specimens in the

universe of discourse in FOL?
- a) Predicate
- b) Subject
- c) Quantifier
- d) Function
25. In FOL, which of the following represents the statement "Everyone
at University is smart"?
- a) ∀x At(x, University) ∧ Smart(x)
- b) ∃x At(x, University) ∧ Smart(x)
- c) ∀x At(x, University) ⇒ Smart(x)
- d) ∃x At(x, University) ⇒ Smart(x)
…………………………………………………………………………….
lecture 9
Here are 25 multiple-choice questions based on the document you
provided, along with their answers listed separately.

### Questions:

1. **What is a Genetic Algorithm (GA)?**

- A) A sorting algorithm
- B) A search algorithm based on biological evolution
- C) A type of neural network
- D) A data compression technique

2. **Which of the following is NOT a technique inspired by

evolutionary biology used in GA?**
- A) Inheritance
- B) Mutation
- C) Cloning
 - D) Crossover

3. **GA is based on ideas from which theory?**

- A) Quantum Mechanics
- B) Newtonian Physics
- C) Darwinian Evolution
- D) Relativity

4. **Which component of GA is responsible for evaluating the

solutions?**
- A) Initialization procedure
- B) Evaluation function
- C) Genetic operators
- D) Parameter settings

5. **What is a genotype?**
- A) A block of DNA
- B) A collection of genes
- C) A type of cell
- D) A protein

6. **What determines the fitness of an organism in the context of

GA?**
 - A) Its lifespan
- B) Its speed
- C) Its ability to reproduce before it dies
- D) Its size

7. **Which process involves the recombination of genes from

parents?**
- A) Mutation
- B) Natural selection
- C) Reproduction
- D) Fitness evaluation

8. **Which of the following is NOT a step in the Simple Genetic

Algorithm?**
- A) Initialize population
- B) Select parents
- C) Generate new chromosomes from scratch
- D) Evaluate population

9. **What kind of strings can chromosomes be represented as in GA?**

- A) Bit strings
- B) Real numbers
- C) Permutations of elements
 - D) All of the above

10. **What is the purpose of a fitness function in GA?**

- A) To measure the diversity of the population
- B) To initialize the population
- C) To evaluate the quality of solutions
- D) To mutate chromosomes

11. **Which of the following is a type of dataset used in AI?**

- A) Numerical
- B) Categorical
- C) Bivariate
- D) All of the above

12. **What does a dataset contain?**

- A) Randomly generated numbers
- B) A collection of data arranged in some order
- C) Only textual data
- D) Only numerical data

13. **What is the first step in building a dataset?**

- A) Pre-processing
 - B) Collecting
- C) Annotation
- D) Evaluation

14. **Which type of data is represented by characteristics or

qualities?**
- A) Numerical data
- B) Categorical data
- C) Bivariate data
- D) Multivariate data

15. **What is data annotation?**

- A) Collecting data
- B) Pre-processing data
- C) Labeling data in various formats
- D) Cleaning data

16. **Which of the following is NOT a common source for collecting a

dataset?**
- A) Open-source datasets
- B) The Internet
- C) Synthetic data generators
- D) Handwritten notes
17. **Why is a validation dataset used?**
- A) To train the model
- B) To test the model
- C) To avoid training bias
- D) To annotate the data

18. **What does the initialization procedure in GA involve?**

- A) Creating the initial population
- B) Evaluating solutions
- C) Selecting parents for reproduction
- D) Applying genetic operators

19. **Which term refers to a collection of aspects like eye color?**

- A) Genotype
- B) Phenotype
- C) Chromosome
- D) Gene

20. **What is the role of genetic operators in GA?**

- A) Initializing the population
- B) Evaluating the fitness
 - C) Performing mutation and recombination
- D) Selecting parents

21. **Which of the following is a key concept of Darwinian Evolution

used in GA?**
- A) Survival of the weakest
- B) Survival of the fittest
- C) Random selection
- D) Cloning

22. **Which type of data set has three or more variables that depend on
each other?**
- A) Numerical
- B) Categorical
- C) Bivariate
- D) Multivariate

23. **What is the importance of data pre-processing in AI?**

- A) Collecting raw data
- B) Making raw data suitable for machine learning models
- C) Generating synthetic data
- D) Annotating data
24. **Which part of the GA cycle involves checking if the termination
condition is met?**
- A) Initialization
- B) Evaluation
- C) Selection
- D) Termination condition check

25. **What is an essential component of any AI model?**

- A) Algorithms
- B) Data
- C) Hardware
- D) Software
…………………………………………………………………………….