0% found this document useful (0 votes)

2 views

Chapter-03

Chapter 3 covers the essential components and functions of automotive drivetrains, focusing on automatic transmissions and transaxles. It explains gear ratios, torque, horsepower, and the operation of manual transmissions and clutches. The chapter also details the purpose of different gear selections and the mechanics of planetary gearsets.

Uploaded by

Xai

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

2 views

Chapter-03

Uploaded by

Xai

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 126

OBJECTIVES

After studying Chapter 3, the reader should be able to:

1. Explain the requirements for an automotive
drivetrain.
2. Identify the major components of an automatic
transmission and transaxle.
3. Explain how different gear ratios can be obtained
in a planetary gearset.
4. Describe the systems within an automatic
transmission and how they relate to each other.

• A vehicle would be difficult to operate without a

transmission.
• Every driver is familiar with the gear shift lever that
is moved to control a vehicle’s motion.
• This lever determines gear selection in the
transmission, which determines the driving mode of
the vehicle.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
TRANSMISSIONS: THEIR PURPOSE
• These selections are:
– P: Park, allows the engine to run without moving the vehicle and
mechanically locks the drivetrain to hold the vehicle stationary.
– R: Reverse, allows the vehicle to be driven backward.
– N: Neutral, allows the engine to run without moving the vehicle or
locking the drivetrain.
– O or OD: Overdrive, allows the engine to run slower while cruising for
improved fuel mileage and lower emissions, shifts automatically from
1st through OD.
– D: Allows automatic shifts from 1st through D, drives high gear with a
1:1 ratio.
– I: Intermediate, prevents high-gear operation and provides
compression braking.
– L: Low gear, multiplies the engine’s torque so there will be enough
power to move the vehicle in difficult conditions, prevents upshifts,
and provides compression braking.

FIGURE 3-1 A RWD drivetrain uses a transmission to provide the necessary gear ratio and a single
driveshaft to transfer power to the rear axle (a). A FWD drivetrain uses a transaxle that combines the
transmission, final drive, and differential (b). A driveshaft is used for each of the two front drive wheels.

FIGURE 3-2 Transverse (a) and longitudinal (b) mounted FWD drivetrains. Note
that B can easily be redesigned to drive a shaft to the rear wheels of a 4WD or
AWD vehicle.

FIGURE 3-3 Torque is a twisting force like that produced when you pull on a wrench.

FIGURE 3-4 A typical automotive engine

horsepower and torque chart. Note that the
maximum horsepower (155) occurs at about 3,400
rpm and that maximum torque occurs between
2,000 and 2,500 rpm. The rpm range and
maximum power output will vary depending on
engine size and design.

FIGURE 3-5 The common methods of transferring torque are belt, gear,
and chain.

FIGURE 3-6 Transmissions and transaxles are designed with a torque capacity to
match the engine with which it is used. (Reprinted with permission of General
Motors)

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

• The term gear ratio refers to the relative size of two

gears (a gearset).
• The ratio can be determined using either the
diameter or the number of teeth on the two gears.
• A pair of gears of different size will have different
numbers of teeth, and the number of teeth is
directly related to the diameter of the gears.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

FIGURE 3-7 In a matched set of gears, the

number of teeth on each gear is related to the
diameter. Gear A is half the size of C and has
half the number of teeth. Gear B is one and a
half times the diameter of A and has one and
a half times as many teeth.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

FIGURE 3-8 The gear ratio is determined by

dividing the number of teeth on the driven
(output) gear by the number of teeth on the
driving (input) gear.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

FIGURE 3-9 The forward gear ratios of a five-speed transmission are shown along
with mph speed of the vehicle per 1,000 rpms of engine speed. The overall gear
ratio is determined by multiplying the transmission gear ratio by the final drive ratio.
A final drive ratio of 3.55:1 and a first-gear ratio of 3.97:1 will produce an overall ratio
of 14.09:1.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

FIGURE 3-10 The teeth of a spur gear (a) are cut parallel to the shaft, which
produces a straight pressure between the driving and driven gears. The teeth of a
helical gear (b) are cut on a slant, which causes an axial or side thrust.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

FIGURE 3-11 The three major styles of bevel gears are spur or plain bevel gears (a), spiral
bevel gears (b), and hypoid gears (c). Note the differences in the shape of their teeth.A worm
gearset (d) also transmits power between angled shafts. (Reprinted with permission of
General Motors)

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

FIGURE 3-12 External gears (a) rotate in opposite

directions. An idler gear in an external gearset (b)
changes the direction of rotation so the input and
output gears turn in the same direction without
changing the ratio. An internal and external gearset (c)
rotate in the same direction.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

• Some important rules to learn about gearsets are:

– Two mated external gears will always rotate in opposite
directions.
– Mated internal and external gears will rotate in the same
direction.
– An idler gear allows the drive and driven gears to rotate in
the same direction.
– To find the ratio, divide the driven gear by the drive gear.
– When power transfers through an even number (two or
four) of gears, the input and output gears will rotate in
opposite directions.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS
– When power transfers through an uneven number (one,
three, or five) of gears, the input and output gears will
rotate in the same direction.
– To find the overall ratio of multiple gearsets, multiply the
ratios of the gearsets.
– Two gears transferring power push away from each other
in an action called gear separation. The gear separation
force is proportional to the torque being transferred.
– All gearsets have backlash to prevent binding.
– The smaller gear(s) in a gearset is often called a pinion.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
GEAR RATIOS

FIGURE 3-13 The pitch diameter is the effective diameter of a gear. Note how the
contact points slide across the gear tooth. Backlash is the clearance on the
nonloaded side of the gear tooth.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
TRACTIVE FORCE

• An engineer uses the term tractive force to describe

the power in a vehicle’s drivetrain.
• It is a product of the engine’s torque multiplied by
the gear ratio and can be plotted in a graph.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
TRACTIVE FORCE

FIGURE 3-14 Tractive force (a) is determined by

multiplying engine torque times the gear ratio.
Note how it is greatest in first gear. The chart in (b)
shows the same curves related to engine and
vehicle speed. This curve is based on a typical 5-
liter V8 engine.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
TRACTIVE FORCE

FIGURE 3-14 (CONTINUED) Tractive force (a) is determined by multiplying

engine torque times the gear ratio. Note how it is greatest in first gear. The chart in
(b) shows the same curves related to engine and vehicle speed. This curve is
based on a typical 5-liter V8 engine.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
TRACTIVE FORCE

FIGURE 3-15 The speed of a vehicle is determined by the diameter of the drive
tires and how fast the tires are turned.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
TRACTIVE FORCE

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MANUAL TRANSMISSION AND CLUTCH
• A manual transmission,
also called a standard
transmission, has several
sets of gears to produce
the necessary gear ratios.

FIGURE 3-16 A standard transmission provides

several gear ratios and a method to shift them.

FIGURE 3-17 Power flows through each of the gear ranges of a five-speed, RWD, standard transmission.
Note that the synchronizer sleeves are used to shift the power flow. (Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)

FIGURE 3-17 (CONTINUED) Power flows through each of the gear ranges of a five-speed, RWD, standard
transmission. Note that the synchronizer sleeves are used to shift the power flow. (Courtesy of Chrysler
Corporation)

FIGURE 3-18 The shift fork slides the synchronizer sleeve into mesh with the dog teeth of the desired gear
(a). This allows torque to be transferred between the speed gear and the synchronizer hub. An exploded
view of a synchronizer assembly (b) shows all of the parts. (a is courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)

FIGURE 3-19 A clutch cover (pressure plate assembly) is bolted onto the
flywheel with the clutch disc between them (a). The release bearing and
fork provide a method to release the clutch. When the clutch is engaged,
the disc is squeezed against the flywheel by the pressure plate (b).
Releasing the clutch separates the disc from the flywheel and pressure
plate.

FIGURE 3-20 A FWD transaxle. Note that it combines a five-speed

transmission with the final drive gears and differential. (Courtesy of
Chrysler Corporation)

• A planetary gearset is a combination of a sun

gear, two or more planet gears, a planet carrier, and
a ring gear.
• The ring gear, also called an annulus gear, is an
internal gear.
• All the other gears are external gears.
• The carrier holds the planet gears (also called
pinions) in position and allows each of these gears
to rotate in the carrier

FIGURE 3-21 A simple planetary gearset is a combination of a sun gear, a planet carrier with a group of
planet pinion gears, and an annulus/ring gear (a). A transmission planetary gear train contains a
combination of complex gearsets (b). (Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)

FIGURE 3-22 If the planet carrier is held

with the sun gear rotating, the planet gears
simply rotate in the carrier and act as idler
gears between the sun and ring gears (a).
If the sun or ring is held, the planet gears
will walk around that stationary gear; they
rotate on their shafts as the carrier rotates
(b). If two parts are driven and no parts are
held, the planet gears are stationary on
their shafts, and the whole assembly
rotates as a unit (c).

FIGURE 3-23 Nine possible modes of

operation for a simple planetary gearset. In all
cases, solid black indicates a reaction
member, light shading an input member, and
medium shading the output member.

• Most automatic transmissions use a more

complicated compound planetary gearset that
combines a simple planetary gearset with portions
of one or more planetary gearsets in such a way
that three or more gear ratios are possible.
– The most common compound planetary gearset used in
three-speed transmissions is known as the Simpson gear
train, named after its designer, Howard Simpson.

FIGURE 3-24 A cutaway and an exploded view of a Simpson gear train. Note that the gearset uses a double
sun gear with two carriers and ring gears. The two clutches allow either the forward ring gear or the sun gear
to be driven. The two bands allow either the sun gear or the rear carrier to be held in reaction. The one-way
clutch will keep the rear carrier from turning counterclockwise. (Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)

FIGURE 3-24 (CONTINUED) A cutaway and an exploded view of a Simpson gear

train. Note that the gearset uses a double sun gear with two carriers and ring
gears. The two clutches allow either the forward ring gear or the sun gear to be
driven. The two bands allow either the sun gear or the rear carrier to be held in
reaction. The one-way clutch will keep the rear carrier from turning
counterclockwise. (Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CONTROL DEVICES

• Power flow through a gearset is accomplished by

the control devices: the clutches, bands, and one-
way clutches.
• They are also called apply devices or friction
members.
• A gearset has several paths for power flow, and
each path provides a different gear ratio

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CONTROL DEVICES

FIGURE 3-25 A sectioned view of a modern, four-speed, RWD transmission. You

should be able to identify all of these parts, know what they do, and be able to
service them at the completion of this book.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CONTROL DEVICES

FIGURE 3-26 A multiple-disc clutch combines lined friction discs and

unlined steel plates. (Courtesy of Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc.)

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CONTROL DEVICES

FIGURE 3-27 Fluid pressure forces the piston against the clutch pack to apply a
clutch (left). When the fluid pressure is released, the return springs push the piston
away from the clutch pack (right). (Courtesy of Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc.)

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CONTROL DEVICES

FIGURE 3-28 A band is applied when fluid pressure forces the piston and rod inward
(right). When the pressure is released, a spring pushes the piston back (left).
(Courtesy of Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc.)

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CONTROL DEVICES

FIGURE 3-29 Two types of one-way clutches. The roller clutch (a) will release if the inner race turns
clockwise and lock up if it turns counterclockwise. The sprag clutch (b) will operate in the same manner.

• As soon as the engine starts, a pump driven by the

torque converter sends fluid into the transmission’s
hydraulic passages.
• Fluid is pumped from the sump in the transmission
pan into the hydraulic circuit where the pressure
and flow is controlled by the valve body.
• This fluid pressure is used to:
– Apply the clutches and bands,
– Maintain a full torque converter so it can transmit power,
and
– Lubricate and cool the internal parts of the transmission.

FIGURE 3-30 A simplified hydraulic control circuit for a nonelectronic

transmission. The main control unit (valve body) sends oil pressure to the
clutches and bands to control the shifts. It uses signals from the manual shift
lever, governor, and throttle valve.

FIGURE 3-31 The end of this transmission case shows most of the
fluid passages. These connect the valve body to passages in the
case.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
TRANSMISSION HYDRAULICS
• The valve body contains most of the transmission’s control
valves.
• Sometimes, there are one or more valves elsewhere.
• The major valves used in nonelectronic transmissions are as
follows:
– Manual valve
– Pressure regulator
– Throttle or modulator valve
– Governor
– Shift valves
– Shift modifier valves
– Torque converter clutch valve

FIGURE 3-32 The electronic controls for an electronic transmission include

input sensor signals from the engine and the transmission to the PCM and
output devices in the transmission. The test connector is the diagnostic link
used to diagnose transmission problems.

FIGURE 3-33 The torque converter transfers power

from the engine to the transmission input shaft. It
serves as an automatic clutch and multiplies torque
during periods of engine load. This converter also has
a clutch plate for the torque converter clutch.

• The difference between a transmission and a

transaxle is the final drive unit and the output
shafts.
• An RWD transmission has a single output shaft that
connects to the drive shaft and rear-axle assembly.
• A transaxle has two output shafts, one for each front
wheel.
• Also, the final drive gear reduction and the
differential must fit into the area between the
transmission’s output and the two drive shafts.

FIGURE 3-34 A pair of helical gears

provides the final drive reduction. The final
drive ring gear is attached to the differential
assembly. (Courtesy of Chrysler
Corporation)

FIGURE 3-35 Some transaxles use a planetary gearset for the final drive
reduction. Part 274 is the internal gear (stationary),536 is the sun gear (input), and
39 is the planet carrier (output). The carrier also contains the differential gears.
(Courtesy of Slauson Transmission Parts,www.slauson.com)

• A differential is a device
that allows the axle shafts
to rotate at different
speeds.
• When a vehicle turns a
corner, the outer tires must
travel farther and therefore
must go faster than the
inner tires.

FIGURE 3-36 Normally, an equal load from each wheel

keeps the differential pinion gears stationary on their
shaft (top). An equal load will cause the differential
pinion gears to rotate and drive the axle shafts at
unequal speeds (bottom).

FIGURE 3-37 Three major 4WD

configurations. The traditional form (a) uses
a transfer case to split the torque for the
front and rear drive axles. (b) and (c) are
typical AWD configurations.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
FOUR WHEEL DRIVE

FIGURE 3-38 When a vehicle turns a corner, the front wheels must go
faster than the rear, and the outside wheels must turn faster than the
inside wheels.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
FOUR WHEEL DRIVE

FIGURE 3-39 The 4WD version of an

RWD transmission often replaces the
extension housing with an adapter and
the transfer case.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
FOUR WHEEL DRIVE

FIGURE 3-40 This AWD transaxle has an output shaft to drive the
rear wheels (at left). The interaxle differential is between the
transfer gears for the rear and those that send power to the front
final drive gears and differential. (Courtesy of ZF Group North
American Operations)

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
FOUR WHEEL DRIVE

FIGURE 3-41 This transaxle has an output shaft for each of the front wheels
plus a dog clutch and transfer gears to drive a rear axle (lower right).

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
NONPLANETARY GEAR AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSIONS
• Automatic Layshaft Transmissions
• Dual-Clutch Transmissions
• Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)

FIGURE 3-42 This four-speed, automatic transaxle combines helical gears, as in

a standard transmission, with four multiple-disc clutches and a torque converter.
(Courtesy of American Honda Motor Company)

FIGURE 3-43 The power flows through this

four-speed HondaMatic are controlled by
applying the different clutches. (Courtesy of
American Honda Motor Company)

FIGURE 3-44 A dual-clutch transmission, also called an automated manual transmission (AMT),
uses two clutches (a). One of them drives the oddnumbered gears, and other drives the even-
numbered ones (b). The acuators that apply the clutches and shift the synchronizers are operated
by a control module (c).

FIGURE 3-44 (CONTINUED) A dual-clutch

transmission, also called an automated manual
transmission (AMT), uses two clutches (a). One
of them drives the oddnumbered gears, and
other drives the even-numbered ones (b). The
acuators that apply the clutches and shift the
synchronizers are operated by a control module
(c).

FIGURE 3-45 A continuously variable

transmission (CVT) uses a steel belt to
transfer power from the drive pulley to the
driven pulley. The two pulleys change
diameter to obtain the various gear ratios.
(Courtesy of ZF Group North American
Operations)

FIGURE 3-46 CVTs in low (a) and high (b) ratios. The ratio changes to high ratio
because the drive pulley squeezes together, moving it to maximum diameter; the
driven pulley will spread apart for minimum diameter. When the vehicle is at rest, the
drive pulley will be spread apart and the driven pulley will be squeezed together.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

• Hybrid drive systems were developed to help meet

the demands for lower exhaust emissions and
improved fuel economy.
• Hybrid drive combines an internal combustion
engine, either gasoline or diesel, with an electric
motor.
• An internal combustion engine is most efficient if it
can be designed to run at a constant operating
speed.
• Electrical-powered vehicles have a very limited
operating range because they rely on batteries that
need recharging.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

• Optimizing an internal combustion engine to

constant rpm operation allows improvement of
these characteristics:
– Reduced strength and weight of the internal moving
components
– Optimized air–fuel mixture
– Accurate ignition spark advance
– Variable intake and exhaust valve timing, and
– Reduced engine idling

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

• Honda Hybrid
• Toyota Hybrid
• Ford Hybrid
• General Motors Hybrid
• Nissan Hybrid

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-47 The assist motor is sandwiched between the

engine and the transmission.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-48 This hybrid drive system (HDS) combines a gasoline engine, an
electric motor, and a generator with some rather complex electronic controls. The
vehicle can be powered by the electric motor along with the engine as needed. The
generator will help stop the vehicle using regenerative braking.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-49 This HDS motor uses 274 volts to produce 44 horsepower (a). The
generator (b) can be driven by the engine when electricity is needed or the drive
wheels during braking. The power split device (c) allows the engine to drive either
the rear wheels or the generator.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-49 (CONTINUED) This HDS

motor uses 274 volts to produce 44
horsepower (a). The generator (b) can
be driven by the engine when electricity
is needed or the drive wheels during
braking. The power split device (c)
allows the engine to drive either the
rear wheels or the generator.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-50 The HDS vehicle drive

system and electrical system.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-51 When a vehicle is accelerating, the wheels are driven by

the electric motor with an assist from the engine. The engine is also
driving the generator through the power split device.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-52 The motor/generator

uses a rotor that is bolted to and turns
with the crankshaft, and a stator that is
sandwiched between the engine and
transmission around the rotor.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-53 The dual tensioner system allows the drive belt to turn the alternator/starter during charging
mode and allows the alternator/starter to turn the crankshaft during starting (a). Note the three idlers
(arrows) to keep the belt very tight. The controller and orange HV wires are shown in (b).

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM

FIGURE 3-55 The two-mode hybrid uses two

FIGURE 3-54 The two-mode hybrid transmission motors/generators, three planetary gearsets, and
has two, three-wire sets of HV wires connected to four hydraulic clutches. This simplified, schematic
the two electric motors/generators inside the view illustrates the internal parts.
transmission.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
SUMMARY

1. Transmissions provide the needed gear ratios to

operate a vehicle.
2. Gear ratios multiply torque and reduce the speed
or increase the speed as torque decreases.
3. Planetary gearsets are the most common
automatic transmission gear trains.
4. A simple planetary gearset can provide seven
driving modes and neutral.
5. Combinations of planetary gearsets provide two,
three, four, or more forward gear ranges.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
SUMMARY

6. Clutches, band clutches, and one-way clutches are

used to control planetary members.
7. Automatic transmissions are controlled
hydraulically and/or electronically.
8. Torque converters provide the engine-to-
transmission coupling and provide an automatic
clutch.
9. In an effort to better control emissions and fuel
economy, new automatic transmission drivetrains
are being developed.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The abbreviation used to describe front wheel drive is

_________, and the engine is usually mounted in a
_________ position.
2. Torque is a twisting force that is commonly measured in
_________, _________, and _________.
3. Five foot-pounds of torque equals _________ inch-pounds.
4. When the transmission increases torque, _________ is
decreased.
5. Many transmission manufacturers include the _________
as part of the identifying code for the transmission.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
REVIEW QUESTIONS

6. A gearset with a 12-tooth drive gear and a 24-tooth driven

gear has a gear ratio of _________.
7. A gearset with a 10-tooth drive gear and a 24-tooth driven
gear has a gear ratio of _________.
8. If a transmission has a gear ratio of 3:1 in first gear and the
final drive ratio is 4:1, the overall ratio would be _________.
9. Three names used to describe an internal cut transmission
gear are _________, _________, and _________.
10. Two meshed external gears will rotate in the _________
direction. An external gear meshed with an internal gear will
rotate in the _________ direction.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
REVIEW QUESTIONS

11. A vehicle with a tire diameter of 48 inches and a gear ratio

of 12:1 is traveling at 30 mph. How fast is the engine
turning?
12. How fast would a vehicle be traveling if the engine was
turning at 3,500 rpm, if the overall drive ratio was 10:1, and
the tires were 45 inches in diameter?
13. A standard transmission will shift smoothly if the
synchronizer sleeve and driven gear are turning at the same
_________.
14. The front of the transmission is the part that is closest to the
_________.
15. The three members of a simple planetary set are the
_________, _________, and _________.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
REVIEW QUESTIONS

16. When the planet gears move around a stationary gear, the
action is known as _________.
17. The most common compound planetary gearset is known
as the _________ gear train.
18. The three types of control (apply) devices used in automatic
transmissions are _________, _________, and _________.
19. List seven major valves used in a valve body of an
automatic transmission.
20. The four major components of a typical, modern torque
converter are _________, _________, _________, and
_________.

Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
REVIEW QUESTIONS

21. Modern torque converters have a _________ that is applied

during cruise conditions to eliminate torque converter
slippage.
22. The _________ allows the drive wheels to rotate at different
speeds when rounding a corner.
23. The two types of drivetrains that power all four wheels of a
vehicle are _________ and _________.
24. _________ and _________ are vehicle manufacturers that
do not use planetary gearsets in their automatic
transmissions.
25. An alternative to the conventional automatic transmission
for small vehicles is known as a _________, _________,
_________.
26. The use of an internal combustion engine and an electric
motor is known as a _________ drive system.