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1. A small amount of copper is heated in a container. The copper starts to melt.

Which statement about the melting of copper is correct?

A. Temperature is constant and the kinetic energy of the copper atoms increases.
B. Temperature increases and the potential energy of the copper atoms increases.
C. Temperature is constant and the potential energy of the copper atoms increases.
D. Temperature increases and the kinetic energy of the copper atoms increases.

Your answer
[1]

2(a). Brownian motion is often demonstrated by observing the microscopic motion of smoke
particles suspended in air.

State the observation and conclusion associated with this Brownian motion.

[2]

(b). Brownian motion provides evidence for a kinetic model of gases.

State three key assumptions made in the kinetic theory of gases .

[3]

(c). A gas is at a temperature of 20°C. The mass of each molecule is 4.7 × 10−26 kg.

i. Show that the root mean square (r.m.s.) speed the gas molecules is about 500 m
s−1.

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 [3]

ii. A gas molecule makes a head-on collision with a stationary smoke particle. Fig. 20
shows the gas molecule and the smoke particle before and after the collision. The
final speed of the smoke particle is 23 m s−1.

1. State and explain the total momentum of the molecule and smoke particle after the
collision in a direction perpendicular to initial velocity of the gas molecule.

[2]

2. Calculate the speed v of the gas molecule after the collision.

v = ............................................m s−1 [2]

3. You are provided with a small bottle of cooking oil and standard physics laboratory
equipment. With the help of a labelled diagram, describe an electrical experiment to
determine the specific heat capacity c of the oil.
State two sources of uncertainty in your measurements and discuss how these could be
reduced.

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelled correctly.

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 [6]

4. A metal is heated using a heater of constant output power.

The graph below shows the variation of the temperature of the metal with time.

The metal is a solid in region X, a mixture of solid and liquid in region Y and a liquid in
region Z.

Which row shows the best description of the energy of the atoms of the metal?

Internal energy of the Potential energy of the Kinetic energy of the

atoms atoms atoms
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 A constant throughout constant throughout constant throughout
increases with time in X increases with time in X
B constant in only Y
and Z and Z
increases with time in X, increases with time in X increases with time in
C
Y and Z and Z only Y
increases with time in X, increases with time in increases with time in X
D
Y and Z only Y and Z

Your answer
[1]

5. Define specific heat capacity of a substance.

[1]

6. A plastic kettle is filled with 0.60 kg of water at a temperature of 20°C.

A 2.2 kW electric heater is used to heat the water for a time of 4.0 minutes.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg−1 K−1 and the specific latent heat of
vaporisation of water is 2.3 × 106 J kg−1. The boiling point of water is 100°C.

Calculate the mass of water remaining in the kettle after 4.0 minutes.
Assume that all the thermal energy from the heater is transferred to the water.

mass of water remaining = ......................................... kg [4]

7. The latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid is 2300 kJ kg–1 and it has a molar mass of 0.018
kg mol–1.

What is the energy required to change 30 moles of the liquid to gas?

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 A 4.1 × 104 J
B 1.2 × 106 J
C 6.9 × 107 J
D 3.8 × 109 J

Your answer [1]

8. State what is meant by the internal energy of the substance.

[1]

9. A cylindrical cup of internal diameter 7.0 cm and height 8.5 cm is filled to the top with
water.

The density of water is 1000 kg m−3. The mass of one mole of water is 18 g. The specific
heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg−1 K−1.

Calculate the number of water molecules in the cup.

number of molecules =............................. [2]

11. Explain how the internal energy of an ideal gas is related to its temperature.

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms spelled correctly.
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 [2]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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Mark scheme
Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 C 1

Total 1

2 a Smoke particles show random / haphazard motion (wtte) B1 Accept a correctly labelled diagram for this B1 mark.

This is because of collisions with air molecules / particles. B1

Any three from:

 Forces between particles are negligible except

during collisions
 Collisions are perfectly elastic
b B1 × 3
 Time of a collision is negligible compared to
time between collision
 Particles / atoms / molecules occupy negligible
volume compared to volume of gas
 Large number of molecules in random motion.

c i T = 293 K M1

i 3/2 kT = ½ mv2 C1

i 3/2 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 293 = ½ × 4.7 × 10−26 × v2 M1

i v = 510 (m s−1) A0 Note answer is 509.8 m s−1 to 4 s.f.

1. Total vertical momentum after = 0

B1
ii Total vertical momentum before = 0 (momentum is
B1
conserved)

ii 2. 4.7 × 10−26 × v × sin 88° = 1.4 × 10−24 × 23 × sin 45° C1

ii v = 480 (m s−1) A1 Allow other correct methods.

Total 12

Diagram showing Not: oven or hotplate

Allow: ‘Fully immersed’ seen in the body of text
3  Oil in (insulated) container B1
 Electrical heater fully immersed in oil Thermometer / Temperature sensor must be
 Thermometer / Temperature sensor spelled correctly on diagram

Electrical circuit
All elements should be shown to score these diagram
 Ammeter in series, voltmeter in parallel with B1 marks. Ignore appropriate additional items
heater / joulemeter in parallel with heater Connections to heater should be clear.
 Power supply /+ & - signs marked on wires

Measurements B1 Must have all elements.

Allow: Use of symbols
 Measure mass of oil / use known mass of oil, Allow: Take energy reading from joulemeter
 Measure change in temperature / initial and Not: use given power rating of heater

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 final temperatures
 Measure current, pd and (fixed) time / energy

Input energy must be consistent with equipment used.

c must be the subject of the equation and temperature
Calculation rise
B1
Input Energy = E = Pt = VIt and (δ$ or $2 - $1) must be clear.
Allow: Draw graph of temperature against time
c = VI / [gradient × mass]

These points may be scored in the description of method.

 No credit for other uncertainties including heat lost to

surroundings

 Examiner's Comments

 The vast majority of answers to this question were

disappointing, to say the least. There are only two
experiments specifically mentioned in the Specification
Uncertainties Any two together with minimising action.
 and good answers were expected as a result. The
question specifically asked for a labelled diagram and it
Heat losses (make δ$ uncertain) – minimise by
was expected that this should be clear and carefully
using initial $ below and final $ same amount
drawn with a suitable circuit using accepted symbols.
above, room temperature
Unfortunately most diagrams were too small, poorly
Temperature varies throughout oil – minimise
2 × B1 drawn attempts at a 3d picture with incorrectly placed
by stirring before taking temperature readings
components. This immediately reduced the mark of all
Some energy is required to raise temperature
but the best candidates. Bunsen burners were also seen
of the container / heater (etc) – allow by
in several diagrams despite the wording of the question.
including in calculation.
Temperature will continue to rise after heater is
The majority were able to score marks for the
turned off - find max temperature.
measurements and calculation although the logical
sequence was often unclear. Those using bullet points
generally scored better marks.

At A2 level, heat loses to the surroundings should

automatically be minimised by the use of insulation and
lids for liquids. As a result no credit was allowed in the
uncertainties for this response. It was realised that few
were showing insulation in their diagrams or labelling and
allowance was made in allocating the apparatus mark.

Total 6

4 D 1

Total 1

The energy required per unit mass to change the Allow: c = E/m Δθ, where E = energy, m = mass and Δθ
5 B1
temperature by 1 K / 1°C. = change in temperature.

Total 1

6 Energy used to heat water to 100 °C C1

= 0.60 × 4200 × 80 (= 201.6 kJ)

Energy remaining to vaporise water C1

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 = 528 (kJ) − 201.6 (kJ) (= 326.4 (kJ) Possible ecf from (a)

C1
mass vaporised = 326.4 × 103 / 2.3 × 106
= 0.1419 (kg)

mass of water left = 0.60 − 0.1419

A1
mass of water left = 0.46 (kg)

Examiner’s Comments
This was a challenging multi-step calculation that
differentiated between the candidates well.

A method employed by many high-scoring candidates

began with a word equation "Total energy transferred =
energy required to heat water to boiling point + energy
required to vaporize water”. This made it clear to award
the mark for substituting into the specific heat capacity
equation and clear to the candidate how to find the mass
of vaporized water.

A minority of candidates forgot to subtract the mass of

vaporized water from the initial mass.

Total 4

7 B 1

Total 1

Allow ‘particles’

Examiner’s Comments
The sum of the (random) kinetic and potential energy of
8 B1
atoms or molecules in a substance
This is a simple definition that many candidates recalled
well. Lower level responses missed out that this is to do
with the kinetic energy and potential energy of particles.

Total 1

9 number of moles = 0.327 / 0.018 = 18.17 C1

number of molecules = 18.17 × NA

number of molecules = 1.1 × 1025 A1

Total 2

10 a pV/T = constant B1

(1.0 × 105V)/290 = (1.0 × 103 × 1.0 × 106)/230 B1

V = 1.26 × 104 (m3) B1

b i n = pV/RT = 1.0 × 105 × 1.26 × 104/(8.31 × 290) B1 ecf

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 i n = 5.2 × 105 B1 allow 5.4 × 105 using 1.3 × 104

ii 4.0 × 10−3 × 5.2 × 105 = 2.1 × 103 (kg) B1 ecf (i)

(internal energy ∝ T)
c B1
E = 1900 × 230/290 = 1500 (MJ)

d U = ρVg = 1.3 × 1.26 × 104 × 9.81 = 1.61 × 105 C1 or 1.3 × 1.3 × 104 × 9.81 =

Ma = U − Mg C1 1.66 × 105

27 M = 1.6 × 105 − Mg giving M = 4.3 × 103 kg A1 M = 4.6 × 103 kg

Total 10

An ideal gas has zero/negligible (electrical) PE / All

11 B1
internal energy is (translational) KE

Allow internal energy ∞ absolute/ thermodynamic /kelvin

temperature

Note: absolute/thermodynamic/kelvin must be used

and spelled correctly for second mark

Examiner's Comments

The majority of candidates did not appreciate that this

(translational) KE ∞ absolute/ thermodynamic /kelvin question was limited to ideal gases and consequently
B1
temperature consideration of changes in potential energy of the
molecules was inappropriate. This resulted in the loss of
the first mark. The second mark was also rarely scored
because candidates did not specify clearly that the
temperature of the gas must be measured on the kelvin
scale. This important distinction in the temperature scales
appeared to have been unwisely assumed by the majority
of candidates since most were aware that it was
necessary to convert to kelvin scale in the calculations
that followed.

Total 2

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