AGENTS 101: AI & MACHINE

LEARNING
by Codiste
Overview of AI Agents
The fundamentals of AI agents and machine learning, covering their definitions, core components, historical evolution, and
applications. It highlights key concepts like perception, reasoning, learning, autonomy, and rationality, alongside detailed insights into
machine learning paradigms such as supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning, and deep learning. Case studies on OpenAI's
GPT and Google’s BERT demonstrate real-world applications, while the outlook explores future trends, challenges, and the
transformative potential of AI.
Iµøä¾j cø•¾µ ø¾ AI A‰pµøì
Dpˆ•µ•ø•¾µ
AI agents are software entities that can perceive their
environments and undertake actions to achieve specific goals.
They utilize various technologies to automate tasks and solve
complex problems.

Importance in Technology:

AI agents play a crucial role in modern technology, enhancing

efficiency and enabling automation across various sectors.
Kp C¾³á¾µpµøì ¾ˆ AI A‰pµøì

Spµì¾äì Acø aø¾äì

Devices or software components that Components that enable agents to act on
collect data from the environment (e.g., their environment (e.g., robotic arms or
cameras for vision, microphones for motors).
sound). Example: Robotic arms in manufacturing
Example: LIDAR sensors in autonomous plants assemble products.
vehicles detect obstacles.

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Repository of facts and rules for reasoning Algorithms that allow the agent to improve
and decision-makingA repository of facts, its performance over time by learning from
rules, and data that the agent uses for past experiences.
reasoning and decision-making. Example: Machine learning models that
Example: A medical diagnosis system adapt based on feedback.
stores symptoms and treatments for
various diseases.
H•ìø¾ä•ca« E¾« ø•¾µ ¾ˆ AI

1 1950ì
Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test to evaluate machine
intelligence.
Early developments focused on symbolic reasoning and
problem-solving.

2 1980ì
Expert systems like MYCIN emerge, using rule-based
reasoning for tasks like medical diagnosis.

3 2000ì
Machine learning became mainstream with innovations
like support vector machines (SVMs) and decision trees.
The rise of big data fueled advancements in predictive
analytics.

4 T¾ja
Deep learning revolutionized AI with applications in image
recognition (e.g., convolutional neural networks) and NLP
(e.g., transformers like GPT).
AI is now integrated into everyday life through virtual
assistants, autonomous vehicles, and smart device
C¾äp C¾µcpáøì ¾ˆ AI A‰pµøì
AI agents are sophisticated systems designed to autonomously perform tasks by perceiving their environment, reasoning through
data, learning from experiences, operating independently, and making rational decisions.

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1: Ppäcpáø•¾µ
Perception is the ability of an AI agent to gather and interpret data from its environment through sensors and algorithms.

I³a‰p Rpc¾‰µ•ø•¾µ: V¾•cp Dpøpcø•¾µ:

I systems analyze visual data to identify objects, faces, or AI interprets spoken language using audio processing.
scenes. Example: Virtual assistants like Alexa and Siri use voice
Example: Facial recognition systems used in security and detection.
smartphones. The voice recognition market is expected to reach $27.16
The global computer vision market is projected to grow from billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 17.2%.
$11.8 billion in 2023 to $19.1 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of
10.2%
2:Reasoning
Reasoning refers to the process by which AI agents make decisions based on
logical frameworks and data analysis.

Deductive Reasoning: Inductive Reasoning:

Drawing specific conclusions Making generalizations

from general premises. based on specific
Example: Rule-based expert observations.
systems in healthcare for Example: Predictive analytics
diagnosing diseases. in business forecasting.
3: Learning
Learning is the ability of an AI system to improve its performance over time through experience or data input.

Pattern Recognition: Adaptive Algorithms:

Identifying trends or regularities in datasets (e.g., fraud Modifying behaviour based on feedback (e.g.,
detection). recommendation systems improving personalization).
The global machine learning market is expected to grow Around 47% of companies report increased operational
from $21.17 billion in 2022 to $209.91 billion by 2029, at a efficiency through machine learning adoption.
CAGR of 38.8%.
4: Autonomy
Definition Self-driving Cars
Autonomy is the capacity of an Navigate roads without drivers.
AI system to operate Example: Tesla's autonomous
independently with minimal vehicles.
human intervention.

Industrial Robots
Perform repetitive tasks without supervision in manufacturing plants.
5: Raø•¾µa«•ø
Dpˆ•µ•ø•¾µ G¾a« Ac•pp³pµø
Rationality refers to the ability of Ensuring actions align with
an AI agent to make optimal predefined objectives (e.g.,
decisions that maximize its maximizing profits in financial
chances of achieving goals trading).
efficiently and effectively.

Eˆˆ•c•pµc Ma•³•(aø•¾µ
Using resources optimally to achieve results faster or with less cost.
Mac•µp Lpa䵕µ‰ Paäaj•‰³ì
Machine learning encompasses diverse paradigms, each tailored for specific tasks and data types. These paradigms drive innovations
across industries, enabling solutions from predictive analytics to autonomous systems.

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1: S ápä•ìpj Lpa䵕µ‰
Supervised learning involves training models on labeled datasets where both input and output are known.

Aá᫕caø•¾µì Algorithms Used

Spam detection using labeled email datasets Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees,
Support Vector Machines (SVMs).
Image classification for identifying objects
Supervised learning is the most widely used paradigm, with
Customer churn prediction based on historical data
over 72% of organizations adopting it for predictive
analytics.
2: Uµì ápä•ìpj Lpa䵕µ‰
Unsupervised learning identifies patterns in unlabeled data without predefined categories or outputs.

Aá᫕caø•¾µì Algorithms Used:

Customer segmentation based on purchasing behavior Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees,
Support Vector Machines (SVMs).
Anomaly detection in cybersecurity
Supervised learning is the most widely used paradigm, with
Market basket analysis for product associations
over 72% of organizations adopting it for predictive
analytics.
3: Rp•µˆ¾äcp³pµø Lpa䵕µ‰
Reinforcement learning involves trial-and-error approaches where agents learn by interacting with their environment and receiving
rewards or penalties for actions taken.

Aá᫕caø•¾µì Algorithms Used:

Robotics control for teaching complex tasks Q-Learning, Deep Q-Networks (DQN), Policy Gradient
Methods.
Game AI for mastering games like Chess or Go
Reinforcement learning applications are expected to
Autonomous navigation systems for drones
contribute significantly to the estimated $4.4 trillion
economic impact attributed to generative AI across
industries by the end of this decade.
4: Dppá Lpa䵕µ‰
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning involving multi-layered neural networks capable of processing large volumes of
unstructured data like images, text, and audio.

Aá᫕caø•¾µì Algorithms Used:

Image processing for object detection Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural
Networks (RNNs), Transformers (e.g., GPT models).
Sentiment analysis in social media monitoring
The deep learning market is projected to grow from $6.78
Speech-to-text conversion in virtual assistants
billion in 2022 to $125 billion by 2030, reflecting a CAGR of
over 40%.
5: Täaµìˆpä Lpa䵕µ‰
Transfer learning leverages knowledge from one domain/task to improve performance in another domain/task without starting from
scratch.

Aá᫕caø•¾µì Algorithms Used:

Using pre-trained models like BERT for text classification Fine-tuning Pre-trained Models such as ResNet, BERT, GPT,
etc..
Adapting models trained on images for video tasks
Transfer learning reduces training time by up to 50%, making
Accelerating training in healthcare diagnostics
it a preferred approach across industries; around half of
businesses reported using transfer learning techniques
within their workflows as of early 2025.
Kp Tpcµ¾«¾‰•pì •µ AI
Key technologies in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are the foundation of intelligent systems, enabling
machines to replicate human-like capabilities. These technologies include:

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Enables machines to understand and Allows machines to interpret visual
respond to human language. information from the world.
The NLP market is expected to grow from The global computer vision market is
$13.4 billion in 2020 to $35.1 billion by projected to reach $19.1 billion by 2028.
2026, at a CAGR of 17.5%.

R¾b¾ø•cì Np äa« Npø¾ä¨ì

Integrates AI with physical machines for Mimics human brain function for complex
autonomous operation. problem-solving tasks.
The robotics market is anticipated to grow The expert systems market is expected to
from $62.75 billion in 2020 to $189.36 reach $3.5 billion by 2025.
billion by 2027.
Rpa«-¾ä«j Aá᫕caø•¾µì ¾ˆ AI

V•äø a« Aìì•ìøaµøì A ø¾µ¾³¾ ì Vp•c«pì Hpa«øcaäp D•a‰µ¾ì•ì

Siri and Alexa enhance user interaction Tesla revolutionizes transportation with AI-powered tools assist medical
through voice commands and smart home self-driving technology using computer professionals in diagnosing diseases
integration. vision and deep learning. more accurately and quickly.
Challenges & Limitations in AI
Data Issues 1
Quality concerns regarding the accuracy and relevance
of training data can lead to ineffective models.
2 Quantity Challenges
Insufficient data availability affects the robustness of
models, making them less reliable in real-world
Bias Within Training Datasets 3 applications.
Biased datasets can lead to unfair outcomes in
decision-making processes, impacting marginalized
Transparency and Explainability Issues:
groups disproportionately. 4
Lack of clear understanding of how AI models make
decisions hinders trust and adoption among users.
Security Concerns
5
Vulnerabilities in AI systems pose risks for sensitive
applications, making them targets for cyberattacks.
F ø äp O ø«¾¾¨ ¾ˆ AI
Hbä•j AI Sìøp³ì
1 Combine traditional algorithms with modern deep learning
techniques for improved performance.

Eµaµcpj H ³aµ-AI C¾««ab¾äaø•¾µ

2 Foster effective partnerships between humans and intelligent
systems across various domains.

S ìøa•µab«p AI Aááä¾acpì
3 Focus on environmentally friendly practices in AI development
and deployment.
Current Trends in AI

1 Multi-Agent Systems 2 Edge AI Solutions 3 AutoML Developments

Enable collaboration among various Allow processing at the edge of Automate machine learning
intelligent agents for complex networks, reducing latency and processes for ease of use by non-
problem-solving tasks across bandwidth use while enhancing experts, democratizing access to
different domains. real-time decision-making advanced AI technologies.
capabilities.
Caìp Sø j•pì •µ AI
OápµAI'ì GPT M¾jp«ì G¾¾‰«p'ì BERT Aá᫕caø•¾µì
Demonstrate advanced natural language understanding and Showcase improvements in search engine results through
generation capabilities across various applications such as better context understanding in language processing tasks,
content creation and customer support automation. enhancing user experience significantly.
Caìp Sø j – OápµAI'ì GPT M¾jp«ì
OpenAI's Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models exemplify state-of-the-art advancements in natural language
understanding and generation. These models, powered by billions of parameters, excel in producing human-like text across diverse
applications.

C¾µøpµø Cäpaø•¾µ C ìø¾³pä S áá¾äø A ø¾³aø•¾µ

Automates the generation of articles, marketing copy, and Enhances customer experience by delivering instant,
creative writing, reducing time-to-market for businesses while coherent, and context-aware responses in chatbots and
maintaining quality. virtual assistants.

Example: Media companies use GPT to draft news Example: E-commerce platforms leverage GPT-
summaries or personalized email campaigns. powered bots to handle inquiries, from product
recommendations to troubleshooting.

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GPT models are widely adopted, with an estimated 60% of businesses leveraging them for content generation and support
automation, saving up to 40% in operational costs.
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AI a‰pµøì äpáäpìpµø a øäaµìˆ¾ä³aø•p ˆ¾äcp acä¾ìì
•µj ìøä•pì, jä••µ‰ •µµ¾aø•¾µ, pˆˆ•c•pµc, aµj µp
caáab•«•ø•pì. Aì øpcµ¾«¾‰ c¾µø•µ pì ø¾ p¾«p,
µjpäìøaµj•µ‰ øpìp ììøp³ì' c¾³á¾µpµøì,
aá᫕caø•¾µì, ca««pµ‰pì, aµj ˆ ø äp øäpµjì •ì pììpµø•a«
ˆ¾ä «ppäa‰•µ‰ øp•ä ˆ «« á¾øpµø•a«.
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