X SCIENCE

CH. 8 Heredity
MCQs 1 MARK EACH

1. A plant heterozygous for tallness is self-crossed, the F2

generation has both tall & Dwarf plants. This proves the principle of
a) Dominance b) Sex Chromosomes
c) Independent assortment d) Incomplete Dominance
2. In a cross-Tt X Tt, the percentage of offspring having same
genotype as the parents would be
a) 50% b) 100% c) 75% d) 25%
3. The differences in traits among members of the same species is
called
a) Heredity b) Allele c) Variation d) Sex chromosome
4. Pea plants were more suitable than cats for Mendel’s experiment
because
a) Cats have many genetic traits
b) No pedigree records of cats
c) Pea plants can be self-pollinated or Cross pollinated
d) Pea plants favour Cross pollination
5. ________ is responsible for keeping the identity of a population
a) Variation b) Sex Chromosome c) Nucleus d) Heredity
6. A gamete contains which of the following?
a) Both alleles of a gene b) Only one allele of agene
c) All alleles of a gene d) No allele of agene
7. If a round, green seeded pea plant (RRyy)is crossed with
wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant (rrYY), the seeds produced in F1
generation are
a) Round & Yellow b) Wrinkled & green
c) Round & Green d) Wrinkled & Yellow

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8. A pair of contrasting characters is called
a) Phenotype b) Allele c) Genotype d) gene
9. In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt).
The ratio of pure tall plant to short plants in F2 is
a) 1:3 b) 3:1 c) 1:1 d) 2:1
10. Assertion - The sex of a child in human beings will be
determined by the type of chromosome he/she inherits from the
father
Reason - A child who inherits X chromosome from his father would
be a Boy while a child who inherits Y chromosome from the father
would be a Girl.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is False but R is true
11. On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a
total of 1000 plants were obtained in F1 generation. What will be
the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds obtained in F1
generation?
(a) 750, 250 (b) 500, 500 (C) 800, 200 (d) 950, 50
12. A normal cell of a human body contains 23 pairs of
chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or
ovum cell) of a human being is most likely to be:
(a) 46 (b) 23 (c) 21 (d) 42
13. The characters which appear in the first filial generation are
called
(a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters
(c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.
14. If a round, green-seeded pea plant (RRyy) is crossed with
wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant (rryy),the seeds produced in F1
generation are:

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(a) wrinkled and yellow (b) round and green
(c) wrinkled and green (d) round and yellow
15. Dominant and recessive allele for position of flowers in a pea
plant is respectively:
(a) axillary and terminal (b) terminal and axillary
(c) on branches and on stem (d) cluster and solitary
16. If a tall pea plant is crossed with a pure dwarf pea plant, then,
what percentage of F1 and F2 generation respectively will be tall
(a) 25%,25% (b) 50%,50% (c) 75%,100% (d) 100%,75%
17. A homogeneous dominant guinea pig with black fur is crossed
with a homozygous guinea pig with white fur. The F1 generation is
crossed with itself. What percentage of F2 generation is expected to
show white fur coat?
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 75% (d) 100%
18. What is the scientific name ‘’PEA PLANT’’.
(a) Tagetes (b) Pisum sativum
(c) Rosa rubiginosa (d) Hibiscus rosasinesis
19. Assertion: -colour of flower is controlled by the enzymes which
are present in genes.
Reason: - cellular DNA is the information source for making protein
in the cell.
20. Assertion: - Recessive traits can only be expressed in
homozygous condition.
Reason: - Dominant trait cannot be expressed in heterozygous
condition.
21. Exchange of genetic material takes place in
a) Vegetative reproduction b) Asexual reproduction
c) Sexual reproduction d) budding
22. 1. How many types of gametes are produced by a dihybrid
plant?

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a) One b) Two c) Four d) Eight
23. The questions given below consist of an assertion and a reason.
Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer.
a) Bothe assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
b) Bothe assertion and reason are true, and reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
e) Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion: both father and the mother contribute practically equal
amounts of genetic material to the child.
Reason: each trait is influenced by both paternal and maternal
DNA
24. The questions given below consist of an assertion and a reason.
Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer.
a) Bothe assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
b) Bothe assertion and reason are true, and reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
e) Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion: in human being, the genes inherited from parents
decide whether the child will be a boy or girl.
Reason: a child who inherits a Y chromosome from the father will
be a girl, and one who inherits an X chromosome from him will be a
boy
25. In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals,
what will be percentage of pure homozygous individuals obtained in
F1 Generation?

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26. Give reasons why acquired characters are nor inherited?
27. Ruby crossed a tall pea plant with white flowers and a dwarf
plant with violet flowers. Which type of cross she performs?
28. In mice, the allele for black fur colour is dominant over the
allele for white fur colour. What does this mean in a mouse
population?
29. Why do we say that homozygous plants produce pure progeny?
30. A green stemmed rose plant denoted by GG and a brown
stemmed rose plant denoted by gg are allowed to undergo a cross
with each other. What will be the Ratio of GG and Gg in the F2
progeny.
31. If a pure tall plant (TT) with height 20cm cross with the pure
dwarf plant (tt) with height 10cm, and then find out the height of
hybrid tall plant.
32. Mention the type of allele that expresses itself only in
homozygous state in an Organism
33. Mention any two contrasting traits with respect to seeds in pea
plant that were studied by Mendel.
34. A garden pea plant produced axial white flowers. Another of the
same species produced terminal violet flowers. Identify the
dominant trait.
35. A couple has five sons. What is the possibility of their having a
son next time?
36. In peas, a plant with round seed cross with a plant with
wrinkled seed. What percentage of plant will have round seed in F1
generation?
37. Who coined the term ‘Genetics’?
38. In peas, a pure tall plant crosses with pure dwarf plant. The F1
progeny then cross with pure tall plant. What percentage of plant
will have tall plant in F2 generation?
39. How many pairs of chromosomes control somatic characters in
human being?

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40. In peas, a plant with green inflated pod crosses with a plant
with yellow constricted pod. What percentage of plant will have
green inflated pod in F1 generation?
41. Two pink coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink
and 1 white flower progeny. The nature of the cross will be
(a) double fertilization (b) self-pollination
(c) cross fertilisation (d) no fertilisation
42. A cross between a tall plant (TT) and short pea plant (tt)
resulted in progeny that were all tall plants because
(a) tallness is the dominant trait
(b) shortness is the dominant trait
(c) tallness is the recessive trait
(d) height of pea plant is not governed by gene ‘T’ or ‘t’
43. If a round, green seeded pea plant (RR yy) is crossed with
wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant, (rr YY) the seeds produced in F1
generation are
(a) round and yellow (b) round and green
(c) wrinkled and green (d) wrinkled and yellow
44. The maleness of a child is determined by
(a) the X chromosome in the zygote
(b) the Y chromosome in zygote
(c) the cytoplasm of germ cell which determines the sex
(d) sex is determined by chance
45. A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father
will develop into a
(a) boy (b) girl
(c) X- chromosome does not determine the sex of a child
(d) either boy or girl
46. In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt).
The ratio of pure tall plants to short plants in F2 is
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(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
47. Height of a plant is regulated by:
a) DNA which is directly influenced by growth hormone.
b) Genes which regulate the proteins directly.
c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded by a
gene.
d) Growth hormones directly under the influence a gene.
48. If a tall pea plant is crossed with a pure dwarf pea plant, then,
what percentage of F1 and F2 generation respectively will be tall?
(a) 25%, 25% (b) 50%, 50% (c) 75%,100% (d) 100%, 75%
49. The inheritance of colour trait in flower is as shown.

R and r denote two different genes for colour. Which law of Mendel
can be explained using the image?
(a) Only Law of segregation
(b) Only Law of independent assortment
(c) Law of segregation and Law of dominance
(d) Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment
50. Humans have two different sex chromosomes, X and Y. Based
on the Mendel’s laws, a male offspring will inherit which
combination of chromosomes?
(a) Both the X chromosomes from one of its parents
(b) both the Y chromosomes from one of its parents
(c) combination of X chromosomes from either of its parents
(d) combination of X and Y chromosome from either of its parents
51. Acquired traits are not influenced by which of the following?
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(a) DNA (b) Diminished eye (c) hair colour (d) muscular strength
52. Attached earlobes in humans is inherited condition. The allele
for attached earlobes is recessive. What are the chances of parents,
both having attached earlobes, to have a child with attached
earlobes?
(a) 0% (b) 75% (c) 25% (d) 100%
53. Two pea plants, one with round green seeds (RR yy) another
with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds, produce F1 plants are self-
pollinated, the F2 progeny will have a new combination of
characters. Choose the new combination from the following:
(i) Round, Yellow (ii) Wrinkled, yellow
(iii) Round, green (iv) Wrinkled, green
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
54. Which type of blood group is called a “universal donor”?
(a) Blood group A (b) Blood group AB
(c) Blood group B (d) Blood group O
55. If two pink – coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2
pink and 1 white – flower progeny. The nature of the cross will be:
(a) Double fertilization (b) Self – pollination
(c) Cross – fertilization (d) No fertilization

VSA 2 MARKS EACH

1. Give an example where Sex Determination is regulated by

Environment.
2. Distinguish between Dominant & Recessive Traits. Also give
examples of each.
3. “A person has Blue eyes, fair skin tone, plays Volleyball although
flat footed & is learning French.” Which of these traits are not
genetically inherited & cannot be passed to the progeny? Justify.

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4. A man having blood group B marries a woman having blood
group O and they have a child. What will be the blood group of the
child?
5. Why it is said that ‘’Sexual reproduction is beneficiary than the
asexual reproduction.
6. What is (a) law of segregation? explain with a help of example
OR
What is law of independent assortment? explain with some help, of
example?
7. How do Mendel’s experiments show that the: traits are inherited
independently?
8. In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a
male or a female child is 50:50. Give a suitable explanation
9. Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experiments?
10. How many gametes will form from following genotypes?
a) TTRr b) TtYy
11. What will be expected percentages of blood groups in the
offspring when there is a cross between AB blood group mother and
heterozygous B blood group father?
12. In childhood due to a severe accident Sumita got a huge scar on
her right hand. After she heard the lecture of Heredity in her class
10th, she was worried about what if her baby inherits the scar. She
asked her teacher about her concern. After an elaborate
explanation from her teacher, now she convinced successfully.
What according to you could be the possible explanation which the
teacher gave to Sumita?
13. In an asexually reproducing species, if a trait X exists in 5% of
a population and trait Y exists in 70% of the same population,
which of the two trait is likely to have arisen earlier? Give reason.
14. Mustard was growing in two fields- A and B. While Field A
produced brown coloured seeds, field B produced yellow-coloured
seeds. It was observed that in field A, the offsprings showed only
the parental trait for consecutive generations, whereas in field B,
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majority of the offsprings showed a variation in the progeny. What
are the probable reasons for these?
15. A scientist cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-
bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant he will get pea plants of F1
generation. If now self-cross the pea plant of F2 generation is done,
then we obtain pea plants of F2 generation
a. State the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation.
Write the full form of DNA.
SA 3 MARKS EACH

1. A husband has 46 chromosomes; his wife has 46 chromosomes.

Then why don’t their offspring have 46 pairs of chromosomes,
which is obtained by the fusion of male & female gametes? Support
your answer with a neat illustration.
2. “It is a matter of chance whether a couple will give birth to a
male or female child”. Justify this statement with a flow chart &
explain who decides the sex of the child.
3. Do all variations survive? How do asexually reproducing
organisms produce variations among their progenies? Explain
giving suitable examples.
4. When a friend showed a picture to Manoj and asked him to
identify that the reason why the son (offspring) eye is blue in
colour& why the ear is similar to his parents.

5. Why Mendel choose Pea plants for his experiment? which type of
progeny obtained when he crossed tall and short plant in F1 & F2
generation? Write the ratio he obtained in F1 & F2 generation?

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6. It was observed that due to global warming is becoming concerns
in reduction of population of male turtles. Justify the statement.
Does temperature show any effects in Human sex determination.

7. “It is possible that a trait is inherited but many not be

expressed.” Give a suitable example to justify this statement.
8. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
9. In pea plant round seed is dominant over the wrinkled. If a cross
is carried between these two plants, give answer to the following
questions:
a) Mention the genes for the traits of parents.
b) State the trait of F1 hybrids.
c) Write the ratio of F2 progeny obtained from this cross. What is
the name of the cross?

10. A hybridization experiment of garden pea plant was conducted

between pure breeding pea plant with round, yellow seeds and
wrinkled and green seeds. Based on the above experiment answer
the following.
i) Write the phenotype of F1 progeny and state the reasons for your
answer.
ii) What will be the type of phenotypes one would obtain in F2
progeny when F1 progeny was selfed?
11. In a survey it is found that blue eye colour is recessive among
human in contrast to the brown eye colour. Answer the following
questions if a brown eyed man has a blue-eyed mother.
a) What are the possible genotypes of his father?
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b) What is the genotype of the man and his mother?
c) Which Mendelian principle is used in determining the genotypes?
12. Answer the following questions, if a heterozygous tall pea plant
crosses with homozygous dwarf pea plant.
a) What will be the genotypic ratio of F1 generation?
b) Which Mendelian principle is used in determining the genotypes?
c) Define the law with example.
13. Two pea plants - one with round yellow seeds (RRYY) and
another with wrinkled green (rryy) seeds produce F1 progeny that
have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1 plants are self-pollinated,
which new combination of characters is expected in F2 progeny?
How many seeds with these new combinations of characters will be
produced when a total 160 seeds are produced in F2 generation?
Explain with reason.
14. In a pea plant, the trait of flowers bearing purple colour (PP) is
dominant over white colour (pp). Explain the inheritance pattern of
F1 and F2 generations with the help of a cross following the rules of
inheritance of traits. State the visible characters of F1and F2
progenies.
15. Different species use very different strategies for this. Some rely
entirely on environmental cues. Thus, in some animals like a few
reptiles, the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept
determines whether the animals developing in the eggs will be male
or female. However, in human beings, the sex of the individual is
largely genetically determined.
a. How many chromosomes are there in human beings?
b. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
16. (a) Why did Mendel choose garden pea for his experiments?
Write two reasons.
(b) List two contrasting visible characters of garden pea Mendel
used for his experiment.
17. Sex determination in humans happens through sex
chromosomes. Along with other parameters, such processes often

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help in forensic studies in crime investigation and or identification
of accidents and natural calamities, in order to determine whether
an accident victim is male or female, which cells can be used and
why?
18. After self-pollination in pea plants with round, yellow seeds,
following types of seeds were obtained by Mendel:
Seeds Number
Round, yellow 630
Round, green 216
Wrinkled, yellow 202
Wrinkled, green 64
Analyse the result and describe the mechanism of inheritance
which explains these results.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS 4 MARKS

1. In humans, the RBC have proteins with sugars attached to the

surface of RBC & these act as Antigens & can activate the Immune
system. These antigens come in two form Type A antigen & Type B
antigen, & based on the presence & absence of these antigens, due
to the allele i.e. IA, IB, the blood group can be A, B, AB & O.
a) A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group B,
their daughter has blood group O, explain.
b) What are the blood groups possible in their progeny if the
parents are heterozygous?
c) Which blood type is Universal Donor, write its genotype?
OR
Which blood type is Universal Recipient, write its genotype.
2. Mendel blended the knowledge of Science & Mathematics to keep
the count of the individuals exhibiting a particular trait in each
generation. He observed several contrasting visible characters
controlled in Pea plants in a field. He conducted many experiments
to arrive at the laws of inheritance.
a) What do the F1 progeny of tall plants with round seeds (TTRR) &
dwarf plants with wrinkled seeds (ttrr) look like?

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b) Name the Recessive traits in this case.
c) Mention the type of new combination of plants obtained in F2
generation along with their ratios, if F1 plants were self-pollinated
OR
If 1600 plants were obtained in F2 generation, Write the phenotypic
ratios & write the number of plants with
i) Tall & round seeds Dwarf & wrinkled seeds
3. When Paheli went to her village in summer vacation. In her
neighbourhood a husband and his whole family was yelling at his
wife that she was not able to give birth to a baby boy after 4th
delivery. When she enquired to her mother, she came to know that
the whole family is pressurizing her to give birth to a baby boy. due
to which she was forced to conceive 4th time. Though Paheli was
well educated ANGAN VADI female worker she explained to them
that their daughter in law is not responsible for determination of
sex of a child. Justify the statement by flow diagram.

4. Answer the following questions.

(a) How does the two factors that make up a character in diploid
cells have during gamete formation?
(b) in a zygote how is the chromosome number is restored?
(c) What will be the offspring formed from 22 + Y.
(d) Why in asexual reproduction the offspring are known an exact
copy of their parents.
5. 1. Read the following and answer any four. Pea plants can have
smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes is
completely dominant over the other. A farmer decides to pollinate
one flower of a plant with smooth seeds using pollen from plant
with wrinkled seeds. The resulting pea pod has all smooth seeds.
(i) Which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
(1) The allele for smooth seeds is dominated over that of wrinkled
seeds.

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(2) The plant with smooth seeds is heterozygous.
(3) The plant with wrinkled seeds is homozygous.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled
seeds in same proportion?
(a) RR X rr (b) Rr x rr (c) RRX Rr (d) rrrr
(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the
genotype of a plant with dominant phenotype?
(a) RR RR (b) Rr x Rr (c) Rr RR (d) RR x rr
(iv) On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a
total of 1000 plants were obtained in F1 generation. What will be
the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds obtained in F1
generation?
(a) 750, 250 (b) 500, 500 (c) 800, 200 (d) 950, 50
(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are
called
(a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters
(c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.
6. Read the following and answer any four.
The rules for inheritance of such traits in human beings are related
to the fact that both the father and the mother contribute
practically equal amounts of genetic material to the child. This
means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and
maternal DNA. Thus, for each trait there will be two versions in
each child. What will, then, the trait seen in the child be?
i) What were the contrasting traits used by Mendel?
ii) What was the phenotypic ratio of monohybrid cross?
iii) What was the genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross?
iv) How does the traits get expressed?
v) Write the monohybrid cross between tall and dwarf plants?

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7. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
Sex determination is the method by which distinction between
males and females is established in species. The sex of an
individual is determined by specific chromosomes. These
chromosomes are called sex chromosomes. X and Y chromosomes
of an individual are known as autosomes.
i) A couple has six daughters. What is the possibility of their having
a girl next time?
a) 50% b) 25% c) 100% d) 75%
ii) In human male all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except
one. This unpaired chromosome is/are
a) X chromosome b) Y chromosome
c) large chromosome d) both (a) and (b)

iii) Select the incorrect statement.

a) In male grasshoppers, 50% of sperms have no sex chromosomes.
b) In animals like snails, individuals cannot change their sex.
c) Human male produces two types of sperms 50% having X
chromosomes and 50% having Y chromosomes.
d) In turtle, sex determination is regulated by environmental
factors.
iv) Number of pair(s) of sex chromosomes in the zygote of human is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
8. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
Pure breed pea plant with smooth seeds (dominated characteristic)
was crossed with purebred pea plant with wrinkled seeds (recessive
characteristic). The F1 generation was self-pollinated to give rise to
the F2 generation.
i) If a genotype consists of different types of alleles, it is called
a) homozygous b) heterozygous c) monoallelic d) uniallelic
ii) The alternative form of gene is called

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a) allele b) alternative genes
c)dominant character d) recessive character
iii) Which of the following will be the genotypic ratio of given F2
generation?
a) 1:2:1 b) 3:1 c) 1:3 d) 1:1:1
iv) What is the expected observation of the F2 generation of plants?
a) ½ of them have smooth seeds and ½ of them have wrinkled
seeds.
b) ¼ of them have wrinkled seeds and ¾ of them have smooth
seeds.
c) ¾ of them have wrinkled seeds and ¼ of them have smooth
seeds.
d) All of them have smooth seeds.
9. Pooja has green eyes while her parents and brother have black
eyes. Pooja’s husband Ravi has black eyes while his mother has
green eyes and father has black eyes.
(a) On the basis of the above given information, is the green eye
colour a dominant or recessive trait? Justify your answer.
(b) What is the possible genetic makeup of Pooja’s brother’s eye
colour?
(c) What is the probability that the offspring of Pooja and Ravi will
have green eyes? Also, show the inheritance of eye colour in the
offspring with the help of a suitable cross.
10. Sahil performed an experiment to study the inheritance pattern
of genes. He crossed tall pea plants (TT) with short pea plants (tt)
and obtained all tall plants in F1 generation.
a. What will be set of genes present in the F1 generation?
b. Give reason why only tall plants are observed in F1 progeny.
c. When F1 plants were self - pollinated, a total of 800 plants were
produced. How many of these would be tall, medium height or
short plants? Give the genotype of F 2 generation.

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11. “Sex determination is an important developmental event in the
life cycle of all sexually reproducing plants. Recent studies of sex
determination in many plant species, from ferns to maize, have
been fruitful in identifying the diversity of genetic and epigenetic
factors that are involved in determining the sex of the flower or
individual”. The above is a passage from an article by two scientists
Cristina Juarez and Jo Ann Banks.
(a) What is the most likely genetic factor for sex determination in
unisexual plants?
(b) Epigenetic factors refer to factors external to the genetic
component of an individual. Name evidence of One epigenetic
condition that determines sexuality in animals.
(c) State Mendel’s law of segregation and explain how sex
determination violates the law.
(d) Which parent determines the sex of the offspring in human
beings? Why?
12. Mendel observed in one of his experiments with pea plants that
when a pure tall pea plant is crossed with a pure dwarf pea plant,
in the first generation, F1, only tall plants appear.
(i) What happens to the traits of the dwarf plants in this case?
(ii) When the F1 generation plants were self-fertilized, he observed
that in the plants of second generation, F2, both tall plants and
dwarf plants were present. Why it happened? Explain briefly.
LA (5MARKS)

1. In a cross between red coloured& white coloured flowers, when

plants with red coloured flowers of F1 generation were self-
pollinated F2 generation of 1200 plants were obtained. Explain the
inheritance of traits in the above cross with the help of flow chart
only along with the ratios & number of plants with red & white
flowers in F2 generation. Mention the Laws of Inheritance being
followed.
2. Amit was very fond of dogs. One day his friend called him to
show a white dog and a black dog which he had recently got from

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his friends. Amit was wondering as to how different dogs have
different colours:

(a) Dogs having black coat colour when crossed with dogs having
same colour, produced 200 offspring. Out of this 150 were black
and 50 were white. What would be the genotype of the dogs?
(b) Harsh has two golden retriever dogs one male and one female.
Now they have grown up and he is surprised and curious to know
whether his two golden retrievers can produce a black puppy?
(c) It is possible that a trait is inherited but may not be expressed’?
Explain by taking the example of Amit dogs to justify this
statement.
3. i) What is genetics?
ii) Give the common name of the plant on which Mendel
performed its experiments.
iii) What for did Mendel use the term factors and what are these
factors called now?
iv) What are genes? Where are the genes located?
4. Sampriti appealed before the court for a divorce as his wife is
unable to bear him a male child. Use your understanding of
principle of sex determination to answer the following.
i) What are sex chromosomes?
ii) How many types of sex chromosomes are there? What are they?
iii) By using your understanding about sex determination, give an
appropriate verdict.
5. Mendel was educated in a monastery and went on to study
science and mathematics at the University of Vienna. Failure in the
examinations for a teaching certificate did not suppress his zeal for

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scientific quest. He went back to his monastery and started growing
peas. Many others had studied the inheritance of traits in peas and
other organisms earlier, but Mendel blended his knowledge of
science and mathematics and was the first one to keep count of
individuals exhibiting a particular trait in each generation. This
helped him to arrive at the laws of inheritance. Gregor Johann
Mendel regarded as the ‘Father of Genetics’ performed his
experiments with garden peas in the garden behind his monastery.
He observed several contrasting characters in garden peas and
observed their inheritance.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

a. What is the scientific name of pea plant and how many
chromosomes it has?
b. Which colour is the dominant trait for seed and flower?
c. Why did Mendel select a pea plant for his experiments?
ANSWERS FOR MCQs

1. c 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. c
11. (A) 750 ,250 Though in result we will get 3:1 ratio.
12. (b) 23, In a sex cell, there is only 23 chromosomes as it is
haploid.
13. C. Dominant character
14. (D) round and yellow
15. (A) Axillary and terminal

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16. (D) 100%,75%
17. (A) 25% In F2 generation there will be 75% dominant and 25%
recessive allele, so only 25% will be white fur guinea pig., 3:1 ratio
18. (b) Pisum sativum
19. (C) Colour of the flower is controlled by the dominant gene
enzymes. As we know series of bases of forms DNA structure.
Ribosome translates the mrna into amino acids sequence which
create protein.
20. (C) Recessive characters can only express in homozygous
condition. whereas dominant trait can be expressed in both
homozygous and heterozygous condition.
21. c) Sexual reproduction
22. c) four
23. a) Bothe assertion and reason are true, and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
24. c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
25. In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals,
percentage of pure homozygous individuals obtained in F1
generation is 50%.

Therefore, percentage of pure homozygous individuals (TT and tt)

obtained in F1 generation is 50%.
26. No change in DNA of germ cells is produced by acquired
characters, so they cannot be inherited. Only those characters are
inherited which have a gene for them.
27. A cross in which two contrasting traits are considered is called
a dihybrid cross.

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28. Most mice have black fur.
29. Because of presence of same set of genes.
30. Genotype of F2 progeny – GG: Gg 1: 2
31. Here tallness is the dominant character and dwarfness is the
recessive character. In F1 generation the dominant character is
expressed. Thus, the height of the F1 hybrid is 20 cm.
32. Recessive allele 33. Round/wrinkled, yellow/green
34. Axial, violet flowers 35. 50% 36. 100%
37. William Bateson 38. 100% 39. 22 pairs 40. 100%
41. (b) self-pollination 42. (a) tallness is the dominant trait
43. (a) round and yellow 44. (b) the Y chromosome in zygote
45. (b) girl 46. (c) 1: 1
47. c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded
by a gene. 48. (d) 100%, 75%
49. (c) Law of segregation and Law of dominance
50. (d)combination of X and Y chromosome from either of its
parents
51. Ans. (a) 52. Ans. (d) 53. Ans. (b) 54. Ans. (d) 55. Ans. (c)
ANSWERS FOR VSA (2 MARKS)

1 In some animals the temperature at which the fertilized eggs are

kept determines the sex of the newborn. Ex- In most Turtles only
females are produced at high temperature while males are
produced at low temperature 2 Dominant Recessive.
1. The traits expressed in F1 generation in a cross 1. The traits not
expressed in F1 generation but are expressed in F2.
2. Ex-Tall character in pea plant 2. Ex- Dwarf character in pea
plant.
3. The traits of – “Playing Volleyball & Learning French” are not
genetically inherited & cannot be passed to the progeny because
these traits do not cause any changes in the genes (DNA) of the
germ cell and cannot be passed to the progeny.

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4. The offspring blood group will depend upon on the dominating
father gene. if father have blood group B which have combination of
gene IB IB OR IBIO. Although father genes are dominant and
mother s blood genes are recessive therefore, they are not able to
express during crossing over.
5. In sexual reproduction crossing over of genes take place due to
which maximum variations can be seen, which makes the offspring
to more adaptive to the environment. But in asexual reproduction
only single parent is involved .it don’t show any variation due to
which the longevity is very less.
6 Mendel's law of segregation states that: “During the formation of
gamete, each gene separates from each other so that each gamete
carries only one allele for each gene.

OR
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the alleles of
two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently
of one another.

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7. When Mendel conducted a dihybrid cross having two sets of
characters, he obtained only one set of parental characters in F1
generation whereas in F2 generation he obtained both the sets of
parental characters, now recombined in the ratio of 9:3:3:1.
8. The sex of an infant is determined by the type of sex
chromosome contributed by male gamete. Since the ratio of male
gametes containing X chromosome and those containing Y
chromosome is 50:50, the static probability of male and female
infant is 50:50.
9. Self-pollinated, easily distinguishable character, short life span,
easy to grow.
10. No of gametes=2n (where n=no of heterozygotes)
a) TTRr = 21 = 2 (here no of heterozygote=1, i.e. Rr)
b) TtYy = 22 = 4 (here no of heterozygote = 2, i.e. Tt, Yy)
11.

25% AB Blood group, 25% A blood group, 50% B blood group. 12

Traits are acquired due to interaction with the environment are
called acquired traits which are not inheritable. So, the scar on
Sumita’s right hand was an acquired trait and that won’t be
transferred to her next generation.
13. Trait Y which exists in 70% (larger fraction) of the population, is
likely to have arisen earlier because in asexual reproduction,
identical copies of DNA are produced, and variations do not occur.
New traits come in the population due to sudden mutation and
then are inherited. 70 % of the population with trait Y is likely to
have been replicating that trait for a longer period than 5 % of
population with trait X.
14. In field A, the reason for parental trait in consecutive
generations of the offsprings is self-pollination. In field B, variation

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is seen to occur because of recombination of genes as cross-
pollination is taking place.
15. a.3:1 Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

ANSWERS FOR SA (3 MARKS)

1. During gamete formation, Meiotic (Reduction) division occurs so

the gametes receive only half the number of chromosomes.
Therefore, when the male & female gametes fuse, the original 46
chromosomes of the parent is maintained & received by the Zygote
& not the 46 pairs of chromosomes.

2. (i)In humans there are 22 pairs of Autosomes & 1 pair of sex

chromosomes. The Father has XY sex C chromosome while mother
has XX sex chromosome.
(ii) During gamete formation there is reduction division so in the
mother all the eggs have 22+X chromosomes while the father has
two types of sperms- 22+X & 22+Y.
(iii) All the children get 22+X egg from the mother but from father if
sperm 22+X fuses then it’s a Girl & if 22+Y sperm fuses then it’s a
Boy. So, it’s a matter of chance 50-50 whether it’s a boy or girl

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3. No all variations do not survive, only those variations which are
most favourable to the environment survive others perish. In
asexually reproducing organisms’ variations occur due to the errors
in DNA copying at the time of nuclear division. Example – In a
bacteria asexual reproduction takes place & two daughter bacteria
are formed. These would look similar but minor differences are
present. When these daughter bacteria divide further there are
differences present. Thus, variations occur in the progeny of
asexually reproducing organisms
4. Cellular DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the main source for
making proteins in the cell. As we know the traits of both parents
are inherited with the help of genes from parents to progeny.
During crossing over mainly the child iris colour of eye and ear
resemble his parents’ traits.
5. Mendel choose pea plant as their short life span and contrasting
characters can be seen while crossing over. He knows that he will
be able to get result very soon. Results outcome will take very less
time. When MENDEL crossed pure tall plants ‘TT with pure short
plant genotype tt’’, progeny which was obtained were all Tall in first
generation. when he crossed them again, he was surprised to see
the result that 3 progenies were of tall height and 1 progeny was
short.
Phenotypic ratio: - 3:1
Genotypic ratio: - 1:2:1
6. In some reptiles the temperature plays a very vital role in sex
determination. It was observed that if the temperature is greater

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than 25 Celsius during incubation period it may result in female
progeny. and if temperature is less than 25 Celsius then it may
result in male progeny. due to which the male progeny birth % is
getting reduced. In humans’ temperature don’t shows any effects in
sex determination. only the father gene is responsible.
7. Yes, it is possible. Example: when pure tall pea plants are
crossed with pure dwarf pea plants, only tall pea plants are
obtained in F1 generation. On seeing tall plants of F1, both tall and
dwarf plants are obtained in F2 generation in the ratio 3:1.
Reappearance of the dwarf character, a recessive trait in F2
generation shows that the dwarf trait character was present in
individuals of F1, but it did not express due to the present of
tallness, a dominant trait/character.
8. Human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs are
autosomes and 23rd pair is the sex chromosome. The males have
XY, and the females have XX. all the gametes formed in the females
are of one type, i.e. X. in males there are two types of sperms that
are formed X and Y. if the sperms having X fertilize with the egg the
zygote formed is XX. This will form female child. If the sperm having
Y fertilizes with the egg than the zygote formed is XY and the
offspring will be male child. So basically, it’s the male gametes that
decide the sex of the unborn child
9. a) RR/rr. b) Rr/hybrid Round. c) 3:1 d) 1:2:1
Monohybrid cross.
10. i) The phenotype of F1 progeny is pea plant with round and
yellow seeds. The reason for my answer is round shape and yellow
colour of the seed is the dominant traits over wrinkled shaped
green colour seeds. So, in F1 generation dominant traits will
express themselves by suppressing the recessive traits which are
wrinkled shaped green colour seeds.
ii) The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. Round yellow-9, Round green-3,
Wrinkled yellow-3, wrinkled green-1.
11. a) The possible genotype of father is- BB, Bb
b) Genotype of man-Bb
Genotype of mother-bb
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c) Principle of dominance
12. a) Genotypic ratio- Tt:tt = 1:1
b) Law of dominance.
c) Mendel's law of dominance states that: “When parents with
pure, contrasting traits are crossed together, only one form of trait
appears in the next generation. The hybrid offsprings will exhibit
only the dominant trait in the phenotype.” Law of dominance is
known as the first law of inheritance. Ex- brown eye colour in
human.
13. Round green: 30
Wrinkled yellow: 30
New combinations are produced because of the independent
inheritance of seed shape and seed colour trait.
14. Let purple trait be represented by: PP White trait be: pp

Visible characters of F1 progeny all flowers are purple coloured and

in F2 progenies 3 are purple coloured and 1 is white coloured
flower
15. a. 46
b. The sex of a child is determined by the type of chromosome
he/she is receiving from the father. If sperm is having X
chromosome, then the child will be a girl. If sperm is having Y
chromosome, then the child will be a boy.
16. (a) Reasons:
(i) Pea plant is small and easy to grow.

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 (ii) A large number of true breeding varieties of pea plant are
available.
(iii) Short life cycle.
(iv) Both self and cross-pollination can be made possible.
(b) Contrasting characters:
Round / Wrinkled seeds
Tall / Short plants
White / Purple flowers
Green / Yellow seeds
17. Any cell of the body. Every cell has the sex chromosomes as the
23rd pair.
18. The ratio obtained is 9:3:3:1 in which parental as well as new
combinations are observed. This indicates that progeny plants have
not inherited the whole set of genes from each parent. Every germ
cell takes on chromosome from the pair of maternal and paternal
chromosomes. When two germ cells combine, segregation of one
pair of characters is independent of other pair of characters.
ANSWERS FOR CBQ (4 MARKS)

1. a) The daughter has blood group O means the parents were

heterozygous.

2. a) The F1 progeny looks like Tall Round (TtRr)

b) The recessive traits – dwarf & Wrinkled
c) New combination of plants in F2 - Tall Wrinkled & Dwarf Round
ratio 3:3.

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OR
1600 plants in F2 Phenotypic ratio – 9:3:3:1
(i) Number of plants with Tall Round seeds- 900
Number of plants with dwarf wrinkled seeds -100
3. In many areas still, women are held responsible for sex of a baby.
The main reason to be explained to village people is necessary that
If a sperm carrying X –chromosome fertilizes an ovum carrying X
chromosome, then the child born will be girl

Therefore, it is the sperm from the father which determines the sex
of the child. Thus, inhuman beings the sex of the child is
determined by the type of sperm that fuses with ovum. So, there is
50% chances of having boy or 50% chances of girl.
4. (a) During gamete formation two factors called X and Y segregate.
As a result, the gamete is either X or Y.
(B) As organism has 2n chromosome. It forms gametes. Due to the
mitotic cell division in gametic cell the genes are restored.
(c) BOY
(d) In asexual reproduction the offspring are born from single
parents, therefore no variation can be seen. example: -Amoeba
binary fission.
5. i) (c) 1 and 3 only
ii) (b) Rr x rr
iii) (d) RR x rr
iv) (a) 750, 250

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(b) dominant characters
6. i) Tall and dwarf plant, round/wrinkled seeds, white/violets
flower and on the basis of pod colour etc.
ii) 3:1 here, 3 is for tall plants and 1 is dwarf plants.
iii) 1:2:1
iv) Genes control traits, the diploid organism inherits two alleles
from a gene i.e. one is from father, and one is from mother.
TT × tt
7. i) (a) ii) (d) iii) ( b) iv) (a)
8. i) (b) ii) (a) iii) (a) iv) (b)
9. a. Yes, green eye colour is recessive as it will express only in
homozygous condition
b. BB, Bb
c. bb*Bb
B b
b Bb bb
b Bb bb
Genetic cross - 50% of the offsprings can have green eye colour
10. a. Tt
b. Traits like ‘T’ are called dominant traits, while those that behave
like ‘t’ are called recessive traits. /Alternatively accept the definition
of dominant and recessive traits with examples of T and t
respectively/Alternatively accept the law of Dominance with
examples of T and t.
c. Out of 800 plants 600 plants will be tall and 200 plants will be
small (1 mark), 1TT:2Tt:1tt
11. (a) Sex chromosomes
(b) Temperature of the fertilized egg determines sex of the embryo in
some reptiles.
(c) The law of segregation states that a diploid organism passes a
randomly selected allele for a trait to its offspring, such that the
offspring receives one allele from each parent.
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(d) The father.
Because the father can pass either X or Y chromosome to the
offspring.
(e)

12. Monohybrid cross: Pure tall pea plant and pure dwarf pea
plants.
KEY 5 MARKS

1.

2. (A) Genotype of dog will be Bb and Bb (B; Black, b: white) As the

ratio of black: white dogs =150:50 = 3:1, black coat colour is
dominant over white. Further, both black and white dogs are
homozygous (BB and bb). Alleles for black coat colour Bb. Self-
pollination between Bb and Bb.
Bb x Bb

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(B) No, it is not possible for a pure-bred golden retrievers to produce
a black puppy as their golden colour is a result of two recessive
alleles.
(C) It is possible that a trait is inherited but may not be expressed
for example when Lokesh allowed to mate pure black dog with
heterozygous black dog, he obtained homozygous black and
heterozygous black in the ratio of 1:1 in F1 generation. if he allowed
to mate heterozygous black dogs, he would obtain in F2 generation
in the ratio of 3:1.
3. i) Science which deals with the study of heredity and variation is
called genetic.
ii) Pea plant.
iii) Mendel used the term factors for ‘genes.
iv) Gene is the unit of inheritance. It is a part of the chromosome
which controls the appearance of a set of heredity characters.
Genes are located on the chromosome.
4 i) Sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for
sex determination. These chromosomes are the 23rd pair of
chromosomes in human beings.
ii) These are of two types. X-chromosome and Y-chromosome
iii) I would deny his appeal for divorce, because the sex of the child
is dependent on the type of the male gamete fuses with the female
gamete. Human beings have XX-XY sex determination system. In
this, the males have XY sex chromosomes. They produce two types
of gametes having X and Y chromosome. The females have XX
chromosome. They produce only one type of gamete having X
chromosome. The sex of a child is determined by the type of
chromosome he/she is receiving from the father. If sperm is having
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X chromosome, then the child will be a girl. If sperm is having Y
chromosome, then the child will be a boy. The Y chromosome
carries factors responsible for triggering male development. The X
chromosome carries factors responsible

5 a) Pisum sativum
b) yellow, violet
c) Gregor Mendel choose pea plants to perform his experiments
because they grow quickly, are easy to breed, and have a variety of
traits.

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