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The document contains a series of questions and answers related to genetics, inheritance, and evolution, including key concepts such as genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits, and Mendel's experiments. It covers various question formats, including 1-mark, 2-mark, 3-mark, 5-mark, and case study-based questions, providing detailed explanations and examples. Additionally, it addresses the significance of variations, the mechanisms of evolution, and the role of fossils in supporting evolutionary theory.

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3 views

Document (59)

The document contains a series of questions and answers related to genetics, inheritance, and evolution, including key concepts such as genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits, and Mendel's experiments. It covers various question formats, including 1-mark, 2-mark, 3-mark, 5-mark, and case study-based questions, providing detailed explanations and examples. Additionally, it addresses the significance of variations, the mechanisms of evolution, and the role of fossils in supporting evolutionary theory.

Uploaded by

7dikshasharma8891
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1-Mark Questions (10 Questions)

1. Who is known as the father of genetics?


• Gregor Johann Mendel.
2. What is the unit of inheritance?
• Gene.
3. Define genotype.
• The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by letters (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).
4. What is a phenotype?
• The physical expression of a trait, such as tall or dwarf in pea plants.
5. What is a dominant trait?
• A trait that is expressed in the presence of a recessive allele (e.g., tallness in pea
plants).
6. Name the plant used by Mendel in his experiments.
• Pea plant (Pisum sativum).
7. What do you mean by variation?
• Differences in traits among individuals of a species.
8. State the chromosome number in human somatic cells.
• 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
9. What is the sex chromosome pair in a human male?
• XY.
10. What is the phenotypic ratio in Mendel’s monohybrid cross?
• 3:1 (Three dominant to one recessive).

2-Mark Questions (10 Questions)

1. Differentiate between dominant and recessive traits with an example.


• Dominant Trait: Expressed even in a heterozygous condition (e.g., tallness in pea
plants, TT or Tt).
• Recessive Trait: Expressed only in a homozygous condition (e.g., dwarfness in pea
plants, tt).
2. Explain Mendel’s Law of Segregation.
•During gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate, and each gamete receives only
one allele. This ensures that offspring inherit one allele from each parent.
3. What is the significance of variations in a population?
• Variations help a species adapt to environmental changes, leading to better survival
and evolution.
4. Why are traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited?
• Acquired traits do not change the genetic material of reproductive cells, so they
cannot be passed to the next generation.
5. What is the difference between homologous and heterologous chromosomes?
• Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same
loci (e.g., human chromosome pairs).
• Heterologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes that do not have matching genes and
structure (e.g., sex chromosomes X and Y in males).
6. How does the Y chromosome determine the sex of an individual?
• The Y chromosome contains the SRY gene, which triggers male development. In its
absence (XX), the individual develops as female.
7. State the relationship between environment and phenotype.
• Phenotype is influenced by both genotype and environmental factors, such as
temperature affecting the color of some flowers.
8. What are alleles? Explain with an example.
• Alleles are different forms of a gene. For example, the gene for plant height has two
alleles: tall (T) and dwarf (t).
9. Describe the term evolution in simple words.
• Evolution is the gradual change in the traits of a species over many generations.
10. Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?
• Pea plants have distinct traits, a short life cycle, and can be easily cross-pollinated or
self-pollinated.

3-Mark Questions (10 Questions)

1. Explain the inheritance of a single gene with a cross between a tall (TT) and a dwarf
(tt) pea plant. Show the F1 and F2 generations.
• F1 Generation: All plants are tall (Tt).
• F2 Generation: Phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (Tall:Dwarf).
• Explanation: In the F2 generation, the genotypes are TT, Tt, Tt, and tt.
2. Explain the difference between monohybrid and dihybrid cross.
• Monohybrid Cross: Involves a single trait (e.g., height).
• Dihybrid Cross: Involves two traits (e.g., seed shape and color).
3. How does Mendel’s experiment show that traits are inherited independently?
• In the dihybrid cross, Mendel observed a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1, which shows
independent assortment of traits.
4. With the help of a cross, show how sex is determined in humans.
• A male (XY) and a female (XX) produce gametes X and Y in males and X in females.
The combination of X and Y results in a male, while X and X results in a female.
5. What do you understand by the term “evolution”? Explain its mechanism briefly.
• Evolution is the change in the heritable traits of a population over generations.
Mechanisms include mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.
6. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive?
• In a monohybrid cross, the trait that appears in the F1 generation is dominant, while
the one that reappears in the F2 generation is recessive.
7. Explain the role of variations in the survival of species over time.
• Variations increase the adaptability of a species, enabling it to survive changes in the
environment.
8. What is a Punnett square? Explain its use with an example.
• A Punnett square is a diagram that shows all possible combinations of alleles from
parental gametes. It helps predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring.
9. Describe Mendel’s dihybrid cross experiment and give its phenotypic ratio.
• Crossed pea plants with two traits (e.g., round-yellow and wrinkled-green). F2
generation showed a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.
10. Explain why acquired traits are not passed on to the progeny.
• Acquired traits do not alter the genetic information in gametes and hence cannot be
passed on.

5-Mark Questions (5 Questions)

1. Explain Mendel’s laws of inheritance with suitable examples and diagrams.


• Include the law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent
assortment using monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
2. What is speciation? Describe various factors that could lead to speciation.
• Speciation is the formation of new species. Factors include geographical isolation,
reproductive isolation, and genetic drift.
3. With the help of suitable diagrams, explain Mendel’s dihybrid cross experiment in
detail.
• Draw the cross of round-yellow (RrYy) and wrinkled-green (rryy) to show the 9:3:3:1
ratio.
4. How do fossils provide evidence for evolution? Explain with examples.
• Fossils show transitional forms (e.g., Archaeopteryx), linking reptiles and birds,
demonstrating common ancestry.
5. Explain sex determination in humans with the help of a flowchart.
• Use a flowchart to show how XX and XY gametes combine to form a female or male
child.

Case Study-Based Questions (5 Questions)

Case Study 1:
In a certain species of plant, yellow (Y) is dominant over green (y) and round (R) is dominant over
wrinkled (r). Two plants with genotypes YyRr and yyrr are crossed.

• (i) What are the possible gametes formed from the parent plants?
• (ii) Write the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation.
• (iii) Calculate the phenotypic ratio of F1 generation.

Case Study 2:
A population of beetles shows red and green coloration. Over a period, more green beetles are eaten
by predators. After a few generations, only red beetles are present.

• (i) What is the reason for the disappearance of green beetles?


• (ii) What type of selection does this represent?
• (iii) How does this scenario relate to natural selection?

Case Study 3:
In a pea plant experiment, Mendel crossed a plant having yellow and round seeds (YyRr) with a plant
having green and wrinkled seeds (yyrr). Answer the following questions based on the dihybrid cross.

• (i) What are the phenotypes of the parental plants?


• (ii) Show the cross and determine the genotypic ratio of the F1 progeny.
• (iii) How does the law of independent assortment apply here?

Case Study 4:
In humans, some diseases like hemophilia are caused due to recessive genes present on the X
chromosome.

• (i) Why is hemophilia more common in males than in females?


• (ii) What would be the genotypic ratio if a carrier female (XHXh) marries a normal
male (XHY)?
• (iii) Calculate the probability of having a hemophilic son.

Case Study 5:
Fossil evidence shows that some species have characteristics of both reptiles and birds, such as
Archaeopteryx.

• (i) What is a transitional fossil?


• (ii) How do such fossils provide evidence for evolution?
• (iii) Explain how comparative anatomy supports the theory of evolution.

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