Debre Markos University

Debremarkos Institute of Technology

school of Civil and Water Resource Engineering
Civil Engineering Academic Program
Final Internship Report
 Company Name: Getasew Seyfu General Contractor
 Final Internship practice on: Building Structure
 Prepared By: Henok Getnet
 ID NO: DMU-1308314
 Email: [email protected]
 Period of Internship: From 21/01/2017 E.C To 15/05/2017 E.C
 Company Supervisor: Getasew Seyfu
 Academic supervisor: Anteneh K.

December, 2017
Debremarkos, Ethiopia
 Internship Report

Table of Contents
Acknowledgment........................................................................................................................................iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMERY.................................................................................................................................v
List of figures...............................................................................................................................................vi
List of tables...............................................................................................................................................vii
List of ABBREVIATION................................................................................................................................viii
chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Brief history of hosting.......................................................................................................................2
1.1.1 Background of the company.......................................................................................................2
1.1.2 Basic information about the project...........................................................................................3
1.1.3 Objective of the company...........................................................................................................3
1.1.4 Vision of the company................................................................................................................3
1.1.5 Mission of the company..............................................................................................................3
1.1.6 Value of the company.................................................................................................................4
1.2 main product of the company...........................................................................................................4
1.3 Main customers of the company.......................................................................................................5
1.4 Overall organizational structure and workflow of the company........................................................5
1.4.1 organizational structure..............................................................................................................5
1.4.2 Workflow of the company..........................................................................................................7
1.4.3 Human resource.......................................................................................................................12
1.4.4 Machinery, vehicle and equipment...........................................................................................12
chapter: 2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE............................................................................................14
2.1 How we get in to the company........................................................................................................14
2.2 General description of the site and project.....................................................................................15
2.2.1 Project description....................................................................................................................15
2.2.2 Project specification..................................................................................................................17
2.3 The working section.........................................................................................................................17
2.4 The work flow in the section look like..............................................................................................18
2.5 Activities Performed........................................................................................................................19
2.6 Activities in the Office......................................................................................................................19

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2.7 Activities on the Site........................................................................................................................24

2.7.1 Pre construction activities.........................................................................................................25
2.7.2 During construction construction activities..............................................................................32
2.7.3 None- structural elements........................................................................................................34
2.7.4 Concrete work...........................................................................................................................40
2.7.5 structural element....................................................................................................................56
2.8 TESTS CONDUCTED AT THE SITE AND LABORATORY........................................................................62
2.8.1 Concrete test............................................................................................................................62
2.8.2 Rebar test..................................................................................................................................62
2.9 PROCEDURES THAT USED WHILE PERFORMING OUR TASKS............................................................62
2.10 CHALLENGES we HAVE FACED WHILE PERFORMING.....................................................................63
2.11 MEASURES TAKEN IN ORDER TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES....................................................63
chapter: 3..................................................................................................................................................65
3.1 Overall benefit gained from internship............................................................................................65
3.1.1 Improving practical skills...........................................................................................................65
3.1.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge.......................................................................................66
3.1.3 Improving personal communication skill..................................................................................67
3.1.4 Improving team work skill.........................................................................................................68
3.1.5 Improving leadership skill.........................................................................................................69
3.1.6 Understanding work ethics.......................................................................................................69
3.1.7 Improving entrepreneur skill....................................................................................................70
chapter: 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................72
4.1 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................72
4.1 RECOMMENDATION........................................................................................................................73
4.2.1 for the hosting company...........................................................................................................73
4.2.2 for our University......................................................................................................................73
Reference..................................................................................................................................................74
APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................................75

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DECLARATION
We declare that this report is personally prepared by me, and that the contents contained within
this report have not been duplicated anywhere or submitted by a student or any other person for
any purpose.

I had personally compiled it based on the experience that we got during the internship in
Getasew Seyfu General Contractor, G+2 and have -1 floor level basement RESIDENTIAL
HOME.

Henok Getnet Signature: --------------- Date: ---------------

Company Supervisor Name:--------------------------------------------

Signature: --------------- Date:

Mentor name: --------------------------------------

Signature: --------------- Date

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Acknowledgment

Firstly, I want to thank the Almighty for giving us the strength to reach this point and complete
this internship report on time. Throughout our internship, I received generous help from various
individuals.

Special thanks to Mr. Getasew S. , the Site Engineer, for guiding me and offering valuable advice
throughout my internship. I also appreciate all the workers at Getasew Seyfu General Contractor
for their warm welcome and cooperation. I’m also grateful to my advisor, Mr. Anteneh K. for his
support.

I’m also thankful to my seniors who helped me with any doubts and questions, making it
possible for me to complete both the internship and this report. Finally, I extend our gratitude to
my families for their constant love and support.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

It's evident that practical experience is essential for upgrading knowledge in construction
engineering. This report outlines my internship program, aimed at providing civil engineering
students with hands-on experience in various aspects of civil engineering projects, including
design, implementation, evaluation, and management.
The internship program lasted for three months. Throughout this period, I learned about the
crucial roles of civil engineers and gained insights into the construction process by observing and
supervising various aspects of building construction.
In addition to site work, I’m also engaged in office tasks such as preparing take-off sheets for
formwork, concrete work, and reinforcement bar schedules. These tasks helped me enhance both
my theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
This report is divided into four main sections. The first section provides an overview of the
company's history, organization, workflow, and current status in the construction industry.
The second section details my overall internship experience, including how I joined the
company, the tasks I performed, and key observations made on-site.
The third section focuses on the benefits gained from the internship program, including
improvements in practical skills, theoretical knowledge, communication skills, teamwork,
leadership, work ethics, and entrepreneurship skills.
The final section, focusing on conclusion and recommendations, offers insights into the
internship experience and provides recommendations for both the university and the company.
In summary, this report reflects on the experiences gained during my three-month internship and
relates them to my classroom learning over the past three years. Overall, it was an exciting
journey that provided valuable practical work experience and expanded my understanding of
civil engineering concepts.

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List of figures

Figure 1-1: Work flow in the sit................................................................................................................6

Figure 2-1: site plan.................................................................................................................................16
Figure 2-2: working flow around the site................................................................................................18
Figure 2-3: excavation and earth work..................................................................................................26
Figure 2-4: wooden frame timbering.....................................................................................................27
Figure 2-5: cart away..............................................................................................................................29
Figure 2-6: rebar installation..................................................................................................................31
Figure 2-7: supervisor field operation....................................................................................................32
Figure 2-8: a person equipped with reflective cloth and helmet..........................................................33
Figure 2-9: formwork for foundation column.......................................................................................37
Figure 2-10:shear wall formwork and pensi..........................................................................................37
Figure 2-11: formwork for footing pad..................................................................................................39
Figure 2-12: on site spacer production...................................................................................................39
Figure 2-13: a bondage/ lubricant admixture........................................................................................41
Figure 2-14: cement storage....................................................................................................................43
Figure 2-15: storage thank ( silo)............................................................................................................43
Figure 2-16: gauge box............................................................................................................................45
Figure 2-17: dray mix..............................................................................................................................46
Figure 2-18: elkon concrete batching plant...........................................................................................48
Figure 2-19: truckmixer.......................................................................................................................48
Figure 2-20: crane transporting concrete and rebar.............................................................................49
Figure 2-21: chute....................................................................................................................................50
Figure 2-22: vibrator...............................................................................................................................52
Figure 2-23: curing of concrete...............................................................................................................54
Figure 2-24: expansion joint...................................................................................................................55
Figure 2-25: mat/raft foundation............................................................................................................59
Figure 2-26: grade beam.........................................................................................................................60
Figure 2-27: rebar test.............................................................................................................................62
Figure 2-28: extracting water from pad.................................................................................................64

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List of tables

Table 1-1: functional department.............................................................................................................7

Table 1-2: Employment of the company................................................................................................12
Table 1-3: Name of equipment and Amount..........................................................................................12
Table 2-1: Concrete covers and grade of concrete for different component of building....................17
Table 2-2: takeoff sheet...........................................................................................................................21

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List of ABBREVIATION
MF= Mat foundation

DMUIL= Debremarkos university industry linkage

ES = Ethiopian standard
EN = Euro Norm
BOQ =Bill of quantity

Mpa = Mega Pascal

PPC=Pozoalana Portland cement

C1= Column 1

B.U.D.S.W.S= building and urban design & supervision work sector

FA= fine aggregate

CA= course aggregate

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chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering plays a crucial role in shaping our world, providing essential infrastructure that
supports the functioning of societies and improves the quality of life for people. From roads and
bridges to buildings and water supply systems, civil engineers are at the forefront of designing,
constructing, and maintaining the built environment. The field of civil engineering is not only
vital for physical infrastructure but also contributes significantly to economic development,
environmental sustainability, and public safety.

In this context, our internship experiences at Getasew seyfu General Contractor have been
invaluable in providing us with a firsthand understanding of the multifaceted nature of civil
engineering and its critical importance to both individuals and the state. These experiences
provided me with technical knowledge, practical skills, and exposure to real-world challenges,
enhancing my understanding of civil engineering principles while also fostering the development
of essential communication skills and teamwork abilities. I’m extend my sincere gratitude to the
Ministry of Education and Debremarkos Institute of Technology for providing me with the
opportunity to undertake this practical internship, allowing me to apply classroom knowledge in
a real-world setting and gain invaluable hands-on experience that will undoubtedly shape my
future career in civil engineering.

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1.1 Brief history of hosting

1.1.1 Background of the company
Getasew seyfu General contractor is a construction firm established in accordance with
the commercial code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) in year 2005
(1997 E.C). Currently its office is located in Debremarkos , In star business group building.
The company is established with the purpose of providing various construction services
and other constraction activities and in so doing contributing specifically to the
development of the construction industry in the country and generally to the economic
growth of the country.
The firm is currently registered as a General Contractor grade-I meeting all the criteria set by
government laws. The firm is also registered for V.A.T by Federal Inland Revenue Authority.
The company employs professional and well experienced engineers, technicians, administrators,
and others. Since its inception, the primary objective of the company has been to complete its
projects on time and complete projects within budget.

I’m proud that our clients keep coming again to do business with us. The satisfaction of clients
is most important to the company. A team of skilled managers is always available to serve our
clients. Maintaining a high-level professionalism and demonstrated ethical standard are the
cornerstones of our operational framework. To this end, I’m continuously invest in the
professional advancement of my staff.

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1.1.2 Basic information about the project

Project: Residential House

Client: Individual Homeowner

Contractor: Getasew Seyfu General Contractor

Project Cost: 14,000,000.00 ETB

Project Duration: 120 Cal/days

Total Area of the Project: 250 square meter

Delivery system; DBB

Contract type; Admeasurement

1.1.3 Objective of the company

 Contribute to the growth of the construction industry in Ethiopia by adopting superior
and safe construction industry standards as part of its operational framework.
 Maintain a maximum level of customer satisfaction.
 Keep providing high quality service to satisfy its business partner.

1.1.4 Vision of the company

 To be a leading and dependable construction firm which offers high quality
construction services to the Ethiopian.
 The stated vision is to be realized with due consideration that resource utilization
be optimized and contribution be made to national and global economic
development.

1.1.5 Mission of the company

In order to realize its vision, Getasew Seyfu General Contractor has set the following missions:-
a) Fulfill customer requirements
b) Staff, develop and maintain professionals who possess the following qualities:
Qualified, Competent, Skilled, Knowledgeable, Visionary, Creative, Dynamic, Working with

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team spirit, Flexible and Intelligent

c) Apply State-of-the-Art construction machineries and technology
d) Maintain appropriate working facilities, necessary materials and adequate fund
e) Establish, implement and maintain formal Quality Management System according to
international standard
f) Increase efficiency at all levels of operation
g) Raise overall company performance
h) Undertake environment friendly construction activities.

1.1.6 Value of the company

The values of Getasew Seyfu General Contractor are:-

a. Trustworthy Operations

b. Customer Satisfaction

c. Ethical operations

d. Employee development

e. Efficiency

f. Team work

1.2 main product of the company

Getasew Seyfu General Contractor has different products and services to its customers. Some of
its products are the following

 various construction services

 Construction of different buildings

 Construction of seawage line

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1.3 Main customers of the company

The Government
NGOs
Private Firms
Individual Investors

1.3.1.1 Operational Procedure

Searching for New Projects: The firm's management takes responsibility for seeking new
projects. This involves reaching out to potential clients and reviewing tender announcements in
various media channels. Upon identification of potential projects, tender documents are collected
from clients, and cost breakdowns, as well as additional required documents such as qualification
documents, are prepared to facilitate bid submissions. The final project price is determined by
the general manager, and the bid document is submitted to the client or consultant. The
management diligently follows up on the tender process until the winner is identified.

Contract Signing: Upon winning a project bid, the firm prepares for contract signing. Necessary
bonds required for the project, such as performance and advance guarantee bonds, are prepared
and submitted to the client. A copy of the contract document is provided to the operations
department for planning and execution of the contract.

Mobilization: The Operations department develops a detailed project plan prior to mobilization.
Depending on the project's scale, the necessary staff are selected. Once the project team is
assembled, the project manager is provided with the necessary documents and planning details,
along with budget and timeline expectations against which performance will be evaluated.

Project Execution: Various activities, including procurement and supply, construction, finance
management, and human resource management, are carried out according to established
procedures within each department. Periodic performance audits are conducted by the head
office management, and corrective actions are taken as needed. The project manager submits
regular reports on major activities and payment certificates to the head office on a weekly and

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monthly basis. Client satisfaction is monitored through regular meetings, and adjustments are
made accordingly.

Project Handover: Upon meeting the client's requirements outlined in the contract, the project
is handed over according to the agreement. The project manager prepares the final measurements
of work outputs to justify final payment. The head office management handles the collection of
final payment and receipt of certificates from the client.

Demobilization: After provisional acceptance of the project, all resources deployed are
demobilized. Subsequent assignments are determined by the head office management based on
the company's ongoing projects.

Contract Closing: One year after provisional acceptance, a crew is assigned by the head office
management to rectify any defects listed during the provisional acceptance and address new
defects that arise during the defects liability period. Upon completion of final acceptance of the
project, the contract is closed. The final project account is reviewed, and the final retention
money is collected. The project's final report serves as a valuable document for project
evaluation.

This structured operation procedure ensures consistency and efficiency throughout the project
lifecycle, enabling Getasew Seyfu General Contractor to deliver successful construction projects
to its clients while adhering to established quality and performance standards.

Work Description
Project manager: -
Manages the whole site work execution in terms of time and material usage.
Approves payment to sub-contractors
Analyses the work processes
Executes sub-contracting agreements
Issues the grant of higher power working class
Reviews and checks the reports made by the site/office engineer

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Reports overall progress of the project periodically

Schedules major tasks or activities undertaken on site
Site engineer: -
Controls all works going on the site
Makes necessary engineering judgment on site
Gives specific daily orders of activities to foreman
Over sees and checks daily activities on site
Office engineer:

Prepares daily laborers output report

Prepares action plan for machinery, man power and material

Prepares time schedule for work
Prepares, checks and reviews any sub-contract payments
Quantifies any materials on request.
Forman: -
assigns and controls the gang leaders and carpenter’s
Orders and checks the whole daily activities on site
Reports any challenges of work procedures and their execution
Give necessary details to laborers working on site

Maintain close proximity with the site engineer to get information on drawing modifications
and other important information planning the execution of site activities on efficient and
cost effective basis

Motivating and encouraging workers on site

Capo: -
Controls the distribution of labors throughout the site.
Controls the number of labors at each work place.
Transfer of labors from one place to another, whether or not labors are performing their

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work properly.
Store keepers: -
Control the amount and type of material of the construction entering and leaving from the
store by preparing some forms.
Data collector: -
daily collects data on activities undertaken on site
Reports the daily activities to the site/ office engineer
Carpenter: -
He is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting different structural
Components like beams and columns, formworks, and chip wood works.
Plumber: -
Responsible for installing, repairing and maintaining pipes and other construction materials
used for water supply and waste water disposal.
Electricians: -
They have a big role installation and modernization of electrical systems.
Machine operators: -
Operate, fix and maintain different machineries on the site like, vibrator, mixer, and
damper.
Gang leaders: -
Controls a group of daily laborers in a specific activity
Accepts specific work orders from the G. Forman
Reports any difficulties to G. Forman
Daily labors: - Is unskilled labor force on site who works on every manual site activities as
being assigned by the gang leaders.

Drivers: -
these include small and large truck drivers, and transport the purchased materials and light
construction machineries to / out of the site.

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1.3.2 Human resource

Table 1-1: Employment of the company

Man power Quantity Man power Quantity

Project engineer 1 Daily labor Fluctuate
Office engineer 3 Store keeper 1
Site engineer 1 General Forman 1
1.3.3 Machinery, vehicle and equipment
Table 1-2: Name of equipment and Amount

Equipment list Quantity

Diesel Mixer 1
vibrator 1

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chapter: 2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIANCE

2.1 How I get in to the company
I am engaged in acquiring and grasping the engineering science from basics to a more
complicated theory’s, concepts and principles for the last four year and a half semester. I have
been confidence in analyzing and interpreting the civil engineering basics along structural,
highway, geotechnical and water related streams, that are incorporated in the civil engineering
course curriculum, but theoretical knowledge will not give me a full set of confidence, so, in
order to eradicate such problem the practical internship has mandatory that’s why, our school of
civil and water recourse engineering worked in collaboration with DMUIL( Debremarkos
university industry linkage institute), that will provide one full semester for practical internship
program, this will brought me executing the theoretical knowledge in to real world.

After completion of the first semester , I’m going to leave our campus, the request letter that are
asked for permission to Getasew Seyfu General Contractor were already sent and thanks to PM
of the site we get grant to stay in the site for the next three months( i.e 21-01-2017 EC to 15-05-
2017 EC) and wrote an acceptance letter back to the university by mentioning the reference letter
of the DMUIL.

I had an opportunity of working either with consultant or the contractor but considering that the
consultant has limited activities like inspecting the work for already designed work item. I had
get a bunch of exposer along contractor side which brings a different knowledge and experience
regarding the implementation of designed drawing to the ground.

On September 21 we started my internship trainee officially on this day I meet the project
engineer Getasew Seyfu who are introduce me to the office engineers, senior and junior site
engineer, supervisor engineers and other stuff members.

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2.2 General description of the site and project

2.2.1 Project description
the project I have been working on was 8 story building owned by an individual homeowner and
the project is being constructed by Getasew Seyfu General Contractor. The design and
supervision work was being conducted by Ethiopian construction design supervision work
corporation (B.O.D.SW. S), the site was located in debremarkos town in Abima subcity ( bole).
The project initiated by the homeowner for residential purpose. The project has occupy 250 Sq
meter land mass.

The project has 25M length and 10M width since, it has a mini project it encompass different
types of structures like combined footing, isolated footing , beams and columns.

The project has initiated on july, 2016. The site has geotechnically inspected by engineers and
resulted a red clay soil and their bearing capacity was determined as 300 MP.

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Figure 2-1: site plan

2.2.2 Project specification

Major construction material specifications for the project are:-
concrete grade C25/30,
steel grade S-420, class B reinforcement bar according to EN 1992-1-1:ANNEX C,
TABLE C.1
A concrete mix ratio of 1:2:3 had been adopted for structural works. Apart from this a mix
ratio of 1:3 was used for plastering work and a 1:3:7 and 1:4:6 mix ratio were utilized for lean
concrete production.

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Table 2-3: Concrete covers and grade of concrete for different component of building

Size of concrete cover

Structural components Concrete grades used
used(mm)
Slabs and stairs 20 C25/30
foundation 50 C25/30
Beam and columns 30 C25/30

2.3 The working section

During my time at Getasew Seyfu General Contractor I had been working both onsite and in
office.

2.4 Activities Performed

As a new and novice trainee joining the site, my initial objective was to familiarize myself with
the professional workers and other stakeholders on the site to establish a smooth and efficient
workflow throughout my internship.Once I became acquainted with the company's employees, I
prioritized engaging with my supervisor and colleagues to ensure effective communication and
collaboration.

In the office, we collaborated with office engineers on various tasks, including preparing
inspection checklists, daily reports, bar scheduling, take-off sheets, bill of quantity, and other
administrative duties. Additionally, I worked closely with site engineers, who provided guidance
on construction methodologies and procedures for addressing any defects encountered during
tasks. This hands-on experience allowed me to gain valuable insights and practical skills.

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Moreover, I had the opportunity to work alongside the general foreman on site activities, which
provided me with a broader understanding of implementing tasks and making necessary
improvements. In addition to office and site work, I also participated in material testing for
different types of materials used on-site, contributing to quality control efforts.

To summarize, my internship experience can be categorized into three main areas: office
activities, site activities, and material testing.

2.5 Activities in the Office

Office tasks at construction sites involve several activities aimed at overseeing site operations.
Some of the duties I've undertaken in the office include;

 Takeoff sheet preparation

 Bill of quantity (BOQ)
 Bar schedule
 Daily data analysis
 Preparation of site diary
 Preparation of schedule
 Report writing
 Reading and interpreting drawings
Before performing those tasks, every office and site engineers must have a different
types of drawing such as architectural drawing, structural drawing, electrical drawing
sanitary drawing and finishing drawing. For the current level of construction, I’m tend to
receive structural drawing. As the project areas very large in size my supervisor given as
a full of drawing files for imaging block. I have received most of CAD drawing file and
some printed drawing files. Senior and junior office engineers are welcomed us with an
amazing sprit of collaboration. So, it could no be difficult to adapt the working
environment. After joining their stuff engineer nihine (quantity survivor) given a detail
drawing printed paper for imaging blocks. Once taking the imaging block drawing files I
had executing office work that are listed above.

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major activities in the office are discussed in detail below:-

Takeoff sheet preparation

The sheet is a foundational document utilized takeoff in construction project management,
facilitating accurate estimation of material quantities required for project execution.
Takeoff sheets serve as crucial tools for accurately determining the quantity of work and
materials required for a construction project based on drawings. I have observed various formats
of takeoff sheets, including those applicable to multiple activities and those tailored to specific
tasks.
Types of takeoff sheets that I have been executing while I was in office.
 Takeoff sheet for rebar
Takeoff sheet for formwork( see appendices 2A )
Takeoff sheet for concrete

Table 2-4: takeoff sheet

T D S Description T D S Description

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Where:-
T---Tiemizing column i.e. number of repetition of the same dimension
D---Dimension column. In this column all necessary dimensions are noted down during
measurement work.(L*W*H)
S---Squaring column. The squaring up of dimensions is carried out on the dimension paper
in the squaring column.

Bill of Quantity (BOQ)

The Bill of Quantities (BOQ) is a critical document in construction projects, providing a detailed
list of all the materials, labor, and services required to complete the project.

The primary purpose of the BOQ is to provide a comprehensive breakdown of all the items
needed for the construction project. It serves as a basis for cost estimation, procurement,
tendering, and contract administration.

Benefits of a Bill of Quantities

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Accuracy in Cost Estimation: The BOQ ensures accuracy in cost estimation by providing a
detailed breakdown of all project components and associated costs.

Transparency and Accountability: It promotes transparency and accountability in the

procurement and tendering process by clearly specifying the scope of works and associated costs.

Effective Procurement: The BOQ facilitates effective procurement by providing contractors

and suppliers with detailed information on the quantities and specifications of materials and
services required.

Contract Administration: It serves as a basis for contract administration, enabling contractors

and clients to track project progress, variations, and payments throughout the construction phase.

Bar schedule

Process of Preparation:

Review of Structural Drawings: The process begins with a thorough review of the structural
drawings, including plans, sections, and details, to identify the locations and requirements for
reinforcement bars.

Identification of Rebar Sizes and Spacing: Based on the structural design and loading
requirements, the appropriate sizes and spacing of reinforcement bars are determined for each
concrete element.

Calculation of Bar Lengths and Quantities: Using the structural drawings and design
calculations, the lengths and quantities of reinforcement bars are calculated for each structural
member, accounting for lap splices, bends, and waste.

Compilation and Documentation: The calculated reinforcement details, quantities, and

specifications are compiled into a structured format, typically a tabular layout or spreadsheet, to
create the bar schedule document.

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Review and Approval: The bar schedule is reviewed by structural engineers and project
stakeholders to ensure accuracy, compliance with design requirements, and coordination with
other project documents.

Daily data analysis

Daily data analysis work is useful to know the amount of daily activities covered per day. It has
its own format prepared for collecting and storing data for each kind of activity. Activity types
which are analyzed with this format are carpentry work, bar bending work, reinforcement work,
chiseling work, plastering work, formwork work, masonry work and concrete works(by volume).

2.6 Activities on the Site

Apart from office works I have been working on site works being with contractor . As of my site
contest the site work consists of different kinds of activities. Some of these are concrete
mixing,bar bending and placement, formwork preparation, concrete casting, curing and
chiseling, backfill work and masonry works. The Forman supervises all activities on the site by
controlling the activities closely. Some major site activities are presented below.
1) Site Clearance
2) Demarcation of Site
3) Positioning of Central coordinate as per
grid plan
4) Surveying and layout
5) Excavation
6) Laying of PCC
7) Bar Bending and placement of foundation , footing column and grade beam steel
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
9) Concreting
10) Electrical and Plumbing
11) DE shuttering
12) Brickwork

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13) Doors and windows frames along with

lintels
14) Wiring for electrical purposes
15) Plastering
16) Flooring and tiling work
17) Painting
18) Final Completion and handing over the
project

Due to time limitation I could not cover all of the listed works, I were only seen some of the
shaded works.

2.6.1 Pre construction activities

Site clearance

The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and vegetation along with
any other objections which might be there in the site location.

Demarcation of Site

The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction
zone. In our project, a plot of 25*10 sq. m was chosen and the respective marking was done.

Positioning of Central coordinate and layout

The center point was marked with the help of a thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing.
With respect to this center point, all the other points of columns were to be decided so its exact
position is very critical.

Setting out

The proficient surveying department in the company has responsible for implementing the plan
in to real ground. By doing so they use a different surveying instrument like total station,
leveling.

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The basic coordinates of each building was set in position in accordance to the given benchmark.
Surveying was carried out by total station through skilled professional.

Earthwork and Excavation

Excavation specifically refers to the process of digging, removing, and relocating soil, rock, or
other materials from the ground to create trenches, foundations, basements, and other excavated
spaces for construction purposes. Excavation is a critical step in many construction projects,
providing access to underground utilities, laying foundations, installing drainage systems, and
constructing underground structures.in this project.

Figure 2-2: excavation and earth work

Activities involved in Excavation:

Trench excavation:

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A trench was defined as an elongated and continuous excavation, with well-defined edges and
height within the required place. It is excavating for the function of aligning masonry wall. Like
pit it is done by leveling instrument to check its depth, with project type. As I had lately joining a
company, I couldn’t get a chance to view any trench excavation for construction.

Foundation Excavation: Digging and leveling the ground to create excavated spaces for
building foundations.

Bulk excavation: is an excavation for the whole building setting area with specific amount of
volume by considering different circumstances like

 Getting desired nature of the soil to be required from the specification

 by considering main road for serviceability and providing basement

Timbering with wooden frames is commonly used after deep excavations to provide temporary
support and stability to the surrounding soil and structures. This method involves constructing a
framework of wooden beams or planks around the perimeter of the excavation to prevent soil
collapse and protect workers and nearby structures from potential hazards.
The wooden frames are typically installed in sections as the excavation progresses deeper into
the ground. These frames are securely anchored into the soil or existing structures to provide
lateral support and prevent movement.

Pit excavation: is a cavity or reduced level provide for the purpose of applying footing
pad and foundation column up to getting strong soil strata to have the capacity to carry
the desired design load. The pit excavation was executed 25 cm wider on each side than
the thickness of the footing additional length called working space to provide space to fix
form work, lean concrete and fix reinforcement.if the land mass was already deducted
during bulk excavation, we will exclude depth that depth.

Work procedure for pit excavation work on site observation is as follow:

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 Locate pit area by survey total station instrument or by setting out grids from both
directions.
 Encode its coordinates that we get from auto cad and paint by lime at the top.
 Excavate to the reduced level by machinery (excavator) down ward.
 Taking back sight (BS) from the known point either profile or other prepared BM by staff
reading.
 Take pit depth from site engineer and make calculation.
 BS reading+ BM reading= HI so required staff reading by HI+(FFL-column elevation).
 By referring staff reading confine cut and fill with staff up and down.
 Set perfect pit depth.
Back fill
They are done back fill by using selected material and compact with in each 20 cm after
installation of footings the backfill process proceeded. Since the soil type on the site was
not good, they mix it with other selected soil which is called selected material in order to
increase its bearing capacity.
During soil compaction, the soil must be compacted in layer of 20cm and the soil should
be compacted 95% of its total density in order to increase the bearing capacity of the soil.
Since I join to the company lately I couldn’t actually see it but, thanks to site formal we
are fully informed about what was done in the past.

Cart away
This is the disposing off extra excavated material away from the construction site. Cart
away is calculated by deducting the back fill from the total volume of soil excavated soil.
Reinforcement work
In my site I could see reinforcement works for slabs,column and beams.
There are different tools and components that are used for reinforcement
 bar bender
 bar tying (gutet)

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 grinder
 measuring tape
Things to consider when placing reinforcement bars:-
The dimensions length and shape of the reinforcement bar should be done according to
the drawing and specification as prepared on the bar schedule.
Reinforcement bars with cracks or splits at the bend are not used for construction. 
Reinforcement bars are placed in position according to the drawing and firmly bound
together with mild steel wire, diameter 1.6mm in accordance the standard technical
specification.
Before any casting of concrete begins, precast concrete blocks or spacers and metal chairs
(bar chairs) are prepared and all reinforcement bars are placed on it.
The thickness of concrete cover is according to the requirement of the Drawing and
specification.
All reinforcement quality is checked
Reinforcement before preparation should be placed on the shelf made from wood or
metal above ground level so as to prevent corrosion.
Lap lengths should be checked properly.
All reinforcement has to be free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil and grease, or other
harmful matter, which might prevent the proper adhesion to concrete. The reinforcements
should be cleaned before used if unwanted harmful matters appear on the surface of the
reinforcement.

The work flow in the section

Under the steel workers, there are unskilled persons which make physical work. For
example cutting bar or bending to different shape and the skilled ones who can read the
plan, and facilitate the work, and they know the arrangements of bars in the structure.
Reinforcement work have to be done before any other works are done (it means before

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the work of the carpenters and concrete working) so steel workers make different shape
of the bars for stirrups, bar used for column, negative bars, longitudinal and transversal
bars, bars used for meshing and so on.
After the preparation is completed the skilled persons would place bars in place
according to drawings they have been given.

Check completed work against design drawings; report reinforcement placement issues to
structural foreman for correction and ensure spacer bars are correctly provided.

After all the works that have been listed completed, it would be submitted for the
supervision team and the contractor would ask inspection for concrete work.

Figure 2-3: rebar installation

2.6.2 During construction activities

Supervision works

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Figure 2-4: supervisor field operation

Supervision in building construction involves overseeing the workers and making sure they
follow the plans correctly. It also means ensuring safety measures are in place and dealing with
any issues that arise during the construction process.

Safety engineers’ tasks

safety engineers play a crucial role in construction sites. They are responsible for ensuring that
safety protocols are followed, identifying potential hazards, implementing safety measures,
conducting safety inspections, and providing safety training to workers..

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Figure 2-5: a person equipped with reflective cloth and helmet

2.6.3 None- structural elements

Formwork and scaffolding
Formwork is like a temporary mold used in construction. It's made of wood, metal, or other
materials and is shaped to create the desired structure, like walls or beams. Workers pour

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concrete into the formwork, let it set, then remove the formwork once the concrete is strong
enough to hold its shape on its own. This helps give the concrete the right shape and size for the
building.

Fixing form work

I observed how much they care while fixing form works. It should be properly fixed to avoid
loss of concrete material and unwanted shape on the structure. Proper fixing also minimizes
great chiseling to remove the unwanted shapes. The foreman’s check that the form works fixed
for foundation columns are vertical enough by using plumbing bobs.

Criteria of formwork adopted at site

At site the engineers have their own check lists in which they check the quality of formwork. A
good form work should satisfy the following requirements:

The material of formwork should be cheap and it should be suitable for re use several times.

It should be practically water proof so that it doesn’t absorb water from concrete .also

its shrinkage and swelling should be minimum.

All joints of formwork should be stiff so that lateral deformation under load is

minimum. Also, these joints should be leak proof.

It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it, such as dead load of concrete and
live load during its pouring, compaction and curing.

It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum.

 It should be as tight as possible.

 The surface of formwork should be smooth, and it should afford easy stripping

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Greasing or oiling of formwork uses:

To make formwork watertight
Easily removal by preventing sticking
To give smooth surface

Removal of formwork

Formwork has to be carefully removed without shock or disturbance to the concrete. No

formwork will be removed until the concrete has gained sufficient strength mostly after 24 hours
to withstand safety and stress to which it may thereby be subjected.

In short, for vertical member like column, sides for beam and footing and shear wall formwork
was removed after 16hr to 24hr concrete casting, but for horizontal member should stay for the
next 28 days.

Column formwork preparation

The step by step activities for this work are the followings:

 Check whether or not the reinforcements are properly placed and erected with the

appropriate dimension, length and spacing and then submit the work for supervision so as

to get inspection for formwork. The stirrups will also be checked for proper spacing and

orientation.

The plywood of required dimension are tied by using nails followed by the oiling of their

surfaces in order to prevent adhesion of the concrete at the time of casting.

The formworks are erected and close the reinforcement prepared in shapes needed.

Start installation by inserting inside the crachiary

The formworks will be strengthened by nailing small pieces of wood yoke (kerebat) along

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its sides from bottom to top.

After finishing the above tasks the alignment and perpendicularity of the formwork will be

checked and fixed.

Next comes ensuring the vertical alignment of the formwork by using plumb bob (tumbi)

suspended on the sides of the formwork.

After ensuring the verticality of column we have to check horizontal alignment of columns

to the external or internal components called ligna with the help of string “sibago”.

The formwork is then fixed in position by using long wooden members connected with the

form work (stanga) at the top with the horizontal wooden brace (gindila) at the bottom.

Column form work preparation will be finalized by preparing supports and ladder like

component for easier and safe upward movement of workers when the concrete is poured

in to the formwork.

Then prepare a shooter at the top of column for concreting purpose.

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Figure 2-6: formwork for foundation column

Shear wall Formworks
The steps used in order to shutter shear wall is much more the same with that of columns except
for the size of plywood used and the bracing method we use in shear walls, since shear walls are
structural walls there the width to depth ratio is higher than that of column, in such structures we
use the full size of the plywood in most parts and adding trimmed components which are called
“pensi”

Figure 2-7:shear wall formwork and pensi

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Due to the size of shear walls I had to cast concrete that has a volume between 4 and 5.5 meter
cube; in order to resist such amount of concrete in vertical structure with additional vibration I
need to provide proper bracing for shear walls, if not we would experience heave, waved walls
and non-flat surfaced walls on our structure that require critical chiseling which would cost us
too much on resources, therefore in addition to wooden bracing used in case of columns we use
special type of bracing with metal rods having screw on tips by tying the adjacent walls of the
shear wall gently.

Foundation formwork

The formwork for isolated, combined and mat footing has the same procedures, precustomed
steel formwork, measured hight pigs, sibago, plumbpop were prepared. Then the carpenter
knowing the exact location of the foundation by stratching center line from negboring privisouly
setted profile. A number of pigas are driven in to ground according to plan then they shatter the
steel formwork, the final step is check the vertical alignment of form work by using plump pop.

Figure 2-8: formwork for footing pad

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Spacer production

Spacer- is the block made from cement & sand for providing concrete cover to the structural
components. The purpose of spacers in construction is to maintain the correct spacing between
reinforcement bars (rebar), formwork, or other structural elements. They ensure that the reinforcement
stays in the desired position within the concrete, providing adequate cover and preventing contact
between the reinforcement and the formwork or surrounding surfaces. Spacers help to maintain structural
integrity, durability, and performance of the concrete structure by ensuring proper concrete cover, which
protects the reinforcement from corrosion, and facilitating the proper flow of concrete during pouring and

consolidation. Additionally, spacers help to ensure uniformity and consistency in concrete cover,
which is essential for structural stability and longevity.

Figure 2-9: on site spacer production

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2.6.4 Concrete work

There are some major ingredients of concrete among the main ingredients: -

 Cement  Aggregates (fine and coarse)  Water  Ad mixtures

a. Cement: - is the active ingredient that combines with water to form a Paste.

b. Aggregates: - are the inert ingredients, but they are very important to the final concrete
product. They ensure strength, abrasion resistance, reduce shrinkage, increase water
tightness, and are economical filler materials for the production of concrete.
It is to understand the importance of selecting materials that are hard, sound, durable, clean
and free from silt and organic matter. Soft, flaky, sound aggregates will wear
away or break a part reducing the strength of concrete. Excessive quantities of silts or
organic matter will interfere with the bond between the paste and the aggregate.

Size of aggregate varies depending on their functional purpose

 01Aggregate for screed and for hallow concrete block
 02Aggregate for concrete i.e. for slab, beam, footing pad and Columns.
 03&04 Aggregate for road constructional purpose.

Water
Water is necessary for the combination of the cement and aggregate. In a correctly
proportioned concrete mix, only about half of the mixing water is needed to hydrate the
cement the remainder acts as a lubricant to produce workability. If the water is fit to
drink,
it is satisfactory to use in concrete. This is not to say that water to be used in concrete
must be completely pure. But as much as possible we have to use clean water Impurities
in water may cause: -
 Corrosion of steel
 Surface discoloration

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 Efflorescence
 Affect setting and strength
Admixtures: Admixtures are defined as materials other than cement, water and aggregate
that are used as ingredients of concrete and are added to the batch immediately before use
or during mixing. These day concrete is being used for so many purposes in different
condition. In these conditions ordinary concrete may fail to exhibit the required quality or
durability or workability. In most cases admixture is used to modify the property of the
ordinary concrete so as to make it suitable to any condition. Fast curing admixtures allow
curing the concrete within 3 to 5 days after the date of pouring the concrete. The amount
of the admixture to be added varies in accordance to the manufacturer’s specification. All
relevant documents and specifications will be available before conducting the mix design
and test for approval. After the satisfaction of the Supervisor the Contractor will execute
the successive duties. In my site two type of admixture has been used. This are:
One which is used to shorten the setting time of the concrete (to harden concrete) which
is by term called accelerator.
The other which is used for bonding fresh concrete to old (casted) concrete which we call
lubricant.

Figure 2-10: a bondage/ lubricant admixture

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Proportioning of concrete ingredients

concreting operations
Concreting operations are vulnerable to safety and health hazards. This method statement
describes the safety requirements and safe work procedure for concreting operations to:

 Prevent improper carrying out of concreting works;

 Carry works in a manner that’s safe at all times;
 Know the hazards involved in performing the activity;
 Ensure controls are in place to steer clear of hazard exposure.

Procedures in concreting operations

Storage of concrete materials

Storage of cement:

Since the project has encompasses many structures it

were require a large amount of concrete, so the
consumption of cement also increase. Cement is the most
expansive material in the construction industry, it gets
waste and unwanted if not properly kept. We need to
store safely in cement storage.

PPC are incorporated in this project, it were stored in one

way in my site,

A) Cement in a bag form( 50 KG) were stored in weatherproof shed to keep it dry

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Storage of Aggregates

 Keep aggregates in a clean condition. Take necessary measures to prevent contamination

with undesirable substances,
 Make floor of the storage bins with plain cement concrete,
 Separate storage bins with partitions to prevent mixing of different aggregate sizes.
Batching and Mixing of Materials

Batching is the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients by either mass or volume and
introducing them into the mixer.

To produce concrete of uniform quality, the ingredients must be measured accurately for each
batch. Most specifications require that batching be done by mass rather than by volume. Water
and liquid admixtures can be measured accurately by either volume or mass.

Two way of batching methods are incorporated on this project: -

 Volume Batching
 Weight Batching

Volume Batching

• Volumetric batching is used for concrete mixed in continuous mixers.

• Volume batching is not a good method for proportioning the material because of the
difficulty it offers to measure granular material in terms of volume.

• The amount of each solid ingredient is measured by loose volume using standard box
known as gauge box.

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• The effect of bulking should be consider for moist sand.

• Volume batching is generally recommended for small jobs only.

• volume of moist sand in a loose condition weighs much less than the same volume of dry
compacted sand.

• Cement is always measured by weight.

• The volume of a bag of cement (50 kg) is 0.035 m3. So the volume of one gauge box is
made equal to 0.035m3.

• Water is measured either in kg or liters.

Volumetric Measurement Box (gauge box)

Figure 2-11: gauge box

Proportioning of concrete ingredients

Batching of cement: - cement is always measured by weight, mostly it is used in

terms of bags. One bag of cement weights 50 kg.
Batching of aggregate: - The box should not be too shallow. It should be completely
filled with the aggregates. The top of the materials should be struck of level with a
straight edge. The ratio of concrete materials decides the compressive strength of
concrete. The ratio variation mostly arise from deviation on box size, cement type and
the presence of admixtures.

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The following box sizes are adopted on this project to get a desired compressive
strength
50cm*40cm*17cm for CA, 15cm for FA----for C-25
50cm*40cm*16cm for CA, 13cm for FA ----for C-30
mix proportioning and their concrete grade

Grade of Concrete Mixing Ratio

C-5 1:4:6
C-7 1:3:7
C-25 1:2:3
C-30 1:2:3

using proper box size.

During proportioning of concrete 1:2:3(C25), they are used 1 quantal of cement, 4 box of sand, 5
boxes of course aggregate (03) and 1 box of course aggregate (01). of course, aggregate (01)
introduced in concrete mix for purpose of grading. Once it mixes with 03 aggregate it realizes
well grading particle distribution which are essential for concrete at whole.

Dray mix of concrete

They also haven’t been used dray mix concrete proportioning, batching aggregate by
a loader by putting a sign with paint on the spade of loader.
After determining the amount of course and fine aggregate it has going to fed in to
truck mixer with the aid of triangular cone. Formerly the truck mixer are filled with
predetermined mixing water.

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Figure 2-12: dray mix

Weight Batching

• Weigh batching is the correct method of measuring the materials by weight.

• Use of weight system in batching, facilitates accuracy.

• Large weigh batching plants have automatic weighing equipment.

• On large work sites, the weigh bucket type of weighing equipment's are used.

Elkon concrete batching plant are adopted to perform this task

This batching plant have three portions for weighting the aggregates, the loader fed the materials
bulky in to those portions accordingly,

On this project weight batching method hasn’t perform on concrete batching plant technology.

This plant has a potential of manufacturing 105- 110m3 per hr.

 Inspect and check the batching equipment including equipment calibration before the
operation begins.
 Weigh the cementitious materials and aggregates independently in separate compartments.
 Ensure that the weigh hopper charging and discharging gates close tightly when producing
concrete.
 Make sure that the equipment allows to control the material flow rate and stop the flow
within the specified weighing tolerance.
 Make sure that the measuring accuracy of batch materials weighing scales, and the water
measuring equipment meets accuracy requirements before the work begins.

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Figure 2-13: elkon concrete batching plant

Concrete mix transportation

The operation of moving concrete mix from the concrete batching plant to the concrete pour
location is known as concrete mix transportation.

Ensure that the water-cement ratio and slump are maintained as per concrete design mix before
placing of concrete. During transportation, the concrete mix shall maintain its cohesiveness and
workability.

Concrete can be transported by a variety of methods and equipment's

The methods that are adopted in many giant projects for transportation of concrete are
discussed as follows:

Transit (Truck) Mixer: this is one of the most popular equipment's for transporting
concrete over a long distance particularly in Ready Mixed Concrete plant. They are truck
mounted having a capacity of 4 to 7 m3.

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Figure 2-14: truckmixer

Cranes

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Figure 2-15: crane transporting concrete and rebar

Chutes: Chutes are used to transport concrete below the ground levels. When concrete is
to be placed below ground level, the mixer may be placed on an upper level and concrete
discharged to the lower level through a chute of corrugated iron or timber.

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Figure 2-16: chute

Mortar Pan: This is the most commonly used method.

• This is labor intensive and is slow and expensive method.

• Since pan carries small quantity of concrete, more and more concrete area is exposed to
atmosphere during transportation.

• This may lead to evaporation of water from concrete particularly in hot weather and under
conditions of low humidity.

Placing of concrete

• Concrete should be set into the position and compacted before setting commences.

• The primary objective with placing is to deposit the concrete as close as possible to its
final position as quickly and efficiently as you can, so that the segregation is avoided and
it can be fully compacted.

• It is allowable, the cheapest way of filling concrete into deep excavations is via inclined
chutes.

When placing the concrete, you should comply with the following general
recommendations:

1) Deposit the concrete at, or as near as possible to its final position.

2) Place the concrete in uniform layers.

3) Place the concrete as quickly as possible.

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4) Where a good finish is required on columns and walls, fill the forms at a rate greater than
2m height per hour.

5) Make sure that each layer of concrete has been fully compacted before placing the next
one, and that each new layer is placed while the underlying layer is still responsive to
vibration.

6) In columns and walls, the placing must be done in such a way that the concrete does not
strike the face of the formwork to prevent formwork damage which affecting the finish.

COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

• Compaction is the process which expels entrapped air from freshly placed concrete and
packs the aggregate particles together so as to increase the density of concrete.

Proper compaction:

• Increase significantly the ultimate strength of concrete.

• Enhances the bond with reinforcement.

• Increases the abrasion resistance and general durability of the concrete.

• Decreases the permeability and helps to minimize its shrinkage-and-creep characteristics.

• Also ensures that the formwork is completely filled – i.e. there are no pockets of
honeycombed material – and that the required finish is obtained on vertical surfaces.

As may be seen from the figure the effect of compaction on compressive strength is
dramatic.

For example, the strength of concrete containing 10% of entrapped air may be as little as
50% that of the concrete when fully compacted.

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Figure 2-17: vibrator

Methods of compaction

I had only seen the Internal immersion vibrator during site exploration.

Internal Vibration

• Internal or immersion-type vibrators are commonly used to consolidate concrete in walls,

columns, beams, and slabs.

• The poker /hose is immersed into concrete to compact it. The poker is easily removed
from point to point.

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• Vibrators should not be used to move concrete horizontally since this causes segregation.

• Whenever possible, the vibrator should be lowered vertically into the concrete at
regularly spaced intervals.

• It should penetrate to the bottom of the layer being placed and at least 150 mm (6 in.) into
any previously placed layer.

• The height of each layer or lift should be about the length of the vibrator head or
generally a maximum of 500 mm (20 in.) in regular formwork.

CURING OF CONCRETE

• Curing is the process which controls the loss of moisture from concrete either after it has
been placed in position (or during the manufacture of concrete products).

• Thereby providing time for the hydration of the cement to occur.

• Since the hydration of cement does take time – days, and even weeks rather than hours.

• The curing period by sprinkling of water shall be 3 weeks or longer at least up to 28 days
of age.

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Figure 2-18: curing of concrete

Lean concrete

Lean concrete is concrete of 5mm thick with class, C-5 and C-7 with minimum cement content
approximately at ratio of 1:4:6 and 1:3:7 respectively.

We have been used such class of concrete for the following section

 Footing pad
 Isolated and combined foundation
 Stone Masonry
 Shear wall.

Expansion and contraction joint

Expansion Joints and Contraction Joints:

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- Expansion joints are designed to accommodate thermal expansion of materials, particularly

concrete, due to temperature changes.

- These joints provide space for the concrete to expand without causing excessive stress or
cracking in the structure.

- Contraction joints, also known as control joints, are intentional weakened planes in concrete
that control cracking caused by shrinkage during the curing process or by thermal contraction.

- These joints are installed at regular intervals in concrete slabs or walls to create predetermined
weak points where cracks can occur in a controlled manner.

Figure 2-19: expansion joint

2.6.5 structural element

Foundation:
It is a sub structure which used to transfer the imposed load that came from the super structure
to the ground. Foundation can be classified as deep and shallow depending on their depth. If
the depth of foundation is greater than 3m this type of foundation is called deep foundation.
In the other case depth of foundation less than 3 m this also called shallow foundation

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the contractor are get signed contract to accomplish its first phase of construction, during my
three month stay in the site I have been view different variety of isolated , Combined , shear wall
and grade beams. So I can call as this project almost encompasses all types of foundation types
except mat foundation.

Isolated footing

An isolated footing, also known as a pad footing, is a type of foundation used to support
individual columns or other concentrated loads in a building or structure. It consists of a concrete
pad that spreads the load from the column over a larger area of soil to prevent excessive
settlement. Isolated footings are typically constructed from concrete and reinforcement bars
(rebar) to provide strength and stability. It's essential to accurately locate the center of the footing
during construction. The concrete cover for the footing pad is usually around 50mm thick, while
for the footing column, it's typically around 25mm thick. The length of anchorage, which refers
to the portion of rebar embedded in the concrete for stability, is determined by subtracting the
cover thickness from the depth of the footing.

Combined footing

A combined footing is a type of foundation used to support two or more columns or loads that
are closely spaced and cannot be supported by individual isolated footings. It consists of a single
concrete footing that spans and supports multiple columns. Combined footings are designed to
distribute the load from the supported columns evenly across the foundation area, thereby
preventing excessive settlement and ensuring stability. They are commonly used in situations
where columns are closely spaced and I have seen this type of footing in the porch(veranda) of
the house. Combined footings are typically constructed from concrete and reinforcement bars
(rebar) to provide strength and durability. They play a crucial role in ensuring the structural
integrity of buildings and other structures by providing a stable and reliable foundation for the
supported loads.

Foundation column:

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Which is Column found below the grade beam and above the pad of the footing. And the
height of column depends on the types of soil.
In a reinforced concrete building, foundation columns are integral components of the structural
system. These columns are typically made of reinforced concrete, which consists of concrete
reinforced with steel bars or mesh to enhance its strength and durability. Foundation columns
provide vertical support for the building and transfer loads from the superstructure (such as
floors, walls, and roofs) to the foundation below.

Procedures to construct foundation columns:

I. Arrangement of reinforcement (longitudinal and stirrup)

II. Tie spacer to the longitudinal reinforcement.
III. Erect the formwork on the four side of footing column and brace it.
IV. Use plumb bob and check vertical alignment.
V. Cast concrete inside the form work.
VI. After 16hour remove the form work. Then curing the column and covering with
permeable coverage.

Procedures of constructing a foundation

1. The fours corner which comes from the edge of the above cross stretched string
has been cover by lean concrete.
2. Cast the prepared form work by giving workspace on each side.
3. Insert reinforcement bar of footing and foundation column
4. Support the erected column by formwork.
5. Finally, this prepared area of pad which is found in the form work has been casted by
concrete.
6. After 16hour footing column can be casted with concrete.

Mat foundation

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A mat foundation, also known as a raft foundation or mat slab, is a type of shallow foundation
used to support a building or structure over a wide area. It consists of a single, thick concrete slab
that extends over the entire footprint of the building, distributing the loads from the structure to
the underlying soil or bedrock.

Mainly used for giant projects like huge sky scrspper buildings has include many heavy materials
and equipments that weight heavily. The presence of a mat foundation is mandatory in order to
resist heavy load arise from that equipment and stair case.

In construction procedures are similar to isolated and combine foundation types.

MF1, MF2, MF3, MF4 MF5 and MF6

MF2 has only three columns (500*500) on it. The rest footing has eight columns (500*500) on
it.

MF4 are the biggest one in size that is 19*15.7 wide. During bar cutting order it should be
remind the working space of 50 mm on each side. According to EBCS 40*diameter of bar are
needed for adequate anchorage, but a new standard ES-EN recommend to use 50* diameter of
bar.

Figure 2-20: mat/raft foundation

Grade Beam

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Grade beam can be prepared with masonry and without masonry wall.
If the beam is prepared without masonry lean concrete should have been used. Other
ways masonry should have use.In our site we have used grade bean with masonry wall. Since I
am joining the company lately, I have seen masonry work.

While we use masonry the grade beams have laid at the top surface of the stone masonry using
form work for two sides. Then insert the tied reinforced beam placed between the formworks.
The concrete has mixed and cast between the formworks. A vibratory has used to
compact the concrete. After 16 hour the form work has detached carefully.

Negative reinforcement: - also known as top reinforcement, is typically not inserted in grade
beams because grade beams are generally subjected to compressive forces rather than tensile
forces.Grade beams are designed to transfer loads from the superstructure (such as walls,
columns, or shear walls) to the foundation. These loads are primarily vertical and result in
compression forces on the grade beam.

Reinforcement is added to grade beams primarily to resist tension forces, which occur in
situations such as soil movement, seismic events, or differential settlement.

Figure 2-21: grade beam

Shear wall

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Shear walls are vertical structural elements used in building construction to resist lateral forces
such as wind loads, seismic forces, or other horizontal forces that can cause the building to sway
or deform. They are designed to provide stiffness and strength to the building's structural system,
thereby enhancing its resistance to lateral movements and improving overall stability.

On this project shear wall are primerly constructed for purpose of resisting a lateral load mainly
rise from soil. Since the over whole structure is designed to constructed a grade in pattern. The
excavated land mass are tend to roll down unless adequate shear wall structure have been made.

Formwork Installation: Construct formwork to define the shape and dimensions of the shear
walls.Formwork can be made from plywood, timber, or prefabricated metal panels, depending on
the design requirements. Ensure that the formwork is properly aligned, braced, and secured to
withstand the pressure of the concrete.

Reinforcement Placement: Install reinforcement bars (rebar) within the formwork according to
the structural design specifications. The rebar should be positioned accurately and securely tied
together to provide strength and stability to the shear walls. Pay special attention to the
placement of vertical and horizontal reinforcement to ensure adequate strength in both directions.

Stirrup

Stirrups is a closed loop of reinforcement bar that is used to hold the main reinforcement bars
together in RCC structure. In column, the stirrup provides the lateral support to the main bars
against buckling.

Advantages of stirrup

 For structures to have desired position, shape and size.

 To resist shear at span
 To resist buckling
 Stirrup on beam resist diagonal crack

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Quality Control Mechanisms

Quality is the major criteria for a successful project completion in addition to time and budget. In
our company there were many types of quality checking methods starting from the quarry
(market), transportation up to construction site. The material engineer is more responsible for
quality of construction materials.

2.7 TESTS CONDUCTED AT THE SITE AND LABORATORY

2.7.1 Concrete test
A, slump test; - measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets to check
workability of freshly made concrete
B, cube test; - it involves taking a sample of freshly mixed concrete letting it cure, then
crushing it and measuring the compressive. Should be tested after 7 and 28 days.

2.7.2 Rebar test

It is important to check the quality of reinforcement bars in order to ensure that the
required characteristics are instilled into a structure.

Figure 2-22: rebar test

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2.8 PROCEDURES THAT USED WHILE PERFORMING OUR TASKS

To perform our tasks effectively and efficiently, we have used the following procedures and
methodologies:

 By preparing takeoff sheet, bar schedule, reports and site diary for office work,
 By having good communication with people around the site and office,
 By taking notes, pictures and recording videos for later uses,
 By asking questions,
 By reading the structural drawing and additional documents.
 By doing any activity which was given by the supervisor and the sub-contractor.

2.9 CHALLENGES we HAVE FACED WHILE PERFORMING

During my internship program I have faced a lot of challenges; mainly the site is located far from
my home because of this I was also obligated to eat my lunch in restaurant around the site
because of the distance ,that exposed me to additional cost rather than transportation;to minimize
these problems I was trying to wake up early to go the site place;and I tried to list the rest of
them below:

 At the beginning of my internship program, it was hard to communicate easily with the
people around the site,
 The leftover metals and other materials were dangerous to walk around.
 Shortage of safety materials was also a big problem,
 Shortage of rainforcement bar
 Shortage of cement
 Shortage of water

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2.10 MEASURES TAKEN IN ORDER TO OVERCOME THE

CHALLENGES
 We avoid the fear for communicating with other.
 We wear a lather shoes and walk in careful manner.
 Bar replacement for those shortage diameters of bar.
 Using water pump for shortage of water
 Bar and spacing conversion are the remedial measure taken to fix shortage of
reinforcement.

chapter: 3
3.1 Overall benefit gained from internship
It is obvious that I learn a lot and gain much more when related to practical scenario. In such a
manner all what I know and learn would have got the real practical interpretations. The
engineering course that I have taken in our university is a pillar on our internship programs. The
theoretical knowledge always assist us to understand practical situations easily. Because these
course guides us to:

Manage construction work

Select construction material
Know construction material
Know working schedules
Upgrade leadership skill.

It is more a matter-of-fact that the site work especially for construction work is very essential
than theoretical knowledge but I had known much of the theoretical only before the internship
program because of this gap there were challenges in the beginning.

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3.1.1 Improving practical skills

During the internship, I applied theoretical knowledge to practical tasks, recognizing that
classroom learning may not always align with real-world scenarios. The internship aimed to
provide hands-on experience and practical skills. While our classroom knowledge facilitated
understanding, I encountered differences between theoretical concepts and practical application.
Nonetheless, I acquired valuable insights from site work, enhancing my ability to work in a
construction environment and collaborate with site personnel. Some practical skills I developed
include:

 Constructing formwork and falsework for reinforced concrete structures.

 Performing bar bending, positioning, splicing, and tying according to specified drawings.
 Participating in the casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structures, and
familiarizing myself with the equipment involved.
 Learning about various construction equipment and their usage on-site.
 Evaluating designs, plans, and projects.
 Cultivating creativity and an innovative approach to problem-solving.
 Analyzing and interpreting data from drawings and various notes.

Overall, my internship provided invaluable practical experience, enriching my understanding of

construction processes and preparing me for future endeavors in the field.

3.1.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge

As we all know internship is not only dependent on practical aspects only but also helps me to
upgrade and increase my knowledge theoretically. I tried integrating the practical knowledge
gained with that of the theory I have learned in the class in different methods in order to get
more knowledge than the theory I learned in class. I have got the internship period very
interesting in terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge and I learned from the site some theories
that I haven’t learn in the class room by searching different related literature. Some of those are:

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Improving which type of construction material should be used at different stage and
component of structures
 Gain how concrete could be produced and used.
Visualizing structural and architectural drawings
Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
Construction equipment; types and uses
Report writing

3.1.3 Improving personal communication skill

While I start to contact the site workers; I could not understand the name of construction
material. As an example of site name which was ambiguous were:

panel---------------for formwork
Staffa----------------for stair up
Tumbi---------------for plum bob
firfir-------------------for mortar
armata-----------------for concrete
Sponda-----------------for side formworks of beam
And other problem was executed. But, through process we could know these materials by
creating good relation with workers and the workers also help to know this name of material. If
we had question, we could have asked site engineers, foreman’s and other workers.

Effective communication is crucial in the construction industry and can take various forms such as
speaking, writing, and listening. During our time on-site, we recognized the importance of developing
strong communication skills as much of our success depended on interacting with various stakeholders
including engineers, skilled and unskilled workers, and foremen. However, there were challenges in
communicating with some workers who may have underestimated us or were hesitant to share
information. Over time, we learned to adapt and communicate effectively with different groups on the
site.

 Communication serves several purposes, including:

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 Managing information effectively.

 Persuading and influencing others.
 Building and maintaining positive relationships.
 Enhancing productivity.
 Facilitating the sharing of ideas, suggestions, and concerns.

In the construction site, fostering peaceful interactions with individuals relied on interpersonal
communication. This involved asking questions, actively listening to responses, and
demonstrating respect for others' experiences and capabilities. Through effective communication,
we were able to navigate challenges and collaborate successfully with various stakeholders to
achieve our project goals.

3.1.4 Improving team work skill

Teamwork skills are crucial in construction sites, requiring agreement among team members on tasks.
While these skills are honed during academic projects, they become more vital in construction due to
the need for close collaboration to address various challenges, such as misinterpretation of drawings or
working methodologies. As students on site, we improved teamwork by working with diverse
professionals, skilled, and unskilled workers, sharing ideas to enhance our understanding and
effectiveness.

Though tasks may be individual, collaboration is often necessary to achieve common company goals and
boost productivity. Essential to teamwork is reaching consensus on tasks and ensuring a shared
understanding of objectives. We prioritized listening to our colleagues' ideas and offering constructive
input to facilitate task completion.
For engineers, teamwork is integral to every task. Key qualities we developed include

 Cooperatively and helping other

 Active participant
 Listening actively and attentively

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 Speaking and expressing thoughts and ideas clearly

 Treat others in a respectful and supportive manner.

3.1.5 Improving leadership skill

Internship is one of the basic critical situations to attract ours in bright path for success, and
plays a vital role in order to become a good leader at any place for now and for the future.
Leadership skill in any project work is available to facilitate the project activities set their goals.
Leadership skill is very important for the successful accomplishment of the project. During our
internship time even though we did not play role in the field of leadership, we improved skills
from the experience of the staff workers. During this period, we have been able to observe that
one should have great skills to be a leader. Among those are: -
 Good speaking ability.
 To have the ability to listen to others.
 For effective leadership we understood that personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion are very important

3.1.6 Understanding work ethics

To improve work ethics related issues, it is essential providing of internship activity. Because
during the internship period we got the chance to contact with different people who have
different religion, culture, language and behavior.

Work ethics involves several principles related to effective work habits and personal qualities.
Good work habits are vital to any successful career. Work habits that are applied on employee
everywhere are, punctuality, honesty, willingness to learn, initiative, loyalty, maximizing
productivity, reliability, efficiency, open mindedness, responsibility and so on.

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Punctuality: - We tried to be punctual as much as possible when we come to work in the

morning and leave after work, even if we’ve got something important to do we leave the work
soon with permeation of our supervisor.

Responsibility: - During our stay we have discharged our responsibility as much as we can,
because discharging our responsibility gives moral satisfaction & for us it’s a way to get us well
experienced.

Efficiency: - We always tried to be efficient in every activity that we have in the company and
this makes us active to learn more.

Generally, we become much more familiar with different work ethics issues and we think we are
not going to be strange for the job world after graduation

3.1.7 Improving entrepreneur skill

Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of involving the creation of new enterprises by
perceiving the market opportunity and then with motivation drive and mobilize resources to meet
it
In our site the contractors are a good role model for us to become an entrepreneur and work our
own business rather employed and work in an organization. But to become an entrepreneur
especially in our country takes a long time to know the business
well and attaining capacity to work such work need more money that we already deposited
before.
Meanwhile, we got some advantages regarding the entrepreneurship skill and led us have a
dream
and motivation to become greatest entrepreneurs in our country in the construction industry or
any other working areas as a whole.

The major characteristics of entrepreneurs that we have observed in the construction site
include the following:

Innovative skills related to work methodology.

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 Results-orientated

 A risk-taker

 Total commitment

Self-Motivated

 Communication skills

 Management skills

 Ability to work independently and as part of team work.

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chapter: 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1CONCLUSION
The internship was an experience that was both exciting and at the same time overwhelming. It
opened our eyes to a whole new world of a construction process and the professional life of an
engineer. We think it is more than safe to say that we had tried to the best of our ability to
somehow meet the goals of the internship program. The program is very vital to develop one’s
life and serves as a bridge between the students’ life and professionals’ life. It was new life and
interesting time for us in this project.

The Internship program creates new curriculum in one’s life which means it is a turning point for
one professional. This program launched for benefits of students to practice and familiarize them
with real situation and working life that will engage after graduation. Furthermore, it is very vital
for job placement application after graduation in internship hosting company. The internship also
taught us about time management, discipline, and effective communication skills. We had also
known about materials and their procedure used and activities that are performed on the
construction area like formwork fixing, reinforcement bar arrangement, concrete mix work and
construction of super structure. Latest machineries are used resulting in both time and labor
saving. The other strong asset of the company is its ability to participate the labors on their work
all the time.

Generally, as a conclusion we can say the following:

 Internship is the best program for students to know what the working principle.
 The internship program enables interns to upgrade their theoretical knowledge by
practical skill.
 It also helps students to know the coordinative work between the site engineer and the
Forman and other workers.

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 Fully understand about how to align structures on their required position, by using profile
and plumb bob.

4.1 RECOMMENDATION
4.2.1 for the hosting company
 Low effectiveness of row material availability. The work is delayed because the goods are
not quickly delivered.
 The company must buy and give safety equipment to reduce injuries and other healthy
working conditions and services like toilets, cafeterias and clean drinking water.
 Use steel form works as much as possible, since steel form work has good strength and
quality of work it can be used for many projects without any problem.
 Deficiency of structural or architectural plan.

4.2.2 for our University

 The university should arrange some practical visit in some course. Because it helps the
students to easily understand what they have learnt in laboratory and lecture class.
 The university should have strong contact with the host companies so that the students
are assigned to facilitate some coordination and to help the students on what they have to
know.
 However; we would like to thank our department for giving us specification and Quantity
survey before the internship in site. This helps us to work office work’s such us: - bill of
quantity, takeoff shit and bar schedule

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Reference
 Companies’ document, contract document and company profile documentThe new
 code of practice of Ethiopian standard based on euro norms ES EN 2015
 Internship report by Mr. P Hiska B.Tech.VIII-Semester Faculty of Mewar University
(Civil Engineering)
 REPORT GUIDLINE
 Exercise book & handout
 Internet for future information

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APPENDICES

 Fero………. reinforcement
 Feroye………. Person who works with reinforcement
 Stafa…………. stirrup
 Tawla or panel………. formwork
 Wuhalik……………. leveling
 Mankia………………. hand tools (spoon - shaped)
 Kebeleto……………...reinforcement bar used as spacer for double reinforcement
foundation (chair bar)
 Fasha...........................the process of leveling by riga
 Tumbi.............................a material which is used to check straight verticality.
 Spacer…………………a material put between formwork and reinforcement bar
 Squadra………………. L- shape material used to measure 90° accurate
 Segeto……………….... steel saw
 Tumbi.............................used to check the perpendicularity of columns.

 Krabat ………………………. yoke: used to fix the form works together in their
position.
 Kratury....................... Formwork used to fix column in position

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