MATH 138: Engineering Calculus 2

Prepared by Engr. Karla Jane N. Puracan

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

We use the following formulas for the integration of exponential functions:
T1  sinudu   cos u  C T6  c sc udu  ln c sc u  cot u  C   ln c sc u  cot u  C
2
T2  co s udu   sinu  C T7  sec udu  tan u  C
2
T3  tanudu   ln cos u  C  ln sec u  C T8  c sc udu   cot u  C
T4  cot udu  ln sin u  C   ln csc u  C T9  sec u tan udu  sec u  C
T5  sec udu  ln sec u  tan u  C T10  c sc u cot udu   csc u  C
where u is a differentiable function of x.

Examples:
Evaluate the following integrals involving trigonometric functions:

1.  cos(3x  2)dx
Solution: Let u  3x  2
du  3dx
du  dx
3
Substituting
du
 cos(3x  2)dx   cosu  3
 1  cosudu
3
1
 sinu  C
3
1
 cos(3x  2)dx  3 sin(3x  2)  C
3  sin3x dx
2.  cos 3x
Solution:
3 sin3x dx  ( 3  sin3x )dx
 cos 3x  cos 3x cos 3x
  3 dx   sin3x dx
cos 3x cos 3x
  3sec 3xdx   tan3xdx
Let u  3x
du  3dx
du  dx
3
Substituting
 3  secu  du   tanu  dudx
3 3
1
  secudu   tanudu
3
 ln secu  tanu  1 ln secu  C
3
3 sin3x dx  ln sec 3x  tan3x  1 ln sec 3x  C
 cos 3x 3
 2
3.  (2sec x  5) dx
Solution: We expand the binomial using the special product formula: (u  v)2  u2  2uv  v 2
2 2 2
 (2sec x  5) dx   [(2sec x)  2(2sec x)(5)  (5) ]dx
  4 sec2 xdx   20sec xdx   25dx

 4  sec2 xdx  20  sec xdx  25 dx

2
 (2sec x  5) dx  4 tanx  20ln sec x  tanx  25x  C
2
4.  (x  1)cot(x  2x  1)dx
Solution: Let u  x 2  2x  1
du  (2x  2)dx
du  2(x  1)dx
du  (x  1)dx
2
And substitute
2 2
 (x  1)cot(x  2x  1)dx   cot(x  2x  1) (x  1)dx
  cotu  du
2
1
  cotudu
2
 1 ln sinu  C
2
2 1 2
 (x  1)cot(x  2x  1)dx  2 ln sin(x  2x  1)  C
3
5.  sin (4x  1)cos(4x  1)dx
Solution:
Let u  sin(4x  1)
du  4 cos(4x  1)dx
du  cos(4x  1)dx
4
And substitute
3 3
 sin (4x  1)cos(4x  1)dx   [sin(4x  1)] cos(4x  1)dx
  u3  du
4

 1  u3 du
4
4
 1 u C
4 4
 1 u4  C
16
3 1 4
 sin (4x  1)cos(4x  1)dx  16 sin (4x  1)  C
cos x sinx dx
6. 
sin2 x
Solution: We separate the fraction into 2 proper fractions and simplify each.
cos x sinx dx  cos x dx  sinx dx
  2  2
sin2 x sin x sin x
 cos x  1 dx   1 dx
sinx sinx sinx
since : cos x  cot x and 1  csc x
sinx sinx
  cot x csc xdx   csc dx
cos x  sin x dx   csc x  ln csc x  cot x  C
 sin2 x
 dx
7.  cos 3x cot 3x
Solution: We separate the given as a product of 2 fractions
dx 1 1
 cos 3x cot 3x   cos 3x  cot 3x dx
since : 1  sec 3x
cos 3x
1  tan3x
cot 3x
  sec 3x tan3xdx
Let : u  3x
du  3dx
du  dx
3
Substitute
  secu tanu  du
3
1
  secutanudu
3
1
 secu  C
3
dx 1
 cos 3x cot 3x  3 sec3x  C
2
8.  cos xdx
Solution: Rewrite the integrand using the Power Reducing Identity cos2 u  1  1 cos2u
2 2
2 1 1
 cos xdx   ( 2  2 cos2x)dx
  1 dx   1 cos2xdx
2 2
1 1
  dx   cos2xdx
2 2
Let : u  2x
du  2dx
du  dx
2
 1  dx  1  cosu  du
2 2 2
2 1 1
 cos xdx  2 x  4 sinu  C
2 1 1
 cos xdx  2 x  4 sin2x  C
tan3 x
9.  sec x 1 dx
Solution: Factor tan3 x into tan2 x  tanx
tan3 x tan2 x tanx dx then use the identity tan2 x  sec2 x  1 and substitute
 sec x 1 dx   sec x 1
(sec2 x 1) tanx
 dx
sec x 1
2 2
Recall that u  v  (u  v)(u  v)
Factor out sec2 x  1  (sec x  1)(sec x  1)
(sec x  1)(sec x  1) tan x
 dx
sec x  1
  (sec x  1)tanxdx
  (sec x tanx  tanx)dx
  sec x tanxdx   tanxdx
3
tan x
 sec x 1 dx  sec x  ln sec x  C
10.  dx
c s cx 1
Solution:
Multiply the numerator and the denominator of the integrand by the conjugate of the binomial in the
denominator
dx 1 csc x 1
 c s cx 1   c s cx 1  csc x 1 dx
  csc2x 1 dx use the identity c s c2 x  1  cot2 x and substitute
c s c x 1
  x21 dx
csc
cot x
  csc2x dx   12 dx
cot x cot x
2 2
  csc x tan xdx   tan xdx
2
  1  sin 2 x dx   (sec2 x  1)dx
sin x cos x

  sinx
2
dx   sec2 xdx   dx
cos x
Let u  cos x
du   sinxdx
 du  sinxdx
  12  du   sec2 xdx   dx
u
2 2
 u du   sec xdx   dx
2  1
 u  tanx  x  C
 2 1
1
u  tanx  x  C
dx 1 dx
 c s cx 1  cos x  tanx  x  C or  c s cx 1  sec x  tanx  x  C