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Multi Rate Fin

The document discusses basic sampling rate alteration devices, specifically up-samplers and down-samplers, which are used to increase or decrease the sampling rate of a digital signal by integer factors. It explains the time-domain characterization of both devices, including their input-output relations and the process of interpolation for up-sampling. Additionally, it highlights the linear and time-varying properties of these systems and provides frequency-domain characterizations using z-transforms.

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shrinidhi.g04
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1 views

Multi Rate Fin

The document discusses basic sampling rate alteration devices, specifically up-samplers and down-samplers, which are used to increase or decrease the sampling rate of a digital signal by integer factors. It explains the time-domain characterization of both devices, including their input-output relations and the process of interpolation for up-sampling. Additionally, it highlights the linear and time-varying properties of these systems and provides frequency-domain characterizations using z-transforms.

Uploaded by

shrinidhi.g04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multirate Digital Signal Processing

Basic Sampling Rate Alteration Devices


• Up-sampler - Used to increase the sampling rate by an
integer factor
• Down-sampler - Used to decrease the sampling rate by
an integer factor
Up-Sampler
Time-Domain Characterization
• An up-sampler with an up-sampling factor L, where L is a
positive integer, develops an output sequence xu [n] with a
sampling rate that is L times larger than that of the input
sequence x[n]
• Block-diagram representation

x[n] L xu [n ]
Up-Sampler
• Up-sampling operation is implemented by inserting
equidistant L  1 zero-valued samples between two
consecutive samples of x[n]
• Input-output relation

 x[n / L], n  0,  L,  2 L,


xu [n]  
 0, otherwise
Up-Sampler
• Illustration of up-sampling by a factor of 3 of a
sinusoidal sequence with a frequency of 0.12 Hz

Input Sequence Output sequence up-sampled by 3


1 1

0.5 0.5
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
Time index n
Up-Sampler
• In practice, the zero-valued samples inserted by the up-
sampler are replaced with appropriate nonzero values
using some type of filtering process
• Process is called interpolation and will be discussed later
Down-Sampler
Time-Domain Characterization
• An down-sampler with a down-sampling factor M,
where M is a positive integer, develops an output
sequence y[n] with a sampling rate that is (1/M)-th of
that of the input sequence x[n]
• Block-diagram representation

x[n] M y[n]
Down-Sampler
• Down-sampling operation is implemented by keeping
every M-th sample of x[n] and removing M  1 in-
between samples to generate y[n]
• Input-output relation
y[n] = x[nM]
Down-Sampler
• Illustration of down-sampling by a factor of 3 of a
sinusoidal sequence of frequency 0.042 Hz obtained

Input Sequence Output sequence down-sampled by 3


1 1

0.5 0.5
Amplitude

0 Amplitude 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n Time index n
Basic Sampling Rate Alteration Devices
• Sampling periods have not been explicitly shown in the
block-diagram representations of the up-sampler and the
down-sampler
• This is for simplicity and the fact that the mathematical
theory of multirate systems can be understood without
bringing the sampling period T or the sampling frequency
• FT into the picture
Down-Sampler
• Figure below shows explicitly the time-dimensions for
the down-sampler

x[ n]  xa ( nT ) M y[ n]  xa ( nMT )

Input sampling frequency Output sampling frequency


1 FT 1
FT  FT 
' 
T M T'
Up-Sampler
• Figure below shows explicitly the time-dimensions for the up-
sampler

x[ n]  xa ( nT ) L y[n]
 xa ( nT / L), n0,  L, 2 L,

 0 otherwise
Input sampling frequency Output sampling frequency
1 1
FT  FT  LFT 
'
T T'
Basic Sampling Rate Alteration Devices

• The up-sampler and the down-sampler are linear but


time-varying discrete-time systems
• We illustrate the time-varying property of a down-
sampler
• The time-varying property of an up-sampler can be
proved in a similar manner
Basic Sampling Rate Alteration Devices
• Consider a factor-of-M down-sampler defined by
• Its output y [n] for an input x1[n]  x[n  n0 ]
1
is then given by
y[n] = x[nM]
• From the input-output relation of the down-sampler we
obtain y [n]  x [ Mn]  x[ Mn  n ]
1 1 0

y[n  n0 ]  x[ M (n  n0 )]
 x[ Mn  Mn0 ]  y1[n]
Up-Sampler

Frequency-Domain Characterization
• Consider first a factor-of-2 up-sampler whose input-
output relation in the time-domain is given by

 x[n / 2], n  0,  2,  4,


x u [n ]  
 0, otherwise
Up-Sampler

• In terms of the z-transform, the input-output relation is


then given by

 
n n
X u ( z)   u
x [ n ] z   x[ n / 2] z
n   n  
n even

  x[m]
m
z 2 m
 X (z ) 2

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